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ThesisItem Open Access CARBON SEQUESTRATION OF TEN YEAR OLD DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES PLANTED IN SHELTER BELT OF NORTHERN TRANSITIONAL ZONE OF KARNATAKA(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2015-07) ARUNKUMAR ASHTAGI B; Dr. H. SHIVANNAThe study was conducted at the college of Agricultural Hanumanammatti of Haveri District to assess the performance of ten year old shelterbelt trees with respect to girth, height, volume, biomass (above and below ground biomass) and carbon sequestration. Acacia auriculiformis, Azadirachta indica and Dalbergia sissoo were found to be superior over the other species with respect to growth performance. Acacia auriculiformis showed higher biomass production with higher above and below ground biomass of 103.19 ton/ha, 26.83 ton/ha at 120 months after planting respectively. At 132 months after planting (11 year old) above and below ground biomass production increased to 144.68 ton/ha, 37.62 ton/ha respectively; about 65.01 ton/ha and 91.15 ton/ha at 10 and 11 year old trees respectively in Acacia auriculiformis. Among the five tree species considered form factor ranged from 0.51 to 0.55. Highest tapering was observed in Pongamia pinnata followed by Tectona grandis and least was noticed in Acacia auriculiformis. This study suggests that Acacia auriculiformis, Azadirachta indica and Dalbergia sissoo, latter two species are preferred because of other advantages such as nitrogen fixation and traditional use as bio-pesticide.ThesisItem Open Access DOCUMENTATION OF PATHOGENIC SPECTRA OF FOREST NURSERY DISEASES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN HONNAVAR DIVISION OF CANARA CIRCLE(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2015-06) NAGARJUN N; Dr. SURYANARAYANA V.Disease cause nursery damage by seedling mortality, premature defoliation, growth and vigor loss and stressing an attention of plant growers for effective management strategies. In this line, the investigations on “Documentation of pathogenic spectra of forest nursery diseases and their management in Honnavar Division of Canara Circle” was carried out at College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2013-2015. Disease survey in nine nurseries of Honnavar Forest Division revealed 52 diseases on 50 hosts. The major diseases were leaf spot, leaf blight, leaf rust, powdery mildew and tar spot. Tar spot of Dalbergia latifolia recorded highest Per cent Disease Index (PDI) of 67.53 per cent followed by leaf spot and blight of Pongamia pinnata (66.09%), leaf spot of Syzygium cumini (63.97%) and least was by leaf spot of Machilus macarantha (1.16%). Pathogenic spectra through tissue isolation of diseased samples showed 49 pathogens to cause 52 seedling diseases on 50 different hosts. Ten pathogens are new records viz., 4 leaf spot causing ones’ as Dothiorella lopopetalum sp.nov., Lopopetalum weightianum, Rhizosphaera madhuca sp.nov. in Madhuca indica; Readeriella syzygium sp.nov. in Syzygium lanceolata. Four leaf blight causing one’s as Hormocephalum calamae sp.nov in Calamus nagabettai; Coniothyrium dalbergia sp.nov. in Dalbergia latifolia, Microsphaeropsis pongamia sp.nov. in Pongamia pinnata, Rhizosphaera pterocarpus sp.nov. in Pterocarpus santalinus, Dothiorella swietenia sp.nov. in Swietania mahagoni and Rhizosphaeria tectonia sp.nov. in Tectona grandis. In in vivo nursery disease management with nine treatments, Carbendazim (0.1 %) was highly effective in controlling five diseases (leaf blight of Pterocarpus marsupium, Tectona grandis, Sweitania mahagoni, and leaf spot of Syzygium cumini and Terminalia alata) followed by 0.1 per cent Propiconazole (tar spot of Dalbergia latifolia, leaf blight of Pongamia pinnata); 0.1 per cent Difenconazole (leaf blight of Acacia auriculiformis and leaf and tip blight of Lagerstromia lanciolata) and 0.1 per cent Mancozeb (leaf blight of Pterocarpus santalinus).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SEED MOISTURE CONTENT, PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS AND STORAGE MEDIA AND CONTAINERS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING QUALITY IN Garcinia gummi-gutta L.(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-07) SHANKAR MAYANGLAMBAM; Dr. KRISHNA A.Garcinia gummi-gutta is one of the economically important recalcitrant species which is rich in Hydroxycitric acid (-HCA), an important biologically active plant metabolite used as an anti-obesity drug. Seeds of Garcinia gummi-gutta loose its viability within few days under natural conditions, when the seed moisture content reduces below a high critical value. Germination of this tree is also very poor and late. The present investigation was taken up in College of Forestry, Sirsi in 2013-2014 on Garcinia gummi-gutta in order to enhance the quality for better and quick germination. The maximum germination percent (34 per cent) and moisture content (41.97 per cent) was observed in freshly decoated seeds. The moisture content of 28.84 % was found to be critical moisture content for seeds, as below this germination was zero. The maximum mean daily germination (0.19), peak value (0.22) and germination value (0.04) was recorded in fresh decoated seeds. Out of eleven different pre-sowing treatments tried, the maximum germination percentage (86.33 per cent) was recorded in decoated seed treated with GA3 50 ppm for 12 hrs as compared to other treatments. The other higher quality indexes viz., mean daily germination (0.48), peak value (0.58), germination value (0.28), shoot length (13.33 cm), root length (13.43 cm), seedling height (26.76 cm), seedling dry weight (1.26 g) and seedling vigour index (2311) also recorded in this treatment. During six months of storage, the seeds stored in ash treatment recorded maximum germination at the first month of the storage and decline in germination was noticed with advancement in the storage period. Germination per cent in control was negligible after 3 months of storage. Among the all treatments the maximum germination percentage was maintained in pet jar upto sixth months of storage.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in santalum album l.(UASD) Noorandappa Lamani; Ramesh S. RathodSandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a prized gift of the plant kingdom woven into the culture and heritage of India. It has gained prominence over other tree species, because of high demand and increasing commercialization. To fulfill the increasing demand it is needed to achieve fast growth of the seedling in the nursery stage and as well in the planted site. Keeping this as theme, an attempt was made to assess the growth response of sandalwood in context to elevated carbon dioxide conditions. The ambient CO2 is enhanced by trapping the CO2 released during dark respiration of the seedlings and also from soil respiration. Seedling were kept in the rectangular trench of 1.5m length, 1.2m width and 0.5m depth and then well exposed to sun light. The trenches were covered by polythene sheets; during 4.00 pm to 11.00 am before closing chamber water was sprinkled. The treatments were consists of control (ambient condition), elevated CO2 treatment with FYM (i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg FYM) and elevated CO2 treatment with no FYM. The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design with four replications. The morphological parameters such as plant height, collar diameter, and number of leaves, leaf area, seedling biomass and physiological parameter such as photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were recorded at 120 days. Growth parameters found to be higher in the treatment of elevated CO2 with 15 kg FYM. The increase in plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves and leaf area is 35.15, 109.85, 68.01 and 28.28 per cent respectively over control. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance is also found highest in 15 kg FYM treatment i.e. 19.66 μ mol. m-2 s-1, 3.04 m mol. m-2 s-1 and 0.30 m mol. m-2 s-1.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of in - situ moisture conservation structures and nutrient management on growth of melia dubia(UASD) NIVEDITHA T. P.; S. S. SHIRAHATTIOn global scale soil moisture conservation methods have been recognised to play an important role in solving the problem of erosion, siltation of lowlands and retaining the productivity of soil. Soil moisture and nutrients are critical for better growth. There is need to diverse suitable techniques of soil moisture conservation and also nutrient management. A field experiment was carried out at Malagi, Uttar Kannada district with a land slope of 2% during 2012-2013 on “Effect of Moisture Conservation Structures and Nutrient Management on Growth of Melia dubia” with four main treatments viz., Conservation pit, Ring basin, Half ring basin, Control and four sub treatments viz., Farmyard manure (5 t/ha), Vermicompost (1.25 t/ha), NPK (100:50:100 kg/ha), NPK (150:75:150 kg/ha). Significantly higher plant height was recorded in ring basin with NPK (150:75:150 kg/ha) at 12 months after treatment (5.53 m). Plant collar diameter (3.81 cm), crown diameter (2.53 m), Basal area (11.65 cm2) and number of leaves (32.73) recorded significantly higher in ring basin with NPK (150:75:150 kg/ha) at 12 months after treatment. Soil moisture content at 0 - 30 cm (13.53%) and 30- 60 cm (14.53%) recorded significantly higher in treatment receiving ring basin with NPK (150:75:150 kg/ha) in 10th month over the other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of moisture conservation measures and nutrient management on growth of pongamia pinnata in varada watershed area(UASD) Kotresh S.; Mallikarjunappa GowdaSoil and moisture conservation measures are one of the most important factors for the improvement of degraded lands. The rainy season is usually short but occasional rainfall can take the storm of heavy surface runoff. Moisture conservation measure is to achieve the maximum cultivated soil for the survival and growth of trees. There is need to diverse suitable techniques of moisture conservation measures and nutrient management. A field experiment was carried out at Karjagi of Haveri taluk during 2012-2013 On “Moisture conservation measures and nutrient management on growth of Pongamia pinnata with Ring basin, Crescent bunds, control and organic manures as Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha), FYM (5 t/ha) and Glyricidia (1.25 t/ha) and also inorganic fertilizers 100:50:100 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha and 150:75:150 N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha. Significantly maximum plant height was observed in Ring basin + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + 150:75:150 N, P2O5, K2O kg/ha was recorded significantly higher plant height (3.62 m) at 12 months after treatment. Collar diameter (4.04 cm) and crown diameter (2.54 m) recorded significantly higher in ring basin at 12 months after treatment. Significantly maximum number of branches was observed in Ring basin + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + 150:75:150 N: P2O5:K2O (34.13). In ring basin + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha + 150:75:150 N, N: P2O5:K2O had recorded significantly higher on organic carbon (0.82), pH (5.89), available nitrogen (318.45 kg/ha) and phosphorous (28.45 kg/ha) potassium (185.60 kg/ha) over the other treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of in-situ moisture conservation measures and organic manures on growth of simarouba glauca in varada watershed area(UASD) Manikhantha M. Vaidya; Gopal V. DasarSoil and water conservation measures are one of the most important factors for the improvement of degraded lands. Water conservation technique like in-situ soil moisture conservation measures and application of organic manures is to achieve the maximum cultivated soil for the survival and growth of seedlings. A field experiment was carried out at Karjagi village, Haveri Taluk of Haveri district with a land slope of 3-4 per cent during 2012-2013 on “Studies On Effect Of In-Situ Moisture Conservation Measures and Organic Manures On Growth Of Simarouba glauca In Varada Watershed Area” with four main treatments viz., Conservation pit, Ring basin, Half ring basin, Control and four sub treatments with organic manures viz., Farm yard manure (5 t/ha), Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha), Poultry manure (0.75 t/ha) and Control. Significantly higher plant height was recorded in ring basin with Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) at 12 months after treatment (1.94 m). Plant collar diameter (3.97 cm), crown diameter (133.83 cm) and number of leaves (63.07) recorded significantly higher in ring basin with Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) at 12 months after treatment. Soil moisture content at 0-30 cm (7.77 %) and 30-60 cm (13.07%) recorded significantly higher in the treatment receiving ring basin with Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) at 10th month over the other treatments. In combination of Ring basin with Vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) had recorded significantly higher on organic carbon (1.01%), higher available nitrogen (277.13 kg/ha), phosphorus (27.81 Kg/ha) and potassium (170.54 kg/ha) over the other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and biochemical characterization of teak clones of karnataka for resistance traits to teak defoliator, hyblaea puera (hyblaeidae: lepidoptera)(UASD) Vinutha C. S.; Javaregowda“Great Indian Teak” is an important timber species preferred all over the world because of its versatile range of uses and priced for its valuable timber. Its distinctive qualities make it an ideal raw material for multifarious products as well as an important agro-forestry species. About 187 insect species have been found feeding on the living teak tree in India. Among these, the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer is the most widespread and considered as serious national pest. Of the nine leaf traits considered, leaf pubescence and leaf texture was found to be associated with the levels of resistance. Fifty clones of teak from nine provenances of Karnataka have been evaluated for their resistance/susceptible in vivo in search of resistance against H. puera. Clones ID STG-3 and STG-12 (State Graft) were found to be the most resistant and susceptible clone, respectively. The resistance clones viz., STG-3 showed a significant higher concentration of phenol and most susceptible clone, STG-12 of state grafts contain very low amount of phenol (0.02%). The higher concentration of nitrogen was recorded in the most susceptible clone STG-12. Potassium content was directly proportional to their degree of resistant. The leaves of selected teak clones showed gradual increase in moisture contents in relation to leaf area consumption.ThesisItem Open Access Standardization of nursery techniques in melia azedarach l.(UASD) Sujatha V. N.; K. ManjappaA trial was conducted at college of Forestry, Sirsi during 2012-13 to standardize the nursery techniques in Melia azedarach L. Which is a multipurpose tree species. In first trial, nine pre-sowing treatments were tried to know their effect in improving germination per cent. In second trial, two levels of organic manures (FYM and vermicompost), four levels of biofertilizers (no bio-fertilizer, Azospirillum, PSB and Azospirillum + PSB) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (no NPK, 0.5 g NPK and 1.0 g NPK) were evaluated to know their effect on seedling growth of Melia azedarach. Out of nine pre-sowing seed treatments tried, the maximum germination percentage (84.0%) was recorded in 200 Molar KNO3 solution. The other quality indexes viz, mean daily germination, peak value, germination value and germination rate of seeding were also maximum in this treatment. Among the organic manures tried, application of vermicompost has recorded maximum seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, rootshoot ratio, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, total fresh weight and total dry weight. Among bio-fertilizers, application of Azospirillum + PSB has recorded maximum seedling and root parameters. Among inorganic fertilizers, application of 1.0 g NPK has recorded significantly highest seedling and root parameters. Among the interactions of organic manures and bio-fertilizes, combination of vermicompost + PSB has recorded maximum seedling height. The number of leaves, rootshoot ratio, fresh root weight, total fresh weight and root dry weight were maximum in the combination of FYM with Azospirillum + PSB. Among the interactions of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers, all the parameters were found maximum in the combination of vermicompost with 1.0 g NPK. Among the interactions of bio-fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers, combination of PSB with 1.0 g NPK has recorded maximum seedling height, collar diameter, fresh and dry root weight. The dry shoot weight and total dry weight were maximum in Azospirillum + PSB with 1.0 g NPK combination. Among the interactions of organic manures, bio-fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers, combination of vermicompost + PSB + 1.0 g NPK has recorded maximum seedling height, leaf area, fresh root weight, dry root weight and total fresh weight.