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ThesisItem Open Access Authentication of F1 wheat crosses and genetic analyses for yield and quality attributes under different environments(JNKVV, 2015) Avinashe, Harshal A; Shukla, R.S.The present investigation entitled ″Authentication of F1 Wheat Crosses and Genetic Analyses for Yield and Quality Attributes under Different Environments″ was carried out under Wheat Improvement Project, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Seed Breeding Farm, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P) during rabi season 2013-14 and rabi 2014-15. The experimental material consisted of 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines (female), 4 testers (male). The 40 hybrids involved lines and testers were produced by hybridization during rabi 2013-14. The experimental design comprised 54 different genotypes of wheat (including 40 F1s, 10 lines and 4 testers) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication during rabi 2014-15. Each plot consists of two rows of 2.0 m length and 20 cm apart in among normal sown [E1], late sown [E2] and very late sown [E3] conditions. Five competitive plants were selected from each replication for 20 quantitative traits viz; days to 50% heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, hectoliter weight, protein content, wet gluten content, starch content Data were subject to analysis to find out estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis, magnitude of heterosis (over mid parent and better parent), combining ability of parents and crosses, nature and magnitude of gene action, stability analysis and to conduct the purity testing of developed hybrids through SSR markers. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids for almost all the characters in all the environments. In pooled analysis of variance mean square do to genotypes, parents, hybrids and parents v/s hybrids were significant for all the characters. Genotypes x environment, parents x environments and hybrids x environments interactions were also significant for all the characters, (except number of spikelets per ear). Parents v/s hybrid x environment interaction was significant for all the characters except number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per and canopy temperature. The mean value of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant reduced drastically in late and very late environment. In environment E3 yield reduction was up to 40 per cent. Such drastic reduction was not observed for ear length, number of spikelets per ear and number of grains per ear. Canopy temperature increased in late and very late sown environments. The per se performance of parents GW-273, JW-1202, JW-3211 and MP-3269 were found promising for over the environment. However parents GW-322 and GW-366 were found promising for normal and late sown and parent JW-1201 were suitable for late and very late date of sowing while parents JW-1203, LOK-1 and HD-2932 were found promising for normal and very late sown condition. The performance of hybrids GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 were found promising for late and very late sown condition of wheat respectively. In the present study, the phenotypic coefficient of variability was greater than genotypic coefficient of variability for all the traits in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for traits viz., grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and number of productive tillers per plant in all environments. The high magnitude of both coefficients were recorded for harvest index in second and third date of sowing, sedimentation value in first and third date of sowing and number of ears per plant in second date of sowing showed high magnitude of PCV. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for number of ears per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, sedimentation value, protein content and wet gluten content in first date of sowing whereas, number of productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, sedimentation value and wet gluten content in second date of sowing while, number of productive tillers per plant, ear weight, number of ears per plant, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant in third date of sowing. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was recorded for days to 50% heading, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, 1000 grain weight in timely sown condition while, 1000 grain weight in late sown condition whereas, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, number of grains per ear, sedimentation value in very late sown condition. This might be attributed to additive gene action conditioning their expression and phenotypic selection for their amenability, can be brought about. In the present findings the significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation of grain yield per plant were found positive for the characters biological yield per plant, harvest index, ear weight, ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of productive tillers per plant, number of ears per plant and number of grains per ear in all the environments including pooled. Whereas, 1000 grain weight showed positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant only in pooled environment. Canopy temperature showed positive significant association with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. However, wet gluten content showed negative correlation with grain yield per plant in third date of sowing. The path coefficient analysis of different characters revealed that highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by biological yield per plant followed by number of grains per ear, days to maturity, plant height, ear length, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, starch content in all the environments. Number of productive tillers per plant and number of spikelets per ear exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in first date of sowing. Wet gluten content exhibited substantial positive direct effect on grain yield in second and third date of sowing. Hectoliter weight in first and third date of sowing. Negative direct effect on grain yield per plant was exerted by ear weight, number of ears per plant, chlorophyll content and protein content. Days to 50% heading in first and second date of sowing. Significant heterosis over mid parent was observed for all the characters in all the environments. Among forty crosses 23, 15, 20 and 28 crosses in E1, E2, E3 and pool respectively, exhibited significant positive relative heterosis for grain yield per plant. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, GW-273 X JW-3211 and GW-322 X JW-3288 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in late, very late environments and pool whereas, three crosses viz.,GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3336 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis in normal, very late environments and pool. Whereas, two crosses GW-322 X JW-3336 and JW-1202 X JW-3288 showed the significant positive heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant in normal and late environments i.e. E1 and E2 and pool. For very late environment (E3), where high temperature had adverse effects, crosses GW-273 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X JW-3336 and GW-273 X MP-3269 showed high heterobeltiosis for grain yield per plant. Most of these crosses also depicted high heterobeltiosis for one or more yield components and quality traits. The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated significant mean squares for line x tester comparisons for almost all the traits under study in all the three environments. The lower estimates of potence ratio for almost all characters in all three environments and pool suggested the predominant role of non-additive gene action. whereas, some characters viz., days to 50% heading in E1, plant height in E2 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length and number of grains per ear in E3 and plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear weight and number of grains per ear, grain yield per plant in pool had additive gene action. Parent GW-273, GW-322, JW-1201, HD-2864, JW-1202, JW-3288 and JW-3211 were good general combiners for grain yield, yield components and some of quality traits and may be extensively used in the crossing programme to accumulate all the desirable characters in limited genotypes which may immense value for heterosis breeding as well as development of composites and inbred lines. The estimates of specific combining ability effects revealed that out of forty crosses, SCA effects for grain yield per plant were significant positive for 6 crosses in E1, 4 crosses in E2, 3 crosses in E3 and 4 crosses in pool respectively. Crosses GW-273 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3336 in E2 and pool, HD-2864 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 E1 and pool recorded significant SCA effects for grain yield per plant along with one or more components and quality traits. The crosses GW-273 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, HD-2864 X MP- 3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 depicted high heterobeltiosis along with at least one good general combiner parent and high SCA effects in pool whereas, crosses GW-322 X JW-3211, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW- 1202 X JW-3336, JW-1202 X JW-3288, JW-1202 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW- 3211, JW-1203 X JW-3211, LOK-1 X JW-3211, HD-2864 X JW-3336 and HD- 2864 X JW-3211 in E1 exhibited significant heterobeltiosis involved at least one good general combiner parent and non-significant SCA effects. The analysis of variance for phenotypic stability revealed that the mean differences due to genotypes were statistically significant for days to maturity, plant height, number of spikelets per ear, ear length, ear weight, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, sedimentation value, hectolitre, protein content, wet gluten content and starch content. The significance of G X E interaction was detected for hectoliter weight only, which suggested differential responses of genotypes in different environments. Stability analysis revealed that genotypes GW-273 X JW-3211, GW-322 X JW-3288, JW-1201 X JW-3336, JW-1201 X MP-3269, JW-1202 X JW-3336, HI-1544 X MP-3269 and HI-1544 X JW-3211 were found as stable genotypes which exhibited stable performance for more than four characters including most important yield and yield contributing traits. Genotypes GW-273 X MP-3269, GW-366 X MP-3269, HD-2864 X JW- 3211, GW-322 X JW-3211 and JW-1201 X JW-3288 exhibited above average stability for yield and other yield contributing traits and therefore these genotypes specifically adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions. Out of 15, 3 SSR markers viz., Xgwm169, Xgwm437 and Xgwm427 can be used for hybrid purity testing in wheat, and these specific markers exhibited good parental polymorphism and can be used easily to judge the hybridity in wheat.