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Subject: Genetics and Plant Breeding × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2015 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
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    Genetic Analysis in bread wheat under different enviroments
    (JNKVV, 2015) Bisen, Pankaj; Shukla, R.S.
    ABSTRACT Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's second most important staple food crop for more than 35 percent of world's population next to the rice. It produces about 20% food resources of the world, high productivity and the prominent position. Currently irregularity in monsoon, distribution of rainfall and global warming creates great problem in form of drought and heat stress at the time of wheat production. Global warming is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of heat stress leading to drastic reduction in the food production (Talukder et al. 2014). The experiment consists of 89 uniform wheat lines of advance generation including 11 checks. The sowing was done in three environment, irrigated timely sown (E1), restricted irrigated (E2) and rainfed sowing (E3). In the experiment randomized block design with three replications was used. The present studies included estimation of genetic variability, heritability (broad sense), genetic advance as percentage of mean, correlation analysis (genotypic and phenotypic) and path coefficient analysis. The analysis variance for three environment including pooled environment revealed highly significant differences larger differences in phenotypic and genotypic variances grain yield per plant, harvest index, number of ears, per plant, number of grains per ear, number of effective tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, membrane thermo-stability, spike density, length of ear plant height, number of spikelets per ear, days to full stem elongation indicated the substantial influence of pooled environment whereas days to 50% flowering, RWC of flag leaf, days to stay green, days to maturity, canopy temperature. On the basis of performance of different genotypes of advance generation, out of 89 genotypes twelve (G-13, G-15, G-20, G-30, G-31, G- 35, G-43, G-79, G-80, G-82, G-88, G-100) were recorded high grain yield as compare to best check K307 under all three environments. Heritability and genetic advance as per mean exhibited high for number of effective tillers per plant, number of ears per plant, number of spikelets per ear, length of ear, spike density, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index, membrane thermo-stability, chlorophyll content that indicate selection of such traits in all tree environments may be effective. While, grain yield revealed high heritability with high genetic advance as per mean indicated good response to selection Grain yield per plant recorded significant positive correlation with number of effective tillers per plant, number of ears per plant, number of spikelets per ear, length of ear, number of grains per ear, biological yield per plant, harvest index in both environment including pooled environment. However, plant height and canopy temperature was significant negative association with grain yield per plant in first environment. Spike density and 1000-grain weight had significant negative association with grain yield per plant in second environment. However, spike density was observed significant negatively correlated with grain yield per plant in third environment. While canopy temperature noticed significant and negative correlation with grain yield per plant in pooled environment. Path efficient analysis revealed that canopy temperature, number of effective tillers per plant, biological yield per plant exhibited high direct effect on grain yield in all three environments including pooled environment. The effects of these characters were further increased by positive indirect effect days to 50% flowering, days to stay green, days to maturity, RWC of flag leaf, chlorophyll content, membrane thermo-stability, plant height, number of ears per plant, number of spikelets per ear, length of ear, spike density, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, harvest index. Stability analysis for different genotypes revealed that variation due to genotype x environment (linear) was found significant for different characters except ear length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and membrane thermo-stability. Genotypes G-27, G-4, G-36, G-37, G-6, G-30, G-87, G-7, G-100, G-43 exhibited regression coefficient equal to unity (or close to unity) with greater mean value to grand mean and deviation from regression was equal to zero (or close to zero), revealed that the genotype give stable performance in all situations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Authentication of F1 wheat crosses and genetic analyses for yield and quality attributes under different environments
    (JNKVV, 2015) Avinashe, Harshal A; Shukla, R.S.
    The present investigation entitled ″Authentication of F1 Wheat Crosses and Genetic Analyses for Yield and Quality Attributes under Different Environments″ was carried out under Wheat Improvement Project, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P) during rabi season 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15. The experimental material consisted of 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines (female), 4 testers (male). The 40 hybrids involved lines and testers were produced by hybridization during rabi 2013-14. The experimental design comprised 54 different genotypes of wheat (including 40 F1s, 10 lines and 4 testers) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication during rabi 2014-15. Each plot consists of two rows of 2.0 m length and 20 cm apart in among normal sown [E1], late sown [E2] and very late sown [E3] conditions. Five competitive plants were selected from each replication for 20 quantitative traits viz; days to 50% heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, hectoliter weight, protein content, wet gluten content, starch content Data were subject to analysis to find out estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis, magnitude of heterosis (over mid parent and better parent), combining ability of parents and crosses, nature and magnitude of gene action, stability analysis and to conduct the purity testing of developed hybrids through SSR markers. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids for almost all the characters in all the environments. In pooled analysis of variance mean square do to genotypes, parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids were significant for all the characters. Genotypes x environment, parents x environments and hybrids x environments interactions were also significant for all the characters, (except number of spikelets per ear). Parents v/s hybrid x environment interaction was significant for all the characters except number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per and canopy temperature. The mean value of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant reduced drastically in late and very late environment. In environment E3 yield reduction was up to 40 per cent. Such drastic reduction was not observed for ear length, number of spikelets per ear and number of grains per ear. Canopy temperature increased in late and very late sown environments. The per se performance of parents GW-273, JW-1202, JW-3211 and MP-3269 were found promising for over the environment. However parents GW-322 and GW-366 were found promising for normal and late sown and parent JW-1201 were suitable for late and very late date of sowing while parents JW-1203, LOK-1 and HD-2932 were found promising for normal and very late sown condition. The performance of hybrids GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 were found promising for late and very late sown condition of wheat respectively. In the present study, the phenotypic coefficient of variability was greater than genotypic coefficient of variability for all the traits in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for traits viz., grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and number of productive tillers per plant in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for harvest index in second and third date of sowing, sedimentation value in first and third date of sowing and number of ears per plant in second date of sowing showed high magnitude of PCV. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for number of ears per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, protein content and wet gluten content in first date of sowing whereas, number of productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, sedimentation value and wet gluten content in second date of sowing while, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, number of ears per plant, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant in third date of sowing. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for days to 50% heading, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, 1000 grain weight in timely sown condition while, 1000 grain weight in late sown condition whereas, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, number of grains per ear, sedimentation value in very late sown condition. This might be attributed to additive gene action conditioning their expression and phenotypic selection for their amenability, can be brought about. In the present findings the significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation of grain yield per plant were found positive for the characters biological yield per plant, harvest index, ear weight, ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of productive tillers per plant, number of ears per plant and number of grains per ear in all the environments including pooled. Whereas, 1000 grain weight showed positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant only in pooled environment. Canopy temperature showed positive significant association with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. However, wet gluten content showed negative correlation with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by biological yield per plant followed by number of grains per ear, days to maturity, plant height, ear length, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, starch content in all the environments. Number of productive tillers per plant and number of spikelets per ear exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in first date of sowing. Wet gluten content exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in second and third date of sowing. Hectoliter weight in first and third date of sowing. Negative direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by ear weight, number of ears per plant, chlorophyll content and protein content. Days to 50% heading in first and second date of sowing. Significant heterosis over mid parent was observed for all the characters in all the environments. Among forty crosses 23, 15, 20 and 28 crosses in E1, E2, E3 and pool respectively, exhibited significant positive relative heterosis for grain yield per plant. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, GW-273 X JW-3211 and GW-322 X JW-3288 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in late, very late environments and pool whereas, three crosses viz.,GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3336 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis in normal, very late environments and pool. Whereas, two crosses GW-322 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3288 showed the significant positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in normal and late environments i.e. E1 and E2 and pool. For very late environment (E3), where high temperature had adverse effects, crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X JW-3336 and GW-273 X MP-3269 showed high heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant. Most of these crosses also depicted high heterobeltiosis for one or more yield components and quality traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated significant mean squares for line x tester comparisons for almost all the traits under study in all the three environments. The lower estimates of potence ratio for almost all characters in all three environments and pool suggested the predominant role of non-additive gene action. whereas, some characters viz., days to 50% heading in E1, plant height in E2 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length and number of grains per ear in E3 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear weight and number of grains per ear, grain yield per plant in pool had additive gene action. Parent GW-273, GW-322, JW-1201, HD-2864, JW-1202, JW-3288 and JW-3211 were good general combiners for grain yield, yield components and some of quality traits and may be extensively used in the crossing programme to accumulate all the desirable characters in limited genotypes which may immense value for heterosis breeding as well as development of composites and inbred lines. The estimates of specific combining ability effects revealed that out of forty crosses, SCA effects for grain yield per plant were significant positive for 6 crosses in E1, 4 crosses in E2, 3 crosses in E3 and 4 crosses in pool respectively. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 in E2 and pool, HD-2864 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 E1 and pool recorded significant SCA effects for grain yield per plant along with one or more components and quality traits. The crosses GW-273 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, HD-2864 X MP- 3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 depicted high heterobeltiosis along with at least one good general combiner parent and high SCA effects in pool whereas, crosses GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW- 1202 X JW-3336, JW-1202 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW- 3211, JW-1203 X JW-3211, LOK-1 X JW-3211, HD-2864 X JW-3336 and HD- 2864 X JW-3211 in E1 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis involved at least one good general combiner parent and non-significant SCA effects. The analysis of variance for phenotypic stability revealed that the mean differences due to genotypes were statistically significant for days to maturity, plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, sedimentation value, hectolitre, protein content, wet gluten content and starch content. The significance of G X E interaction was detected for hectoliter weight only, which suggested differential responses of genotypes in different environments. Stability analysis revealed that genotypes GW-273 X JW-3211, GW-322 X JW-3288, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW-3336, HI-1544 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 were found as stable genotypes which exhibited stable performance for more than four characters including most important yield and yield contributing traits. Genotypes GW-273 X MP-3269, GW-366 X MP-3269, HD-2864 X JW- 3211, GW-322 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3288 exhibited above average stability for yield and other yield contributing traits and therefore these genotypes specifically adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions. Out of 15, 3 SSR markers viz., Xgwm169, Xgwm437 and Xgwm427 can be used for hybrid purity testing in wheat, and these specific markers exhibited good parental polymorphism and can be used easily to judge the hybridity in wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic divergence and stability analysis in advanced breeding lines of soybean
    (JNKVV, 2015) Dubey, Nidhi; Shrivastava, A.N.
    ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Genetic Divergence and Stability Analyses in Advanced Breeding Lines of Soybean” was carried out under AICRP Project on Soybean, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P) during the rabi 2013-14 (E1), kharif 2014 (E2) and rabi 2014-2015 (E3). The experimental design comprised 50 different genotypes of soybean (6 popular varieties and 44 advanced breeding lines) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication during rabi 2013-14 (E1), kharif 2014 (E2) and rabi 2014-2015 (E3). Each plot consists of two rows of 2.0 m length and 40 cm apart in among rabi 2013-14 [E1], kharif 2014 [E2] and rabi 2014-2015 [E3]. Five competitive plants were selected from each replication for 18 quantitative traits viz; days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant, protein content, oil content, carbohydrate, ash content and fibre. Characterization was done on the basis of following characters such as hypocotyl colour, growth type, growth habit, pubescent, pubescent colour, leaf shape, flower colour, pod colour, seed coat colour, seed size, seed shape and hilum colour. Data were subject to analysis to find out estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis, genetic diversity, principal component analysis, stability analysis and molecular diversity using RAPD and SSR markers. The analysis of variance indicated that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant and fibre in all the environmental conditions. Number of nodes per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, protein, oil, carbohydrate and ash were highly significant in E1, E2 and pooled environment while significant at 1% level in E3 environment. The phenotypic coefficient of variability was greater than genotypic coefficient of variability for all the traits in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for traits viz., seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per pod in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant in E1, E2 and E3 environment, harvest index in E1 and E3 environment, number of pods per node in E1 and E2 environment, 100 seed weight in E2 environment. The moderate magnitudes of both coefficients were recorded for plant height in all environments. The moderate magnitudes of both coefficients were recorded for number of nodes per plant, fibre in E1, E2 and E3 environment while harvest index showed moderate magnitude for both coefficients in E1 environment. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for biological yield per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant in E1, E2, and E3 (Table 5.1). Whereas, high estimate of heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for harvest index in E1 and E3, number of pods per node and 100 seed weight in E2 and number of branches per plant in E3, days to 50% flowering in pooled. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for fibre content in E1, E2, and E3, number of nodes per plant in E1 and E3 and days to maturity in pooled. Moderate heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for number of nodes per plant in E1, E2 and E3, number of pods per node in E1 and E3. High heritability with low genetic advance was recorded for protein content, oil content in E1, E2 and E3. Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node and fibre content in pooled analysis recorded high heritability with low genetic advance indicating that they may be governed by non-additive gene action. In the present findings the significant phenotypic correlation of seed yield per plant were found positive for the characters number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index in all the environments. Whereas, 100 seed weight showed positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant in E1 and E2. Number of seeds per pod showed positive significant association with seed yield per plant in E1 and E3. This suggests that these characters should be considered while selecting for improvement in seed yield per plant provided the character should show high variability, which is the basis for selection. However, 100 seed weight showed negative correlation with seed yield per plant in E2 environment. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant per plant was exerted by number of pods per plant followed by number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight in all the environments. Number of seeds per pod and protein content exhibited substantial positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E3 environment. Carbohydrate exhibited low positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E2 and E3 environment. Fibre exhibited low positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E2 environment. We can conclude on the basis of present finding that number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight are universal traits for overall improvement, whereas, Number of seeds per pod and protein content are important for E1 and E3 environment. Carbohydrate E2 and E3 environment, fibre in E1 and E2 environment should be given specific importance in addition to number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per node, number of nodes per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and 100 seed weight while mounting selection for specific conditions. Negative direct effect on seed yield per plant per plant was exerted by plant height, oil and ash content in E1, E2 and E3 environment. Days to maturity imposed negative direct effect on seed yield per plant in E1 and E2 environment. Genetic divergence analysis based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics, fifty genotypes were grouped into ten clusters in rabi 2013-14 (E1), six clusters in kharif 2014 (E2), thirteen clusters in rabi 2014-2015 (E3) and twelve clusters in pooled revealing the presence of wide genetic diversity. Cluster VI in rabi 2013-14 (E1), cluster III in kharif 2014 (E2), cluster XIII in rabi 2014-15 (E3) and cluster V in pooled recorded the highest mean values for seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, protein content, days to maturity, oil content, days to 50% flowering and plant height (characters which contributed to genetic diversity) and are the superior clusters. The genotypes in these clusters could be widely used in crossing programme for generation of wide spectrum of variability in yield. The characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of pods per node, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and number of seeds per pod are more important yield contributing traits based on principal component analysis. Genotypes namely 20-89, JS 20-115, JS 20-108, JS 20-122, JS 20-79 and JS 20-121 were found promising, which can be further promoted as variety or may be utilized as further breeding program. The analysis of variance for phenotypic stability revealed that the mean differences due to genotypes were statistically significant for all the traits. The significance of G X E interaction was detected for most of the traits except quality traits, which suggested differential responses of genotypes in different environments. The magnitudes of linear components were more than non- linear components for all the characters. Stability analysis revealed that genotypes JS 20-113, JS 20-41 and JS 20-96 were found as stable genotypes which exhibited stable performance for more than four characters including most important yield and yield contributing traits. Genotypes JS 20-65, JS 20-87, JS 20-102 and JS 20-109 exhibited above average stability for yield and other yield contributing traits and therefore these genotypes specifically adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions. Five randomly selected decamer primers amplified 43 RAPD marker loci, with amplified fragments ranging in size from 100-3000bp. Out of these 43 bands, 23 bands (54.88 %) were polymorphic, revealing the presence of diversity among the genotypes under investigation. The number of bands amplified from each primer varied from 5 for OPF- 09 to 9 for OPA-13. The average number of bands amplified per primer was 8.63. The average number of polymorphic RAPD bands was 3.28 per primer. Primer OPAG-09 produced the lowest level of polymorphism (0.00%). Other primers produced 71.4, 80.0 and 87.5% polymorphism. The range of genetic similarity was 0.161-0.960 indicating that there is significant variability among the soybean cultivars. A total of 10 SSR primers amplified 15 SSR markers loci. The size of the amplified markers ranged from100-400 bp. Maximum numbers of bands i.e. 2 were amplified by all polymorphic primers Soy satt 005, Soy satt 173 and Soy satt 185, Satt168 and Satt173 while minimum number of bands i.e. 1 was obtained with all monomorphic primers. Out of these 15 loci, 10 loci were found polymorphic (66.66%) across all the soybean cultivars. Percentage polymorphism ranged from 0 to as high as 100 (primer Soy satt 005, Soy satt 173 and Soy satt 185, Satt168 and Satt173). Average number of total bands per primer was 1.5, while average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 1.0. Characterization of several agro-morphological traits is helpful in tracing correlation and linkages between different traits. Genotypes are characterized on the basis of morphological traits viz., hypocotyl colour, growth type, growth habit, pubescence, pubescence colour, leaf shape, flower colour, pod colour, seed coat colour, seed size, seed shape and hilum colour. From the study of these characters we can easily identify different genotypes of soybean. So, we can use these characters as an identification keys.