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ThesisItem Open Access Business Performance of Pacb’s in Dharwad District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Godkhindi, Sachin; Banakar, BasavarajFarm credit is a strategic input and demand for it steadily increased with the advent of modern technology. Among the various financial institutions, the co-operatives have emerged as a major source of agricultural credit. A three- tier system of co-operative credit structure came into existence to meet short term and medium term credit requirements of the farmers. An enquiry into the performance of Primary Agriculture Co-operative Banks (PACB)’s in Dharwad district revealed interesting facts about the PACB’s performance according to agro-climatic variations. Fifteen PACB’s were selected for the study, which represented three different agro-climatic zones. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The growth in the employees, membership and loan account was positive and significant in most of the PACB’s. Growth in financial variable like profit and loss showed positive for some of the PACB’s. The results showed only few are incurring losses. The recovery percentage for the selected PACB’s increased over the years. The principal component analysis revealed that almost all variables were closely associated with performance of the PACB’s in first dimension. Agricultural loan dominated among the loan amount advanced for different purposes followed by non-agricultural loan for small and large farmers. The opinion of policy makers, officials and borrowers were analyzed separately using cluster analysis. The opinion of officials revealed that out of 12 variables, ten variables were found in high aggregate cluster and another two variables were grouped in medium and low aggregate clusters. The opinion of policy makers depicted that out of 18 variables, 12 were grouped under high aggregate cluster, 3 variables each in medium and low aggregate cluster.ThesisItem Open Access Export Performance of Maize from India: an Econometric Analysis(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Muttur, Sneha; Yeledhalli, R.A.Maize (Zea mays L.) is important cereals of the world and provides major part of human food. Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. Maize is grown throughout the year. It is predominantly a kharif crop with 85 per cent of the area under cultivation in the season. This study was entirely based on secondary data. Data pertaining to export of maize was collected from UNCOMTRAD (United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database) for the period of 2000 to 2014. During the study period trends in area, production, productivity and exports of maize from India were showing increasing rate. Export performance of maize was analysed using Markov chain transition probability technique, it reveals that among the maize importing countries from India, Bangladesh was having highest retention share compared to other countries in which it gained 4 per cent share from Malaysia compared to previous year and lost 17 per cent and 4 per cent to Indonesia and Vietnam respectively. India’s maize export is having comparative advantage in the International market as indicated by the EPR values of more than one. Trends in prices of maize in the major markets of India viz., Dahod, Davangere, Udaipur and Ahmadabad were showing an increasing rate. Among all the four selected major markets in India, highest seasonal indices were found in Ahmadabad market followed by Davangere market. With respect to cyclical variations in the maize prices on an average for every four to five years one cycle was completed in all the selected market expect Ahmadabad market.ThesisItem Open Access Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana in Rural Areas of North Karnataka – an Inquiry Into its Implementation and Impact(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Jagruthi S.; Mahajanashetti, S.B.Financial inclusion is delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups. To reduce the degree of “financial untouchability”, a big bang action plan popularly known as “Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana” was implemented. The present study was conducted in seven districts under the jurisdiction of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Bagalkot, Belagavi, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Uttara Kannada and Vijayapura). Totally, seven lead bank managers were selected from the seven districts. From each district, two commercial bank branches and two Regional Rural Bank branches were selected in consultation with the Lead bank officials. From the service area of each selected bank branch, ten PMJDY households were selected randomly. Primary data was collected from the households and from the managers of the bank branches of the study area. The secondary data was collected from the records of lead banks and the bank branches. The results revealed that under UAS Dharwad jurisdiction, the household coverage under PMJDY was 94.21 per cent and the proportion of Ru-Pay cards distribution to the PMJDY account holders was 74.94 per cent. The average age of respondents selected under UAS jurisdiction was 41.48 years and agriculture was the main occupation for a majority of the respondents (60.00 %). With reference to performance of PMJDY accounts, 19.53 per cent of saving bank accounts were PMJDY accounts, 61.83 per cent the PMJDY accounts were issued Ru-Pay cards. About 68.93 per cent of PMJDY accounts were opened with the sole expectation of availing overdraft. The major constraint experienced by the beneficiaries in implementation of PMJDY was lack of awareness on available services and for the bank mangers was multiple PMJDY accounts opened by the account holders. Hence, awareness should be created through training programmes by financial literacy and credit counseling centers.ThesisItem Open Access Production and Marketing Management of Coffee Based Cropping Systems in Kodagu District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Kavya V.H.; Naik, A.D.The objective of the study was to analyse the production and marketing management of coffee based cropping systems in Kodagu district of Karnataka. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was adopted in selection of the sample coffee planters. The data was collected from 40 farmers and 80 middlemen involved in marketing of coffee and its associate crops. The collected data was analysed by Tabular analysis and Garrett ranking techniques. The study revealed that Karnataka state was found to be significant and has positive growth rate in area (0.99 %), production (1.74 %) and productivity (0.93 %). The establishment and maintenance cost of coffee per hectare was found to be Rs. 9,23,116.55 and Rs.1,07,217.10 in the cropping system-I (coffee + pepper) and Rs. 9,76,801.50 and Rs.1,08,461.00 for cropping system-II (coffee + cardamom) respectively. The total and net returns were Rs. 3,60,639.00 and Rs.2,57,972 for cropping system-I and Rs.2,53,177.00 and Rs.1,50,579.00 for cropping system-II respectively. Producers share in consumer’s rupee was high in channel-II (74.74%) in coffee, channel-II (94.31 %) in pepper and channel-II (90.17 %) in cardamom. Financial analysis of the study depicted that at the discount rate of 12 per cent, the coffee enterprises has NPV (Rs.7,76,230.56 and Rs. 7,75,936.98), BCR (3.51 % and 2.46 %), PBP (11.1 and 15.5 years) and IRR (27 % and 17 %) for cropping systems-I and II, respectively. Weather extremity, non-availability of skilled labour, high fluctuation of prices and lower price were the core problems faced by the coffee and its associative crop growers. Adoption of recommended cultivation practices, provision of adequate credit facilities and practice of cropping system-I over the cropping system-II helps to amplify the farm income and productivity of coffee growers.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Pledge Loan Scheme of Agricultural Produce of Regulated Markets of North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Amaresh; Kerur, N.M.Agricultural sector has been one of the most important sectors of Indian economy. It is a well known fact that the prices of agricultural commodities immediately after harvest tend to be low compelling the farmers specially the small and marginal farmers with low or no holding capacity to resort to distress sale. To overcome, state government has implemented the pledge loan scheme for the benefit of the farmers when the prices crawl down. Performance, awareness, sales proceeds and constraints faced in availing the pledge loan was studied. Research was confined to seven districts coming under UAS, Dharwad jurisdiction. A total of 14 markets, with 15 farmers and 2 officials from each market was selected for the study. Compound growth rate analysis, descriptive statistics and Garret ranking was used in order to analyze the collected data. Results revealed that, there was no dearth of funds in APMC for providing the pledge loan scheme. In north Karnataka (Dharwad, Gadag, Uttara Kannada, Belagavi, Haveri, Bagalkote, Vijayapura), Dharwad with CAGR of 11.23 per cent was the successful market in implementing the scheme. Majority of the farmers got awareness about the scheme from APMC and ware house officials. Sales proceeds indicated that the farmers had a benefit of getting higher price for their produce whenever there is a glut in market. Farmers received on an average of more than twenty per cent of profit by availing the loan in some of the agricultural produce. Among the stored agricultural produce, farmers who stored arecanut were benefited the most. Farmers expressed their major constraint as procedure cumbersome in sanctioning of the loan, which was followed by delay in sanctioning of the loan. APMC officials expressed that the major problem in operating the pledge loan is lack of adequate staff. Government has to take much more initiatives in creating awareness about the scheme among the farmers so that large farming community is benefited.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Minimum Support Price Scheme for Agricultural Commodities in North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Asharani K.N.; Murthy, C.The MSP is announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the CACP. A multistage random sampling procedure has been adopted for the selection of the five districts, regulated markets and sample respondents. From each district two major markets were selected. From each market 60 farmers (20 marginal, 20 small and 20 medium farmers) were selected for the year 2015-16 for collection of primary data. Hence, the total sample size was 600. The secondary data were collected from the APMC from 2002-03 to 2015-16. Compound growth rate were computed in respect of MSP of agricultural commodities for the period from 2000-01 to 2015-16. It was revealed that the annual growth rate of MSP for all the commodities found to be positive and significant. The cost and returns per hectare were worked out for selected crops, it was found that the cost and returns in medium size farmers was higher compared to small and marginal farmers. The overall percentage of farmers having awareness about MSP scheme in all selected districts was low. All the farmers expressed dependence on monsoon, lack of labour as major production constraints. Hence, to overcome problems, mechanization in harvesting may be advocated and the extension agencies need to gear up their activities to train the farmers for diversified cropping system. In marketing of all crops, fluctuation in market price and lack of infrastructure facilities were found to be major marketing constraints faced by the farmers. Hence, the APMC’s should provide regular information on market price to the farmers and also government should provide infrastructure facilities to the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Marketing Management of Fertilizers and Manures in North Karnataka(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-07) Patil, Sangeeta; Naik, Balachandra K.Agriculture inputs marketing acts as a tool for better performance in agriculture. Therefore, market and marketing systems reforms ought to be an integral part of policy and strategy for agricultural development. In the present study, demand for fertilizers and manures was analysed using the data on distribution of fertilizers in Dharwad and Belagavi districts from 2004-05 to 2014-15. Estimation of demand for future three years were also computed using Annual growth rate (AGR) with suitable explanatory variables. Tabular analysis was used to study the logistic management and marketing management aspects of fertilizer distribution. Garrett ranking technique was used to analyse the problems of distribution through public, co-operative and private channels. The sample consisted of 16 input dealers, eight Raitha Samparka Kendras (RSKs), four Taluka Agriculture Produce Co-operative Marketing Societies (TAPCMS) and 120 farmers. There is a big scope for increasing the distribution of inputs by public and private sector to meet the huge demand gap so that farmers will get benefited by using quality, high productive capacity inputs to take timely sowing of crops in the districts. In case of private retailers, the marketing margin was maximum as compared to private wholesalers and cooperative channels (TAPCMS). Marketing efficiency was higher with private retailer as compared to private wholesalers and cooperative channels (TAPCMS) in distribution of fertilizer in both districts. The major factors influencing the farmers preference for fertilizers in both the districts was reference by relatives or friends or neighbors. Three major problems mentioned by private, co-operative and public channels in the study districts were risk in investment, difficulty in getting stocks on time and large number of brands, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Arecanut Business by Cooperatives In Karnataka – A Management Perspective(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Harshita T. D.; Naik, Balachandra K.Arecanut is one of the important plantation crop. The study analysed to role of Malnad Areca Marketing Cooperative Society, Ltd, (MAMCOS) Shivamogga and Totgars’ Cooperative Sales Society Ltd., Sirsi (TSS). The study was done on secondary data of the societies abstracted from annual reports of these cooperatives for a period of 15 years from 2000-01 to 2014-15. The study found that line organizational structure was present in both TSS and MAMCOS. It might be due to less number of activities and low investment. Business performance of the societies were studied by using financial ratios. Among liquidity ratios, the average values of the acid-test ratios were above unity that is 1.42 for TSS and 1.37 for MAMCOS. Working capital turnover ratio is 2.38 for TSS and 5.58 for MAMCOS. The average net worth was 54.60 crores for TSS and 22.13 crores for MAMCOS. This indicated a sound net worth of the society. The net capital ratios were more than unity in both the societies. This clearly indicates both the societies business are under profit. The main activities of TSS were running the grocery section, agriculture requisite section, rice mill, Samrat guest house, van section and arecanut trading section. Net profit ratios shows all sections were running under profit except van section. MAMCOS undertaking the activities like arecanut trading, providing consumption loan, providing harvesting loans and giving agriculture chemicals sale. In all the sections, net profit were positive. The SWOC analysis technique was employed to study the functioning of the societies. Here four broad aspects of the working of the societies viz., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges which were analysed for these two cooperatives.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Agro-Inputs Distribution in Vijayapura District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Biradar, Soumya; Naik, Balachandra K.Agricultural inputs marketing is as critical to better performance in agriculture as farming itself. Therefore, market reform and marketing system improvement ought to be an integral part of policy and strategy for agricultural development. In the present study in demand for seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and implements were analysed using the data on sale of seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and implements in Vijayapura district from 2008-09 to 2013-14. Also, estimation of demand and supply for future three years was carried out using Annual Growth Rate (AGR) with appropriate explanatory variables. Tabular analysis was used to study the logistic management and marketing management aspects of agro-inputs distribution and costs and return structure. Garrett ranking technique used to study problems of distributors through public, co-operative and private channels. The sample consisted of six distributors, 50 input retailers, six Raitha Samparka Kendras, 40 Primary Agriculture Co-operative Societies (PACS) and five Taluka Agriculture Produce Co-operative Marketing Societies (TAPCMS). There is a big scope for increasing the distribution of inputs by public and private sectors to meet the huge demand and supply gap so that farmers will get benefited by using quality, high productive capacity inputs to take timely sowing crops in the district. In case of private retailers, the total cost incurred in procurement, storage and distribution of fertilizers was lower as compared to co-operative channel (TAPCMS and PACS) and private wholesalers. Marketing margin was more in private channels than in public channel in distribution of inputs. Marketing efficiency was minimum with private retailers as compared to public channel and private distributors in distribution of agricultural inputs. Three major problems mentioned by public channels, private distributors and co-operative channels were inadequate number of sale points, government interference and high competition, respectively.
