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ThesisItem Open Access Response of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) to Soil and Foliar Application of Zinc Sulphate in A Vertisol of North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2017-07) Prashantkumar; Radder, B.M.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Different Organics and Inorganics on Soil Properties and Yield of Rainfed Maize in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Kalappanavar, Deepa; Gali, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) to Domestic Wastewater Irrigation and Fertilizer Levels in Red Sandy Loam Soil of Zone-8(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-07) Shivayya Hiremath Siddayya; Kuligod, V.B.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Classification of Soils of Nagaral-1 Micro-Watershed in Gadag Taluk, Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Mahesha I.R.; Patil, P.L.A study was undertaken to characterize, classify and map the soil resources of Nagaral-1 micro-watershed in northern dry zone of Karnataka in order to assess their land capability, irrigability and suitability for crops and also to assess soil fertility constraints. Soil survey was carried out during April 2016 using IRS P6, LISS-IV image and cadastral map. Based on soil heterogeneity, fourteen profiles were studied for the morphological, physical and chemical properties and classified using Soil Taxonomy as Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols. Eight soil series were identified and mapped into 11 mapping units by GIS technique. The identified land capability sub-classes are; IIIsf, IIIesf, and VIs and have been mapped and indicated that 90 per cent of total geographical area is cultivable. Soil suitability evaluation for irrigation showed that, 90 per cent of the cultivable area was moderately suitable for surface irrigation with limitation of texture and ESP. The study area was moderately (S2) suitable for crops like wheat and pearlmillet. Whereas, cotton, pigeonpea, bengalgram, groundnut, rose, jasmine, maize, chilli, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, pomegranate, mango, sapota, guava and tamarind were marginally suitable (S3) with limitations of soil pH and organic carbon. Citrus crop is currently not suitable (N1) with limitations of rainfall and fertility. Sixty eight surface soil samples were drawn from the study area and analyzed at UAS, Dharwad for their fertility status and mapped by GIS technique. The soil pH was strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline and free from salinity. Soil organic carbon and available phosphorus content were low to medium. Available nitrogen was low and potassium was high. Available sulphur was medium to high in range. Boron was deficient to excess, copper and manganese were sufficient while, zinc and iron were deficient. The fertility constraints identified in the micro-watershed are organic carbon, available nitrogen, iron and zinc.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Different Approaches of Fertilizer Recommendation to Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] in a Vertisol and Their Impact on Soil Properties in Northern Transitional Zone of Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-10) Sankalpa C.P.; Math, K.K.A study on the effect of different fertilizer recommendation approaches on yield, quality, nutrients uptake by soybean, residual nutrients status and their transformation in soil was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2015 and 2016 with 12 treatments replicated thrice in RCBD. Targeted yield of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM recorded significantly higher seed yield (30.91 q ha-1) over all other treatments except 35 q ha-1 target yield under SSNM. It was because of higher number of seeds plant-1 (210.3), seed yield plant-1 (31.15 g), test weight (15.35 g), uptake of NPK and S (191.8, 24.9, 93.7 and 20.1 kg ha-1, respectively) and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu (449.5, 1732.5, 662.0 and 152.6 g ha-1, respectively). Accordingly, B:C ratio was also highest (2.88) and least value (2.11) was recorded in 150 per cent RDF. There was significant improvement in protein (38.05 %) and oil (18.83 %) contents in seeds. The residual nitrogen and potassium status in soil at 40 DAS and at harvest were significantly higher in SSNM targeted yield of 35 q ha-1 compared to other treatments except yield target of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM while the residual phosphorus content in soil was higher in 150 per cent RDF followed by 125 per cent RDF and target yield 35 q ha-1 under SSNM. Control recorded higher residual sulphur status in soil compared to others. Similar trend was observed in different fractions of NPK and S nutrients. Enzyme activities in soil at 50 DAS were significantly higher in 30 q ha-1 targeted yield of SSNM over other treatments except targeted yield of 35 q ha-1 under the same practice. Hence, yield maximization in soybean can be achieved through target yield of 30 q ha-1 under SSNM.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Green Synthesized Zno Nanoparticles in a Calcareous Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-07) Ajayan, Amrutha S.; Hebsur, N.S.A laboratory study was conducted at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Dharwad during 2016-17 to green synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from analytical grade zinc nitrate using five different plant leaf extracts viz., calotropis, tea, neem, tulasi and datura. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized for their size and shape. In UV-spectroscopy, absorbance peaks of particles ranged from 345-370 nm confirming their size in nano range. In particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy calotropis leaf extract synthesized nanoparticles recorded smallest size (79.6 nm) and datura the highest (497.4 nm). The shape ZnO NPs varied from rod to spherical. The chemical composition of green synthesized ZnO NPs was determined with energy dispersive atomic X-ray analysis which revealed that synthesized particles were not pure, but contains other elements from leaf extracts. A pot culture experiment was conducted with 12 treatment combinations and 60 days duration to study the response of maize to green synthesized ZnO NPs.The study revealed that foliar application of nano ZnO at lower concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 ppm (T7, T8 and T9, respectively) were very effective in enhancing growth and nutrients uptake by maize plants than the conventional zinc sulphate spray @ 0.5 per cent. The growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content and dry matter production recorded maximum for treatment which received nano ZnO spray @ 250 ppm. Treatments T8 and T9 were on par with T7. Nano ZnO spray at higher concentrations (@ 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm) reduced growth and nutrients uptake of maize compared to lower concentrations (250, 500 and 750 ppm) due to zinc toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access Quality and Yield of Byadgi Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as Influenced by Foliar Feeding of Calcium Nitrate in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-07) Jadhav, Kavitha Pandu; Bidari, B.I.A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 in the farmer’s field at Agadi village (Tq: Hubli) in Dharwad district to investigate the “Quality and yield of Byadgi chilli as influenced by foliar feeding of calcium nitrate in a vertisol”. Experiment consisted of 12 treatments with three replications. Three foliar sprays of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 recorded highest fruit yield (21.76 q ha-1) followed by treatment that received one spray of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 at 45 DAT (21.38 q ha-1). Three foliar applications of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 recorded significantly highest colour value (280.22 ASTA units) and highest oleoresin content (20.39 %) which was on par with one foliar spray of Ca(NO3)2 (19.16 %) and 1.0 per cent on 75 DAT (16.98 %). Lowest flower drop (10.02 %) was recorded due to three foliar sprays of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 that was on par with one foliar spray given on 45 DAT as well as 60 DAT of same concentration. Uptake of calcium and magnesium were significantly influenced by foliar spray of Ca(NO3)2 and highest uptake was noticed due to three foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 at 1.5 per cent. Nitrogen content of red fruit bears significant positive relationship with colour value (r= 0.681*) and oleoresin content (r=0.680*) while calcium content bears significant positive relationship with colour value (r=0.671*) and oleoresin content (r=0.768**). The B:C ratio was highest (5.98) due to three foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 at 1.5 per cent while lowest ratio (2.65) was in control. Foliar spray of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 is superior in improving the yield and quality of Byadgi chillies.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Split and Foliar Application of Potassium in a Vertisol(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-08) Sanadi, Ummesalma; Math, K.K.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to split and foliar application of potassium in a Vertisol at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, 2016. The experiment was laid out with twelve treatments replicated thrice in completely randomized block design. Pod yield in groundnut was not significantly influenced by different potassium nutrition treatments. However, split application of 150 per cent RDK, half as basal and half at 30 DAS through muriate of potash with 2 per cent foliar spray of potassium sulphate at 60 DAS recorded highest pod yield (3,617 kg ha-1) closely followed by basal application of 150 per cent RDK along with 2 per cent foliar spray of potassium sulphate (3,574 kg ha-1). Split application of 150 per cent RDK through MOP plus 2 per cent foliar spray of SOP at 60 DAS significantly enhanced the oil (47.84 %) and protein (37.98 %) contents in kernel with 6.07 and 6.89 per cent increase, respectively over control. Split and foliar application of potassium significantly increased the uptake of major nutrients. Split application of MOP to groundnut significantly enhanced pod yield and quality of groundnut. The pod yield and quality showed a significant positive correlation with the nutrient concentrations (N, P, K and S) in index leaves before and after foliar application of SOP. The treatment with 150 per cent RDK through muriate of potash in split application (half as basal + half at 30 DAS) plus 1 per cent foliar spray through potassium sulphate at 60 DAS recorded highest B:C ratio (2.65). Thus, split application of 150 per cent MOP + foliar spray of one per cent SOP at 60 DAS is beneficial over basal application of 100 per cent MOP.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Selected Cropping Systems of Zone Iii and Viii of North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-08) Sujatha H.N.; Yeledhalli, N.A.A study was carried out during 2016 to characterize soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions as influenced by different cropping systems using samples collected from twenty Agricultural Research Stations of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in Zone III and VIII of North Karnataka. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from different cropping systems which included rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, greengram, sugarcane and cotton crops. Samples were analyzed at the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Dharwad for water soluble carbon, microbial biomass carbon, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon. Among the cropping systems, pulse based cropping system accounted for higher water soluble carbon (44.57 mg/kg), readily oxidizable carbon (8.38 g/kg), microbial biomass carbon (87.39 mg/kg) and total organic carbon (11.97 g/kg) and were lowest in rice based cropping system (8.96 g/kg ). Pulse based cropping system accounted for higher soil organic carbon because of high organic matter availability. The TOC was significantly and positively correlated with soil aggregate stability (0.408*), readily oxidisable carbon (0.448**), particulate organic carbon (0.708**), water soluble carbon (0.438**) and negatively correlated with bulk density (0.330**). Multiple regression analysis indicated that, in greengram based cropping system total organic carbon contributed only 90.40 per cent for soil aggregate stability, followed by maize based cropping system (80.40 %) and weakly correlated in rice based cropping system (55.00 %). Maximum correlation was observed between equivalent yield of different cropping systems and WSC (r=717**), followed by MBC (r=0.491*). Pulse based cropping systems enhances the labile organic carbon fractions. Rice based cropping systems had high recalcitrant organic carbon fraction.
