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ThesisItem Open Access Intergrated nitrogen management in maize (Zeamays L.) in a vertisol of malaprabha command area(UAS, Dharwad, 2007) N.Mamatha; H.T.Channalyield and certain quality parameters of cotton in vertisol, under irrigated condition during kharif 2006-07, at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment consisted nine treatments with three replications and was laid out in randomized block design. The results indicated that different levels of sulphur, iron, zinc and their combination significantly increased the seed cotton yield, ginning percentage and seed index. Among the sulphur levels (as factomphos), application of 50 kg S per ha, recorded the highest seed cotton yield (19.50 q/ha), ginning percentage (43.00%) and seed index (9.10) and were par with the 25 kg S per ha and was significantly superior over control. Among the iron levels (as FeSO4), application of 50 kg Fe per ha recorded the highest seed cotton yield (18.50 q/ha), ginning percentage (39.10%) and seed index (9.00) and was significantly higher over control. Among the levels of zinc (as ZnSO4) application of 50 kg Zn per ha, recorded the highest seed cotton yield (20.50 q/ha), ginning percentage (39.50%) and seed index (9.10) and on par with application of 25 kg per ha and was significantly superior over control. Combined application of sulphur, iron and zinc each at 50 kg per ha (T9) recorded the highest seed cotton yield (98.50 q/ha), ginning percentage (43.00%) and seed index (9.81) which were on par with treatment (T8) receiving sulphur, iron zinc each at 25 kg per ha and was significantly higher over rest of the treatments. The treatment T9 recorded the highest nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn) and on par with the treatment T8 and was significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Further, combined application of sulphur, iron and zinc each at 25 kg per ha recorded the highest B:C ratio of 2.51 and net returns of Rs.33,396 proved to be economically more feasible.ThesisItem Open Access Response of maize (zea mays l.) to ferti-irrigation of spentwash(UAS, Dharwad, 2007) Tara Devi Bhukya; S.G.PatilA field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, 2006 to study the response of maize to ferti-irrigation of spentwash. The design adopted was Randomized Block Design with seven treatments replicated thrice. In the investigation spentwash was included as a replacement for chemical fertilizer. It was used on the basis of nitrogen requirement and applied as recommended. Spentwash application improved all the growth parameters including plant stand, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content etc. Spentwash had a significant effect on most of the yield parameters. Both growth and yield parameters complemented each other in realizing higher fodder and grain yield. Application of spentwash at the recommended N level remained comparable with chemical fertilizer providing on opportunity of substituting. The economics of crop cultivation was significantly in favour of spentwash rather than chemical fertilizer as it resulted in direct saving of fertilizer cost. Spentwash application at the recommended level (N requirement) did not affect the soil properties. Both pH and EC remain unaffected although a marginal increase in conductivity and organic carbon, available N, P were observed but increase in K was perceptible with no impending immediate ionic interaction when applications are not repeated beyond three seasons. Spentwash application had a favourable effect on pH, conductivity, available nutrients and did not favour their accumulation. Spentwash helped in better nutrition as it also supplemented micronutrients. It did not suppress biological activity and no significant changes was observed in them due to spentwash use.ThesisItem Open Access Export performance and competitiveness of ginger from India(UAS, Dharwad, 2006) W.J.Thanuja; H.S.S.KhanIndia is rightly called as “spice bowl of the world” for its production of variety and superior quality of spices. In the area of export ginger occupies fifth position in terms of quality and sixth position in export earnings among the spices. The main competitors to India are China, Indonesia and Thailand. The main importers are Pakistan, Saudi Arbia, USA and Netherlands. A study conducted to analyze export performance and competitiveness of ginger from India with the objectives like trends in domestic and International prices of ginger, direction of trade of ginger export and impact of withdrawal of freight subsidies on export. Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu markets were selected to study the market integration and export of ginger from Cochin port. The required data collected for the period of 20 years. The objectives are analyzed with trend, nominal protection coefficient, and markov chain and growth rate analysis. The international prices of Cochin ginger were found to be decreased in I and III phase and increasing in II Phase. An average NPC value over 20 years for the domestic market price was 0.70 indicated moderate competitiveness in the international market. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia were found to be highly loyal markets for Indian ginger indicated by the retention of their previous shares of exports from India. The growth rate between pre and post-WTO period in terms of area and production were positive. The export growth between pre and post WTO period in terms of quantity and values were found to be declining and negative. The correlation analysis revealed that the selected markets in three states were well integrated and the pair of Bangalore-Trivendrum market was highly integrated.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on land degradation in the three agro-climatic zones of Belgaum District, Karnataka(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Prabhavathi Koraprolu; G. S. DasogA study was carried out to determine the extent of different land degradation types in Belgaum district on 1: 50,000 scale using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Out of 13,44,084.60 ha of total geographical area of Belgaum district, 3,96,059.5 ha land is degraded accounting for 29.47 per cent. Among the various land degradation types, sheet erosion (23.13 %) was the dominant land degradation type followed by rill erosion (5.76 %) and barren rocky/ stony waste (0.44%). Three micro-watersheds were selected one each from Northern dry zone (Yadawad), Northern transitional zone (Hukkeri) and Hilly zone (Khanapur) for characterization, soil fertility mapping and soil loss risk assessment using USLE. The soils of Yadawad microwatershed were alkaline, low in organic carbon, available nitrogen, P2O5 and sulphur content and deficient in Zn and Fe. The soils of Hukkeri micro-watershed were neutral to slightly alkaline, low in organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in two third of area. The entire watershed was found deficient in available sulphur, zinc and iron. The soils of Khanapur micro-watershed were slightly acidic to acidic in reaction. Available phosphorus, potassium and sulphur status was low in majority of the area. Nearly all of Yadawad micro-watershed depicted very low soil erosion risk class. Hukkeri microwatershed had very low soil erosion risk in 34.9 per cent of TGA and low soil erosion risk in 17.6 per cent of TGA. The Khanapur micro-watershed exhibited a wide range of soil erosion risk with 41.22 per cent of TGA under low soil erosion risk class with substantial extent (16.12 %) under high soil erosion risk class because of topographic variation.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Health and Crop Response under Different Cropping Systems in a Vertisol of Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka(UAS Dharwad, 2010) Vidyavathi; G.S. DasogA field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of nutrient management practices on soil health and crop response under different cropping systems in a Vertisol of Northern transition zone of Karnataka” at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2007-08. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with nutrient management practices as main plots and cropping systems as subplots with three replications. Among the nutrient management practices organic plots recorded significantly higher soybean (2790 kg/ha), groundnut (3709 kg/ha) and chilli (1001 kg/ha) equivalent yields where as integrated plots recorded significantly higher maize (4330 kg/ha) and potato (4723 kg/ha) equivalent yields and were found superior over inorganic plots. Both organic and inorganic fractions of nitrogen in soil increased over time under organic followed by integrated nutrient management practices during both kharif and rabi seasons. Nitrogen fractions under inorganic nutrient management practice increased up to 60 DAS and later declined. The dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activity were found to be maximum under integrated followed by organic nutrient management practice and their activity increased up to 30 DAS and then sharply declined. After harvest of rabi crops the soil organic carbon in organic plots increased by 32.6 per cent. Similarly, in integrated plot it increased by 17.1 per cent whereas in inorganic plot soil organic carbon decreased by 11.0 per cent over the initial value. The available N, P2O5, K2O and S content of soil increased by 19.1, 46.3, 9.6 and 54.0 per cent respectively, and DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu increased by 18.6, 30.6, 36.5 and 30.0 per cent, respectively under integrated nutrient management practice over their initial values. Legume based cropping system at the end of their crop cycle improved the soil fertility status with respect to available N, P2O5, K2O, S and micronutrients content of soil.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on forms and Transformation of Sulphur and Response of Rice to Sulphur Applicatiobn in Rice-Rice Cropping esequence(UAS Dharwad, 2009) D.N.Samaraweera; H.T.ChannalSoil characterization, incubation study and field experiments were conducted to study the distribution of S forms, transformation and direct and residual effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of rice-rice cropping system during rabi/summer and kharif seasons during 2007, respectively. In characterization study, there was lot of variations among sulphur forms in soils of eight selected locations. Correlation studies revealed that sulphate sulphur was significantly and positively correlated with EC and CEC, water soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur. Water soluble sulphur significantly correlated with pH, EC, organic sulphur, non-sulphate sulphur and total sulphur. Results obtained from incubation study revealed that Factomphos increased sulphate sulphur and water soluble sulphur up to 32nd day of incubation and these fractions declined thereafter. Field investigations on response of rice to applied two sulphur sources indicated that Facomphos was superior over gypsum and the highest grain and straw yield (57.09 and 63.63 q ha-1), protein and methionine content (6.17% and 2.51 mg g-1) were recorded with Factomphos apllied @ 50 kg ha-1, respectively. In succeeding rice, same treatment registered highest grain and straw yield (51.90 and 58.02 q ha-1), protein and methionine content (5.92% and 2.18 mg g-1), respectively. Economic analysis revealed that application of Factomphos @ 50 kg ha-1 resulted the highest benefit:cost (B:C) ratio of 1.69 in first rice with net return of Rs. 16,847/ha which was 33.2 per cent increase over control (Rs. 12647/ha). Similarly, the highest benefit:cost (B:C) ratio of 1.64 in succeeding rice with net return of Rs. 14,565.00/ha was recorded with the residual effect of the same treatment and that was 55.9 per cent increase over control (Rs. 9343/ha).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on distribution and transformation of soil zinc and response of rice to nutrients in traditional and system of rice intensification (sri) methods of cultivation(UAS Dharwad, 2007) M.D.Iranie Wijebandara; G.S.DasogA study was conducted on the “Distribution and transformation of soil zinc and response of rice to nutrients in traditional and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods of cultivation”. Soil samples were analysed from paddy growing areas of Gangavati taluk in Northern Dry zone (zone 3) and Hangal taluk in Hilly zone (zone 9) of Karnataka to find out the distribution of zinc fractions and their relationship with soil properties. The order of magnitude of different zinc fractions was water soluble plus exchangeable zinc < organically bound zinc < crystalline sesquioxide bound zinc < amorphous sesquioxide bound zinc < manganese oxide bound zinc < residual zinc. An incubation study was conducted in the laboratory to know the transformation of applied zinc (10 kg ZnSO4 and 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1) in Gangavati and Hangal soils under field capacity and submergence moisture regime for 120 days. Water soluble plus exchangeable, organically bound and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of Zn showed a decrease and manganese oxide bound, amorphous sesquioxide bound and residual forms of zinc showed an increase with increase of incubation period in both moisture regimes. Hence, the magnitude of decrease and increase was more under submergence than field capacity moisture condition. A field experiment was carried out on a Calciustert to know the response of rice to different methods of cultivation and nutrient levels. Significantly taller plants with higher number of tillers and higher dry matter production were noticed in SRI method of cultivation at all the growth stages as compared to traditional method. SRI method recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain and straw yield compared to traditional method of cultivation. Significantly higher concentration and uptake of plant N, P, K and Zn and residual available N, P, K and Zn in soils were recorded in SRI method as compared to traditional method. Application of 75 per cent RDF + biofertilizers with 25 kg ZnSO4 per ha resulted in significantly taller plants, higher number of tillers, higher dry matter and higher grain and straw yield and yield attributes. Significantly higher concentration and uptake of plant N, P, K and Zn and residual available N, P and Zn in soil were recorded in treatment receiving 75 per cent RDF + biofertilizers with 25 kg ZnSO4 per ha. The 75 per cent RDF + biofertilizer with 25 kg ZnSO4 per ha under SRI method of cultivation was found to be the best treatment which recorded the highest yield of rice.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of tank silts on north karnataka and evaluation of its effect on the growth and yield of groundnut(UAS Dharwad, 2006) N.K.Binitha; G.S.DasogA study was conducted on the characterization of tank silts of North Karnataka and the effect of tank silt application on the growth and yield of groundnut. The tank silts were sampled from 33 tanks spread in six districts of North Karnataka. Clay dominated the tank silt in Bellary and Bidar districts. In Bagalkot district, the samples were dominated by sand due to sandstone parent rock. The pH was slightly alkaline in all the samples. EC was around 0.2 except in Haveri, which was very low. Nitrogen content was around 0.1 % in majority of the cases, for Bagalkot and Haveri, potassium was around 0.5 % in majority of the cases. Phosphorus content was also around 0.075 %. Among micronutrients, silt is rich in iron followed by copper, manganese and zinc. Quality of water sampled from these tanks was good. The properties of Kyasanakere tank silt was compared with its catchment. The coarse sand and fine sand content recorded similar values, silt content was higher in the catchment while clay was higher in the tank bed. Among the nutrients, the total N, P and Zn were higher in the tank bed silt than the catchment soil. The mineralogy of the clay and silt fraction indicated presence of mica, smectite, vermiculite, quartz, K and plagioclase feldspar in both tank silt and catchment soil. Plagioclase feldspars are more dominant than K feldspars in the silt and catchment soils. The incubation study reveled that the tank silt at 20 t ha-1 was significantly superior over 10 t ha-1 and no silt with respect to ammoniacal and nitrate N, available phosphorus sulphur and micronutrients. The field experiment was carried out at Muradi in Koppal district during rabi season of 2004-05 using silt from Ramdurga tank nearby. Tank silt at 20t ha-1 recorded significantly highest growth parameters, pod yield, haulm yield, yield attributes, major and micronutrient concentration, uptake and residual status in soil at all the crop growth stages.ThesisItem Open Access Improving Efficiency of Copper ore tailings (COT) – A Source of Micronutrients(UAS Dharwad, 2005) Sunil D.Tamgale; H.M.ManjunathaiahAn incubation study was carried out with 26 treatments involving COT treated with different organics and acids to know the change in pH, EC and release of micronutrients, S and Pb from COT and COT treated mixtures over a period of time. Field experiments on farmers field during kharif-rabi of 2002-03 at Garag village and 2003-04 at Yettinagudda village were conducted with 20 treatments to study the effect of COT treated with different organics on groundnut-wheat cropping sequence. Among the organics, the COT treated with VC (0.50 : 2.5) recorded the lowest pH (6.50) at 30th day of incubation. While, COT acidulated with acids recorded the lower pH at zero day of incubation. The higher micronutrients and sulphur release was recorded when COT treated with the ratio of VC 2.5, FYM 10, PM 2 and BGS 5, respectively over COT alone. The release of lead was higher during initial period and gradually decreased with increase in time of incubation when COT was treated with acids. The application of pre-treated COT resulted in significant increase in the growth and yield of groundnut crop and post harvest soil micronutrients and S status. The highest pod yield was recorded with COT 1.0 t + VC 2.5 t ha-1 (3578 kg/ha). The uptake of micro, secondary and major nutrients, protein content, acid value, saponification value and iodine number followed the similar trend. Residual effect on wheat was also significant with respect to yield, protein content, uptake of nutrients and post harvest soil micronutrients and sulphur status. The application of COT 1.0 t + VC 2.5 t ha-1 recorded the highest grain yield (4503 kg/ha). The lead concentration in groundnut kernels was below permissible limit (0.5 ppm) and in wheat grains, it was below detectable limit (<0.001 ppm).