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ThesisItem Open Access Production and Marketing Management of Orchids in Uttar Kannada District(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Shreedevi B. Chadachai; J.S. SonnadOrchids are most fascinating and beautiful of all flowers and have emerged as an important constituent in the global cut flower trade. Uttar Kannada district is purposively selected as it is one of the major orchid growing region. In all about 50 orchids growing famrers were identified for eliciting detailed information with regard to production and marketing aspects of the crop. The study conducted was exclusively based on primary data. For analysis of data tabular presentation method and financial analysis were adopted. Most of the farmers grown Sonia varieties as those varieties are having high market demand, high yield and high shelf-life. The total cost of establishment per gunta was ` 2,32,920. The investment appraisal analysis revealed that the Pay Back period (PBP) was found to be 3.45 years. The Net Present Value (NPV) of the investment for the orchid enterprise was found to be ` 3,05,931 per gunta at 9 per cent discount rate. The discounted Benefit Cost Ratios (BCR) was found to be 2.31 and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was found to be 32.02 per cent. The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was found to be very less, as the farmers were incurring high cost of production and marketing. The producer’s share could be increased through efficient methods of cultivation, provision of input incentives and encouraging orchid growers association at village/taluk level and creating exclusive market for such high value products. Lack of credit facility and high cost of planting material were the major problems in production of orchids. Similarly in marketing lack of market information and lack of grading and standardization were the major problems.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and Characterization of Pink Pigmented Facul Tative Methylotrophs From Coleus forskohlii and Their Influence on Growth and Tuber Yield(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Sheela R. Pattanashetti; K.S. JagadeeshInvestigations were carried to isolate Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM), characterize them and study their beneficial effects on Coleus forskohlii. Samples of C. forskohlii were collected grown in different villages such as Nandihalli, Naganahatti, Rajahamsagada, Tarihalli, Hidakal, of Belgaum district, UAS, Dharwad and UAS, Bangalore (GKVK). As many as fifty isolates were isolated from these samples on selective AMS medium. The isolates were characterized based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that all the isolates were Gram negative and rod shaped with the dimension ranging from 0.6- 1.0 x 1.0-1.5 μm. The colonies were pink in colour due to pigmentation. The biochemical characteristics revealed that all the isolates showed positive for oxidase, urease, citrate and catalase tests. All the isolates utilized glucose, glycerol, tartarate and acetate. Further, the isolates were screened for beneficial characters. The results revealed that the highest indole acetic acid production was recorded in the isolates PPFM 36 and PPFM 50 (29.97 μg ml-1 of each culture filtrate) and the maximum GA production (59.13 μg ml-1 of culture filtrate) was by the isolate. The isolates were also tested for P-solubilization activity, antagonistic activity, siderophore and HCN production. The maximum Pi release was observed in PPFM 138 (10.07%). None of the isolates produced HCN and siderophores. And, as many as nineteen isolates showed antifungal activity against three important fungal pathogens of Coleus namely Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia bataticola. Based on these beneficial characters, three efficient PPFM isolates were selected for the pot culture experiment. The results have revealed that all the PPFM isolates performed better than the reference strain (Methylobacterium extorquens) and uninoculated control. The isolate PPFM 50 isolated from Nandihalli village was most promising which recorded significantly higher growth and tuber yield parameters of C. forskohlii followed by PPFM 32.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of Spot and Futures Prices of Sugar in India(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Santosh M. Bandi; Vilas S. KulkarniAnalysis of prices and forecasting the prices over time is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Price instability is useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting weekly spot prices of sugar in major markets of India for a period of 6 years (2004-05 to 2009-10). The futures prices for sugar were collected for Aug 2007 to Nov 2009. The growth rate analysis revealed that production growth rate is highly significant. An increasing trend in prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. Price of sugar was found to be highest during off season and lowest during sugarcane harvest season. The higher weekly seasonal indices of prices were observed during March to April, low during the months of June and August. Hence, the sugar factories should plan their marketing strategy particularly in these weeks. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast sugar prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of co-integration showed that there existed a strong integration between spot and futures prices for sugar markets. Hence, sugar economy should take this advantage to encourage the production of sugar. The analysis revealed that, by storing sugar and selling during off season would help the producer in getting higher returns. Finally it was recommended to disseminate the forecasted prices to sugar factories for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of Prices and Arrivals of RABI Sorghum in Karnataka - An Econometric Analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Basavaraj M. Bandigani; Vilas S. KulkarniFluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Analysis of price and market arrivals overtime is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of studying dynamics of market arrivals and prices, the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of rabi sorghum in major rabi sorghum markets of Karnataka for a period of 20 years (1989-90 to 2009-10). An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. It was observed that, in all the markets, the arrivals of rabi sorghum was negligible from May to November Price of rabi sorghum was found to be highest during off season (December and April) and lowest during harvest season (January - March), the arrivals were high during March and April. The higher seasonal indices of prices were observed during March and April during which the arrivals were found to be low. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of rabi sorghum arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in short run, showed a positive relationship, which implied that as the price of rabi sorghum increased, the arrivals also increased. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast rabi sorghum prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that there existed a strong integration among all the rabi sorghum markets. The analysis revealed that, storing rabi sorghum and selling during off season (April onwords) would help the producer in getting higher returns. Finally it was recommended to disseminate the forecasted prices to farmers for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access Price Dynamics of Jayadhar Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Manjunath V. Beeligi; Basavaraja BanakarAgricultural marketing plays an important role not only in stimulating production and consumption, but in accelerating the pace of economic development. Analysis of price and market arrivals over time is important for formulating a sound agricultural price policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to the price instability of the produce. In order to device appropriate ways and means for reducing price fluctuations of agricultural commodities, there is a need to have a thorough understanding of price behavior over time and over space. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of Jayadhar cotton for a period of 21 years (1989-90 to 2009-10), in major Jayadhar cotton markets of north Karnataka. An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets. Seasonal indices of Price in Jayadhar cotton was found to be highest during July and August in Ranebennur market as well as Kottur market, where as it was highest during February and March in Hubli and Gadag markets owing to the variations in the market structure in selected markets. The arrivals were found to be low in July and August in all the markets. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of Jayadhar cotton arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in short run, showed a negative relationship, except in Kottur market, which implied that as the price of Jayadhar cotton increased, when arrivals were low. ARIMA model is used to forecast Jayadhar cotton prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed higher price during February, March and August months which indicated to farmers to sell the Jayadhar cotton during these months for price advantage. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that their existence of a strong integration among all the Jayadhar cotton markets.ThesisItem Open Access Competitiveness of Export of Fruits and Vegetables to Middle East Countries(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Praveen H. Patil; R.A. YeledahalliIndia is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. Over 90 per cent of India’s exports in fresh products go to West Asia and East European markets. The study endeavours to estimate the growth in export trade of selected fruits and vegetables from India, to examine the instability in export of fruits and vegetables and to analyze the competitiveness and direction of trade of major fruits and vegetables. The study was undertaken on a macro framework based on secondary data. Major fruits and vegetables such as mango, grapes, pomegranate, sapota, onion, potato, peas and green chilli were purposively selected. The yearly data on export quantity and value were compiled from APEDA, Import Export Data Bank etc. for the period 1993-94 to 2009-10. The analysis on the growth in export of fruits and vegetable has shown an increasing trend specially with respect to pomegranate and green chilli from India to middle east countries. Oman and UAE markets have been found very promising in terms of export. However, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait markets have been promising for onion and potato exports followed by peas to Saudi Arabia. Instability and direction of trade have shown that UAE was very loyal for import of Indian fruits and vegetables, appropriate export incentives need to be framed and implemented to meet the growing demand for fruits and vegetables in the view of high Indian population in Middle East countries. The results of Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) analysis have shown that the export of fruits and vegetables have found to be more competitive and promising. India should exploit and explore new market avenues to reap the advantages of current situations and improvement in the trade relations on the part of the government initiatives would bring about tremendous potential for export of other fruits and vegetables in future.ThesisItem Open Access Market Dyanamics of Wheat in Karnataka -An Econometric Approach(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Anil B. Kolur; R.A. YeledahalliAnalysis of price and market arrivals overtime is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time of disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of wheat in major wheat markets of Karnataka for a period of 20 years (1989-90 to 2008-09). An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets. But the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. Price of wheat was found to be highest during off season and lowest during harvest season. Since wheat is a rabi crop, the arrivals were high during March to April. The higher seasonal indices of prices were observed during April and May during which the arrivals were found to be low. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of wheat arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in short term, showed a positive relationship, which implied that as the price of wheat increased, the arrivals also increased. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast wheat prices. The forecasted price in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that there existed a strong integration among all the wheat markets. The analysis revealed that, by selling wheat during off season would help the producer in getting better returns. Finally it was suggested to disseminate the forecasted information prices to farmers for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access Marketing Management in Farmers' Commodity Interest Groups - A Case in Maharashtra(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Mundada Yash Jugalikishor; Balachandra K. NaikA Farmers’ Commodity Interest Group (FCIG) is a self managed, independent group of farmers with shared goal and interest. The need of the hour is to explore the enterprising ability of the Indian farmers and their ways of working in team, utilization of available resources and effective management of the respective groups. The study was carried out in Vidarbha and Khandesh regions of Maharashtra and tabular analysis different business performance ratios were employed to analyse the data. The study revealed that, line type of organizational structure was seen in FCIGKatol, Warud and Kalameshwar, while in FCIG-Rawer line and staff type of structure was observed. When cost involved in pooling of commodity is concerned, it was found that, FCIG-Katol incurred 2.50 lakhs, FCIG-Warud, Kalameshwar and Rawer incurred 2.21 lakhs, 63,200 and 47,500, respectively. The total cost of value addition in FCIG-Katol, Warud, Kalameshwar and Rawer was 8.33 lakhs, 9.13 laks, 3.41 lakhs and 5.50 lakhs, respectively. When it comes to marketing activities, farmers’ meeting and exhibitions were carried out in less number and the costs incurred in marketing of commodities were 4,472.50, 4,717.81, 4,615.10 and 3,715.70 per tonne, respectively for the FCIGs considered. The total cost of business in the above FCIGs was of the order of 19,975.20, 24,027.89, 23,394.84 and 38,217.37 per tonne. The net returns after deducting all the expenses found to be 50,849.80, 48,472.11, 52,440.16 and 46,781.63 per tonne respectively. Socioeconomic status of the farmer, high cost transportation and proximity to market were the major problems encountered by the farmer members of the FCIGs. As the FCIGs are free of tax, the farmers who are not part of any farmers’ association can involve themselves in such profitable organizations to improve their income level and standard of living.ThesisItem Open Access Sully Chain Management in Arecanut - A Comparative Study of Co-Operative and Private Processing Units in Uttara Kannada District(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Anand S. Kolur; C. MurthyArecanut (Areca catechu L.) is an important commercial crop in India and is popularly known as betel nut. It finds a place in all religious, social and cultural functions of Indian people. Its kernel is used mainly for chewing purpose in “pan supari”. Arecanut being a tropical palm, its distribution is mainly confined to South East Asian countries. The production of arecanut covers an area of 7.02 lakh hectares with a total production of 8.54 lakh tonnes. The area and production of arecanut in India during 2008-09 was 3.86 lakh hectares and 4.76 lakh tonnes respectively. To fulfill the objective of the study, both primary and secondary data was collected. The secondary data 2001-2002 to 2009-10 was collected to assess the procurement management in processing units in that is co-operative and private units. The primary data pertaining to 2010-11 was collected from the selected processing units, traders in order to assess the value addition, marketing margins, cost of production of different products, pricing efficiency, marketing practices and marketing channels. One co-operative processing unit was selected for detailed study. Similarly 5 units were selected from private activities in arecanut. The 5 wholesalers, 5 retailers, and 5 big traders were consider for assessing the margins and price spread. It can be inferred that the co-operative unit as a whole experienced significant growth rate in procurement of quantity (56.06%), value (61.08%) and sales of quantity (51.93%) and value of sales (50.26%) for rashi type of arecanut in finished produce for the period the annual growth rate of 2001-02 to 2009-10. Whereas for the same period the annual growth rate in private units procurement of quantity, value and sales of quantity and value of sales were 53.04, 61.39, 53.30 and 59.50 per cent respectively in rashi type of arecanut.