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ThesisItem Open Access Enzymatic and Phytochemical Response to Spot Blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease in Wheat(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Mali, Komal V.; Mirajkar, Kiran K.Wheat is the important cereal crop in the world and second most important food crop of the country that contributes nearly one third of the total food grain production. Spot blotch is serious disease of wheat in warmer and humid regions of the world caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana infection. This work was conducted to evaluate the possible roles of antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, phytochemical precursor enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and the pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins) peroxidase (POX), total phenol content, lignin content and chlorophyll content in the resistant (NIDW295, PDW314) and susceptible (Bijaga yellow, A-9-301) durum wheat genotype in response to Bipolaris sorokiniana. 30 day after sowing inoculation was done and parameters were analysed in sample collected from uninoculated (control) and 48 hr after inoculation. Fungal inoculation induced significantly higher level of antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase (52.3 %), catalase (24.89 %), peroxidase (95.5 %), glutathione reductase (93.4 %) activity in resistant genotype (NIDW 295, PDW314) than susceptible genotype (Bijaga Yellow and A-9-301). Fungal inoculation induced significantly higher level of high PAL and peroxidase activity in NIDW295 and PDW314 than Bijaga Yellow and A-9-301. The total phenol and lignin content were significantly higher in resistant genotype but susceptible showed least increase. Increase in PAL and POX activity could be a determining factor for high phenolic production, lignin content and antifungal role by cell wall strengthening to enhance resistance against pathogen. Percent decrease in total chlorophyll content was higher in susceptible (Bijaga Yellow, A-9-301) than (NIDW295, PDW314). Overall study revealed that the higher amount of total phenols, lignin, antioxidant enzyme activity, phytochemical precursor enzyme PAL and chlorophyll content play an important role in defense mechanism of plants against wheat spot blotch infection in case of resistant varieties can be used as novel tool that can determined as biochemical marker for selection of resistant line against spot blotch.ThesisItem Open Access Enzymatic and Metabolic Studies of Salinity Stress Response in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Shashikumara R.; Mirajkar, Kiran K.A pot experiment was conducted at Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015 - 2016. The experiment was conducted in factorial CRD with three replications. Salt stress can lead to increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and oxygen and plants possess complex antioxidative defense system comprising of non-enzymatic and enzymatic components to scavenge ROS. The current work aims to study the defense mechanism of rice genotypes (CSR 23 and BPT 5204) to salinity and the activity of the defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), nitrogen assimilatory enzymes such as nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in both leaves and roots, the amounts of total phenol, reducing sugar and chlorophyll content in leaves were analyzed in different levels of salinity (0, 8, 12 and 16 dSm-1). Salinity stress increased the activity of catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase and total phenol content in both the genotypes, but the level of increases was high in CSR 23 compare to BPT 5204. Nitrogen assimilatory enzymes such as nitrate and nitrite reductase were very sensitive to salt stress and both the genotypes showed decreased activity under salinity. A decrease in reducing sugar content in both the genotypes i.e. percentage decreases was high in BPT 5204 compare to CSR 23 and photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll was observed in the leaves of rice genotypes under salinity stress. Photosynthetic pigments high in control and decreases in salinity stress. The improved performance of salt tolerant genotype (CSR 23) was associated with more efficient antioxidant system response under conditions of stress compare to salt sensitive genotype (BPT 5204).ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Characterization in Cotton in Response to Incidence of Sucking Pest(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Divya T.C.; Vamadevaiah, H.M.The field experiment was conducted at ARS Dharwad farm during kharif 2015-16 to study the level of biochemical metabolites namely total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total phenols, condensed tannin , gossypol, available potassium, and the activity of the defensive enzymes such as nitrate reductase, peroxidase, lipoxygenase and also differential gene cationic peroxidase 3 , lipoxygenase 1 expression in resistant CPD14-1 and susceptible CPD14-2 genotypes in response to sucking pest infestation at 45, 85, 125 days after sowing. The results indicated that insect infestation increased the antioxidant enzyme activities viz., nitrate reductase, peroxidase, lipoxygenase activity and total sugars, phenols, tannin, gossypol and available potassium in resistant genotype than susceptable genotype at three different days interval. A decrease in plant height, boll number and reducing sugar was observed in the insect damage leaves compared with the control. Aphid population was also significantly higher in susceptible CPD14-2 genotype than resistant CPD14-1 genotype. The relative expression of cationic peroxidase 3 and lipoxygenase 1 gene was upregulated in CPD14-1 genotype than in CPD14-2 genotype in insect damage compared to control.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEED OIL AND PROVENANCE VARIATION IN SEED MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF Pongamia pinnata GROWN IN UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT AND ITS BIODIESEL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2015-06) HAMSALEKHA; Mrs. NAGARATHNA S. O.Provenance influence on growth, productivity, seed quality, oil content, fatty acid profile, seed cake quality and biodiesel production of Pongamia pinnata were evaluated in Uttara Kannada district (Agro-climatic Zone-9) of Karnataka during 2014-2015. Experiments are undertaken in the already existing trees in natural forests at four different locations with varying altitudes (417-612 m) and rainfall (1176-2439 mm). There was a significant effect of site conditions on various growth and productivity parameters. The fruit, seed and kernel parameters were significantly influenced by different locations and sites. Seed oil yield varied from 18.18 to 20.58 per cent and was dark reddish brown in colour with disagreeable odour. The GC-MS chromatogram of the oil indicated the presence of 8 to 10 compounds, of which 4 to 5 were identified as the major compounds viz., oleic acid range from 10.89-56.86 per cent, linoleic acid range from 20.20-52.64 per cent, palmitic acid range from 7.66-29.32 per cent, stearic acid range from 2.08-16.19 per cent and behenic acid range from 2.96-6.04 per cent. The methyl esters (biodiesel) having kinematic viscosity of 0.758 cSt (at 40°C), density as 86 (kg/m3 at 30°C), acidity was 7.95 (mg KOH/g), specific gravity of 0.86 (at 30°C), saponification value 177, flash point of 110ºC and cetane number of 53.65 and Iodine value of 90.1 with 60-62 per cent yield was obtained under the optimal condition. The biodiesel parameters fit into the ASTM standards. Macro, micro nutrients and proximate composition of de-oiled cake differed significantly with respect to locations. P. pinnata has the potential to capture medicinal and biofuel sector, due to its high oil content, oil quality and biodiesel production potential.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON BIOTIC STRESS RESPONSE OF MANGO TO LEAFHOPPER INFESTATION(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2015-06) ANUSHA KARKERA; Dr. KIRAN K. MIRAJKARIncreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with infestation caused by number of biotic factors in plants. The current work aims to study the defense mechanism of locally grown mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties (Neelum, Pairi, Alphanso, Mulgoa and Totapuri) and hybrids (Ratna, Swarna Jahangir, Neelgoa, Neelesha and Mallika) against mango leafhopper infestation. Leafhopper infested and healthy leaves were collected at two stages of leaf maturity (new flush and old leaves) and the activity of the defensive enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POX), Glutathione reductase (GR), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Ascorbate oxidase (AO), nitrogen assimilatory enzymes such as Nitrate and Nitrite reductase and the amounts of total phenol, reducing sugar and leaf chlorophyll content were analyzed. Insect infestation increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and total phenols in all the genotypes except Neelum, Pairi, Alphanso and Ratna at both stages. Alphanso and Ratna showed increased Peroxidase activity after insect feeding. Nitrogen assimilatory enzymes showed increase activity under infestation in all genotypes except in Neelum, Pairi and Alphanso. A decrease in reducing sugar and leaf chlorophyll was observed in the infested leaves compared with the healthy ones of new flush and old leaves. New flush possessed higher enzyme activities, total phenols and reducing sugar as compared with young leaves whereas, higher chlorophyll content was observed in old leaves. The improved performance of hybrids under leafhopper infestation was associated with more efficient antioxidant system response, particularly under conditions of stress.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Oil Content and Quality of Eucalyptus pellita In Agro-Climatic Zone-9 of Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shambulingappa M. Utalenavar; H.M. VamadevaiahA study was conducted in the established 4 year old Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell plantations in four sites of Agro-climatic Zone-9 of Karnataka in 2010-11 which comes under two districts Shimoga and Uttar Kannada which known for extensively established plantations of E. pellita. Being Hilly Zone it provides a wide variation in climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. The present study was aimed at assessing the growth and productivity, soil properties and quantity and quality of leaf oil under different site conditions. All the sites were classified based on the rainfall and altitude. The analysis of variance showed significant effect of site conditions on various growth and productivity parameters, Teerthahalli plantations showed superiority in growth (DBH 23.44 cm) and also good performance in productivity viz., basal area (35.35 m2/ha) and total volume (360 m3/ha) as compared to other experimental sites. The soil under plantations exhibited better physical and chemical properties as compared to their respective control sites. The highest leaf oil yield was from Sorab (0.44%). The colour of oil from Sammasagi and Sorab was yellow, while it was pale yellow for Sagar and Teerthahalli. The leaf yield varied from 5.685 (Sammasagi) to 13.115 t/ha (Teerthahalli) in all the sites. The Sagar site had highest leaf oil (41.25 lit/ha) as compared to other sites. Sagar recorded highest value of Rs.78,299/ha as compared to other sites. The Eucalyptol leaf oil content was highest in Sagar (71.68%) as compared to other sites. Among the experimental sites, Sagar site showed superiority in total height (14.80 m), bole height (12.71 m), leaf biomass (10,355 kg/ha), oil yield (41.5 lit/ha), 1,8- Cineol (71.68%). At the Sagar site, eight chemical components were determined from E. pellita leaf oil, which contained Eucalyptol (71.68%), a–Pinene (17.43%), a-terpeniol (3.29%), Geraniol (2.05%), b–Pinene (1.25%), bi-Fenchol (1.24%), b-Selinene (0.94%) and Globulol (0.49%).ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Studies on Homa Organic Farming Practices in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Saint)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Hattalli Sachin Amrutraya; P.W. BasarkarA field experiment laid out in Completely Randomised Block Design with 13 treatments replicated thrice was conducted during kharif 2010 to study the biochemical studies on Homa organic farming practices in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Saint). The conventional control (CC) and control without homa (CWH) were maintained almost 1 km away. The soil type was red black. All the seedlings were grown on raised beds, transplanted after one month and were given fresh cow dung and cow urine as basal treatment except absolute control, CC and CWC. The non-homa ash was collected after burning the agricultural waste. Agnihotra homa (AH) was performed at sun rise and sun set and Om Tryambakam homa (OTH) was performed for 3-4 h daily during experimental period. A special bio-digester called Gloria Biosol was prepared which contained AH ash. The non-homa ash, AH ash, OTH ash and Gloria Biosol were used for soil and foliar application. Soil and foliar application of Gloria Biosol was significantly superior over organic control in plant height, number of outer leaves per plant, leaf area, number of inner leaves per head and yield attributes, microbial population in soil, increase in the activities of soil dehydrogenase (15-54%) and soil phosphatase (6-18%), soil N, K, Cu and Mn and cabbage TSS (41%), ascorbic acid (11%), phenols (18%), crude protein (16%), N (16%), S (71%), K (22%), P (22%), Cu (13%), Zn (8%), Mn (9%) and Fe (4%) showed significant increase over organic control. Soil and foliar application of AH ash significantly increased soil P, Zn and Fe. Significant reduction was observed in the incidence of black rot (29-55%), black spot of leaf (39-73%), insect attack (head borer(18-69%), diamond back moth larvae (25-64%) and Spodoptera litura larvae (40-62%) per plant due to soil and foliar application of Gloria Biosol and different homa treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to Homa Organic Farming Practices(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Brunda R.; P.W. BasarkarA field experiment laid out in completely randomised block design with 11 treatments exposed to Homa atmosphere replicated thrice was conducted during kharif 2010 to study response of tomato (solanum lycopersicum L.) to homa organic farming practices. The conventional control (CC) and control without Homa (CWH) were maintained almost 1 km away. The soil type was sandy loamy. All the seedlings were grown on raised beds, transplanted after one month and were given fresh cow dung and cow urine as basal treatment except absolute control, CC and CWC. Nonhoma ash was collected after burning the agricultural waste. Agnihotra homa (AH) was performed at sun rise and sun set and Om Tryambakam homa (OTH) was performed for 3-4 h daily during experimental period which yielded smoke and ash. A special bio-digester called Gloria Biosol was prepared which contained AH ash. The Non-homa ash, AH ash, OTH ash and Gloria Biosol were used for soil and foliar application. Soil and foliar application of Gloria Biosol was significantly superior over organic control in plant height, number leaves, number of branches, root length, yield attributes, microbial population in the soil, increase in the activities of soil dehydrogenase (5-52%) and soil phosphatase (2-34%), soil N and K and micronutrients, Cu and Mn and quality parameters like lycopene (40.69%), phenol (7.28%), ascorbic acid (49.05%), TSS (10.2%) and total sugar (9.68%) showed significant increase. Soil and foliar application of AH ash increased soil phosphorus and micronutrients, Zn and Fe. Shelf life of tomato fruits increased by 7-12 days due to different homa treatments as compared to organic and conventional control. Incidence of Leaf spot and insect attack was reduced significantly (37.2% - 40.17%, respectively) due to soil and foliar application of Gloria Biosol which was superior over homa ashes and control.ThesisItem Open Access In Vitro Screening for Salt Tolerance in Cotton(UAS, Dharwad, 2010) Nirmala; H.M. VamadevaiahA laboratory experiment was conducted during 2009-10 in the ‘Tissue culture laboratory’ of Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the effect of in vitro induction of salt stress on growth parameters, osmoprotectant and two enzymes belonging to the class of oxido-reductases in three cotton genotypes viz. Bikeneri Nerma, female parent of NHH44, a popular cotton hybrid for rain-fed situation, AC-738, male parent of same hybrid and Jayadhar, a diploid cotton cultivated under rain-fed conditions. The salinity stress was induced by incorporating different concentrations of salts to generate EC 2, 4, 6 and 12 referred to as T1 to T5, respectively. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design with three replications. Reduction in seedlings fresh weight, shoot length, root weight, root length and root dry weight was significantly less in Bikaneri Nerma under salt stress as compared to Jayadhar and AC- 738. Salinity stress led to significant increase in proline content in shoots and roots of Bikaneri Nerma when compared to Jayadhar and AC-738. Bikaneri Nerma showed significantly increased Nitrate reductase (NRA) and Peroxidase (POD) in shoots from treatments T1 to T5, whereas in roots the activities of NRA and POD increased up to T2 and T3 onwards the activities declined. The protein expression was studied by SDA-PAGE in all the three genotypes under control and at EC level of 6. The Bikaneri Nerma and Jaydhar genotypes expressed extra protein. Polymorphic difference was also observed among the genotypes. The genotypes studied differed widely in their response to salinity exhibiting thereby that different genotypes may have different adaptation levels against salinity stress.The information generated from the present investigation reveals that the genotypes Bikaneri Nerma and Jayadhar may be better suited for salinity stress conditions.
