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ThesisItem Open Access "Effect of Temperature Regimes on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Productivity"(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Kiran, B.O.; Chimmad, V.P.Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in its reproductive stage, is sensitive to day/night temperatures with consequent substantial loss of potential yields at high temperatures. Two field experiments were conducted with 44 and four genotypes under three temperature regimes (D1: 41st, D2: 44th and D3: 48th SMW) during rabi, 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), Dharwad. Among four genotypes, JG-11 recorded least pollen sterility (17.15 %) followed by JG 14 (17.49 %), while crop sown in 41st SMW recorded least pollen sterility (19.42 %) when compared to crop sown in 44th and 48th SMW. Genotype, Annigeri-1 recorded maximum pollen germination (62.90 %) and pollen tube length (171.36 µm). Crop sown in 44th SMW significantly higher seed yield (24.19 q ha-1) followed by 41st SMW (22.17 q ha-1). However, genotype JG 11 recorded maximum seed yield (23.12 q ha-1) followed by JG 14 and Annigeri-1 (21.75 and 21.22 q ha-1 respectively). The overall reproductive phase efficiency was stable in JG 11 across environments. Among 44 genotypes, the total chlorophyll, membrane stability index, SPAD values recorded at 65 DAS was higher in crop sown in 44th SMW compared to 48th SMW. The seed yield was significantly higher for crop sown in 41st SMW (13.29 g plant-1) followed by 44th SMW (11.95 g plant-1). Among the genotypes, JAKI 9218 recorded higher seed yield (19.25 g plant-1) followed by GCP-107 and PA 0102334 (18.59 and 17.32 g plant-1, respectively). Genotypes, ICC-4958, GCP-107, BGD-9812, ICC-5383 and BGD-132 recorded higher stability for grain yield across environments. However, genotypes GCP-107 (23.54 g plant-1), PA-0102334 (19.66 g plant-1) and BGD-1044 (18.37 g plant-1) recorded higher yield and yield components under normal sown conditions (44th SMW), while H-206, ICCL-82108, ICC-88201, RSG-44, Local Collection, ICC-5383, AKG-70 and ICC-1745 were found suitable for late sown condition (48th SMW) for grain yield. Mean performance but confined to specific environments. Genotype ICCV-2 and JG-130 was found early with average regression coefficient and least deviation recommended for late sown conditions. Further, genotypes, The maximum pollen germination and least pollen sterility was recorded under 44th SMW (40.86%) and 41st SMW (17.10 %). Genotype, ICC-790197 recorded least pollen sterility (12.56%), while maximum pollen germination was recorded in genotype JAKI 9218 (69.95%) followed by Annigeri -1 (63.83%). Genotypes, ICCV-2, JG-130, JG-11, GCP-107, MI-35 and BGD-9920 were highly stable for seed yield under 44th SMW. The environment index was higher under 41st and 44th SMW for genotypic adaptability. Further, the degree of association for seed yield and components decreased with delayed sowing. Under 44th SMW, seed yield recorded positive association with pod number, pod weight, total flower production, total dry matter, test weight and harvest index. The experiment concluded that, reproductive efficiency for heat stress tolerance was higher in genotypes ICC-4958, GCP-107, BGD-9812, ICC-5383 and BGD-132 and further helpful in breeding program.ThesisItem Open Access Development and Identification of Drought Tolerant Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-01) Patil, Akshata S.; Mummigatti, U.V.The investigation was carried out to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying the drought tolerance in maize by withholding water before fifteen days of anthesis and silking interval at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University Agricultural science’s Dharwad. From the 100 inbred lines evaluated (rabi / summer 2014-15) ten drought tolerant inbred lines (DMIL 230, DMIL 438, DMIL 447, DMIL 516, DMIL 553, DMIL 607, DMIL 692, DMIL 715, CML 425 and NC 468) were selected based on genetic diversity (D2) and morphological traits for developing 45 single cross hybrids through half diallel mating design (kharif, 2015). These 45 hybrids and their parents were further evaluated during rabi / summer, 2016. Identified five top yielders (DMIL 438 DMIL 447, DMIL 512 DMIL 692, DMIL 425 DMIL 230, DMIL 448 DMIL 607 and DMIL 438 NC 468), five drought susceptible yielders their parents and two checks (CP-818 and GH-0727) were evaluated during rabi / summer, 2016-17 for drought tolerance. Simultaneously, evaluated for various root and shoot morphological traits under water stress condition in polythene bag upto 60 DAS. Five hybrids viz., DMIL 516 DMIL 230 (6,338 kg/ha), DMIL 553 DMIL 447 (3,687 kg/ha), CML 425 DMIL 516 (3,905 kg/ha), DMIL 607 DMIL 516 (3,416 kg/ha) and NC 468 DMIL 692 (3,641 kg/ha) were superior drought tolerant hybrids based on relative water content, chlorophyll content, anthesis to silking interval, root traits and yield components under water stress condition. DMIL 715, CML 425, DMIL 447 and DMIL 516 have the best general combining ability for drought tolerance. These hybrids and the general combiners can be considered for moisture stress situations and for developing hybrids for drought tolerance, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Multigrain Composite Flour for Health Benefits(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-06) Rathod, Jyoti M.; Sarojani, J.K.ABSTRACT An investigation on the “Development of multigrain composite flour for health benefits” was undertaken during 2013-2015 in UAS Dharwad. The study aimed at development, storage and efficacy testing of multigrain composite mix. The millet composite flour is composed of wheat (40 g), total millets (50 g) which includes equal quantity of foxtail millet (12.5 g) and finger millet (12.5 g), little millet (25 g), soybean (10 g) and fenugreek (1 g) and it was acceptable. The overall acceptability score was 7.07. Millet composite flour was rich in protein (13.74 g/100 g), fat (5.30 g/100 g), energy (388 kcal/100 g) dietary fibre (20.59 g/ 100 g), sodium (5.15 m g/100 g), potassium (154 m g/100 g), calcium (32.97 m g/100 g), magnesium (26.67 m g/100 g), iron (2.52 m g/100 g), phosphorus (101 m g/100 g), copper (0.55 m g/100 g), zinc (1.02 m g/100 g), and manganese(0.9 m g/100 g). The storage and organoleptic evaluation was done every 15 days interval, for period of 180 days. Both HDPE and MPP packaging materials can be used effectively. Moisture and free fatty acid initially were 7.07 per cent and 0.12 m g/KOH g which increased to 8.47 per cent and 0.50 m g/ KOH g at 180 days of storage and both were within permissible limits. However, organoleptic study revealed that it can be stored for 165 days. Supplementation study was conducted on 30 hypercholesterolemic subjects (15 experimental and 15 control) for a period of 30 days and their lipid profile was analyzed before and after intervention. There was significant decrease in the LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol with per cent decrease of 4.89, 6.86 and 5.54 respectively and increase in the HDL cholesterol from 44.66 mg/dl to 52.92 mg/dl in experimental subjects.ThesisItem Open Access Stress, Parenting and Mental Health Among Intact and Single Parent Families(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Chanda, Krutika; Pujar, LataThe study on stress, parenting and mental health among intact and single parent families was conducted in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during 2016-18. The objectives of present study are the prevalence of alternative families in rural and urban areas of Dharwad and Bidar district; know the stress, parenting, parenting stress, mental health, child adjustment and child’s behavior among intact and single parent families; development of package on stress management and impact assessment of intervention program. The prevalence study was conducted on 1600 respondents from Bidar and Dharwad district found that majority of the families belonged to nuclear followed by single parent and joint families. Based on the prevalence results 240 mothers from intact families and 240 single mothers were selected from rural and urban areas of Bidar and Dharwad district. The qualitative research was done on 14 respondents. The major reason for singlehood in both the districts were widowhood (71.67% and 67.50%), separation (16.66% and 22.50%) and divorce (11.67% and 10 %). The problems faced by single mothers are emotional and financial problem. While the children and parents are the major support system for single mothers. Majority of single mothers had high stress, medium level of parenting stress, average in parenting and mental health status. There was significant association between the levels of stress and mental health among intact and single mothers of both districts. There was no significant difference found between the urban and rural children of intact and single parent families with child adjustment and behavioral problems. There was significant difference found between stress and anxiety level before and after the intervention program. Thus the intervention program was found to be effective in reducing the stress and anxiety levels of single mothers.ThesisItem Open Access Parenting: Predictors of Infant Mental Health and Intervention(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Bhat, Pavitra; Khadi, Pushpa B.The effect of parenting on mental health of rural and urban infants of Dharwad taluk revealed a prevalence of an alarming percentage of infants ‘at risk for mental health’; with 22.5 per cent ‘at risk’ and 12 per cent who ‘needed monitoring’ in urban Dharwad, whereas in rural Dharwad, 23.95 per cent ‘needed monitoring’ and 21.87 per cent were ‘at risk’. Mental health of rural infants was significantly influenced by infant’s age, ordinal position, infant temperament, maternal parenting quality, positive co-parenting, maternal temperament and adult child ratio. The urban mothers were significantly high on parenting quality, marital satisfaction and positive co-parenting. Infant mental health and maternal parenting quality of rural mothers was significantly correlated with 77.8 per cent variation determined by these selected factors. The phenomenological approach and narrative analysis of in-depth interviews revealed the essence of parenting, mothering as unique experience, ‘fathering’ through the mother’s lens and efforts in shaping parenthood. The sample comprised of 80 each rural and urban mother-infant dyads with infants in the age group of 6-30 months; 20 mother-infant dyads drawn equally from the infant age cohorts of 6 – 12, 13-18, 19- 24 and 25 – 30 months. The infants were screened for mental health risk using standard measures and parenting was measured through the analysis of video recordings of the interactions (play and clean up activity) of mother-infant dyads in their natural settings for duration of 12 – 15 minutes; using observations and Keys to Interactive Parenting Scale (2006). In-depth analysis was on a sub sample of 97 mother-infant dyads focusing infant/child and adult temperament, parenting stress, maternal marital satisfaction, co-parenting using standard measures and nutritional status of infants through anthropometry. Intervention on ‘sensitive parenting’ comprising of ten sessions (two hours each) was provided to 36 mothers; which significantly increased the parenting knowledge, attitude and practices.ThesisItem Open Access Millet Based Approach for Fortification of Unbranded Low Cost Snacks for School Children(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-09) Akkavva Wadakappanavar S.; Yenagi, NirmalaThe present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of commercially available unbranded cereal snacks for school children, development and promotion of millet fortified snacks through nutrition education and training to women entrepreneurs during 2015- 18. Totally 22 cereal snacks were documented from 30 local shops including rural and urban areas and majority were sweets (68.18%). The wide variation and significant difference in the proximate and mineral composition of cereal snacks was found. Snacks were rich in fat content and energy. They were meeting 0.02 to 0.11%, 0.21 to 0.76% and 0.01 to 0.03% of recommended protein, calcium and iron requirement of school children for one rupee. School children were consuming unbranded snacks every day and these snacks were available at one rupee. The developed composite flour contained germinated finger millet flour (50%), fermented little millet (30%), refined wheat flour and germinated horse gram flour (10% each). It exhibited good functional properties and enhanced the nutrition profile. The protein, calcium and iron content of fortified snacks (Spicy and sweet lavang chur, burfi, sev ladoo and biscuit) ranged from 13.74 to 25.12g/ 100g, 217.48 to 251.48 mg/100g and 7.31 to 14.05mg/100g respectively. The storage stability of developed composite mix and fortified snacks ranged from one to two months. There was a significant shift in the knowledge of entrepreneurs from moderate and low to high category after the training. Nutritional education had positive impact on nutritional knowledge of children. Training and market linkage for millet snacks at rural shops helped in providing income and employment opportunities to women entrepreneurs in rural areas. Thus, nutrition awareness on millets and healthy snacks to school children enhances the consumption of millets which could become one of the less expensive technologies to overcome the problem of poor nutrition among school children and helps to combat micronutrient deficiencies.ThesisItem Open Access Biofuel Crops for Vertical Intensification of Sugarcane Based Intercropping Systems(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Chogatapur, Shilpa V.; Chandranath, H.T.A field experiment was conducted during 2016-17 (plant cane) and 2017-18 (ratoon cane) at Sugarcane Research Farm, Zadshapur of S. Nijalingappa Sugar Institute (SNSI) of Belagavi. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three spacing levels (120,150 and 180 cm) as main plot treatments, three component crops (sugarbeet, sweet sorghum and sweet potato) under 1:1 and 1:2 ratio as sub-plots with four control plots [sole sugarcane (90 cm), sole sugarbeet, sole sweet sorghum and sole sweet potato] outside the experiment and replicated thrice. A row spacing of 150 cm recorded significantly higher number of millable canes (NMC) in both plant and ratoon cane. With respect to row spacing of 180 cm recorded higher cane yield (132.2 t ha-1) in plant cane. A row spacing of 150 cm recorded additional net returns of ` 79,999 ha-1 in plant cane and ` 80,832 ha-1 in ratoon cane over 90 cm row spacing. Among the component crops, sugarcane + sugarbeet 1:1 row proportion recorded significantly higher cane yield (132.2 t ha-1) and ethanol yield (8.69 thousand l ha-1) in plant cane. Similar trend was also observed in ratoon cane. With respect to interactions between row spacings and component crops with different row proportion, significantly higher NMC (111.91 thousands ha-1) and cane yield (139.6 t ha-1) was recorded with sugarcane (150 cm) + sugarbeet 1:1 row proportion. Similar trend was noticed in ratoon cane. In plant cane, intercropping of sugarcane (150 cm) + sugarbeet 1:2 row proportion, realised significantly higher sugarcane equivalent yield (145.7 t ha-1) and net returns (` 2,46,829 ha-1) over all other treatment combinations. In ratoon cane similar trend was followed as that of plant cane.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-Efficacy and Phyto-Toxicity of Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]; and Residual Effect on Succeeding Crops(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2018-07) Shilpa H.D.; Malligawad, Lokanath H.The field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station. University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on medium black clay soil during two consecutive years (2015-16 and 2016-17) in kharif-rabi sequence. Results indicated that pre-emergence application of alachlor 50 EC, pendimethalin 30 EC, butachlor 50 EC, pendimethalin 38.7 CS and oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC effectively controlled annual grassy and broad leaved weeds in groundnut/soybean and had no residual toxicities on all the succeeding crops. Post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl 5 EC, propaquizafop 10 EC and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9 EC effectively controlled only annual grassy weeds and they did not show any residual toxicities on all the succeeding crops. On the contrary, post-emergence application of imazethapyr 10 SL (100 g/ha) although suppressing the growth and development of annual grassy and broad leaved weeds, but resulted in residual toxicities in succeeding crops. The severity of imazethapyr residual toxicity on succeeding crops was greater on grain amaranth > sorghum > wheat > maize > safflower > chickpea. Yield components, dry pod weight/plant, total number of pods/plant, 100 dry pod weight in groundnut and; total number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant and 100 seed weight in soybean and B:C ratio were more in treatments which received pre-emergence herbicides, post-emergence herbicides and weed free check treatment over weedy check treatment and treatment which received post-emergence application of imazethapyr 10 % SL @ (100 g/ha). Significantly lower dehydrogenase (μg TPF formed/g soil/d ) phosphatase (pnp formed/g soil/h) and urease activity (μg NH4-N formed/g soil/d), in preceding as well as succeeding crops was recorded with post-emergence application of imazethapyr 10 SL (100 g/ha).ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Effect of Fungicides in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] During Storage and Seed Treatment(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Biradar, Rajashree; Jirali, D.I.
