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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Soil Resource Inventory of Chikmegeri-3 Micro-Watershed in Koppal District Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-12) Manjunatha Chari K.; Hebbara, Manjunatha
    A study was undertaken to assess land capability, crop suitability and land degradation status in Chikmegeri-3 micro-watershed of Koppal district. The soil survey was conducted using 1:7920 scale LISS IV satellite imagery and cadastral map. The soils were shallow to deep, dark reddish brown (2.5 YR) to very dark gray (10 YR) and sandy clay to clay in texture. The soils were classified up to family level. The exchangeable bases were in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+>Na+> K+. The soils were low in nitrogen and organic carbon, low to medium in phosphorus and sulphur, medium to high in potassium, iron, copper and manganese were sufficient and zinc was deficient. As per the land capability classification, soils belonged to class III and IV lands with limitations of texture, drainage and soil properties. Land suitability evaluation revealed that soils were suitable for pearl millet, sorghum and mulberry; moderately for soybean, groundnut, guava, pomegranate, sapota, mango, rose and jasmine and marginally for maize, finger millet, pigeonpea, chickpea and chilli crops. Water erosion and water logging were identified as major land degradation types 85.77, 7.04, 0.24 and 6.95 per cent of TGA was affected by sheet, rill, gully erosion and water logging, respectively. The soil loss studies revealed that 47.36, 21.35 and 10.14 per cent of TGA was affected by slight, moderate and severe soil loss, respectively. The low crops yield compared to their expected average yield was due to constraints of unfavorable climate and physico-chemical properties. Based on VS-Fast score approach of land degradation assessment, depth, tillage pan, surface crust and organic matter were the major constraints. Among soil quality indicators, exchangeable potassium, bulk density, mean weight diameter and dispersion index were identified as critical parameters. Soil quality indices of the mapping units ranged from medium to high
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the Effect of Irrigation and Integrated Nutrient Management Levels on Growth and Yield Of Bt-Cotton in Vertisol
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-12) Dilip C.; G.V. Dasar
    A field experiment was conducted at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC) Belvatagi, Navalgund taluk (Dharwad dist.) during kharif 2014-15 to study the effect of irrigation levels and integrated nutrient management levels on growth and yield of Bt-cotton in Vertisol. Irrigation scheduled at 0.8 IW/CPE (I1) recorded significantly higher kapas yield (17.32 q ha-1) as compared to irrigation scheduled at critical stages (15.21 q ha-1). Among the INM levels, F3 recorded significantly higher kapas yield (18.11 q ha-1). Among interactions, I1F3 recorded significantly highest kapas yield (19.08 q ha-1) as compared to other interactions. Integrated use of fertilizers and organics increased pH and macronutrients in soil. F5 treatment recorded significantly higher organic carbon (7.4 g kg-1) than the treatment F1 (RPP) and F2 (RPP + one row of sunhemp between two rows of Bt-cotton). Higher available nitrogen (204.52 kg ha-1), phosphorus (38.62 kg ha-1) and potassium (778.48 kg ha-1) were recorded in F3 treatment. Higher available iron (4.31 mg kg-1) and boron (0.36 mg kg-1) contents were recorded in F3 treatment. Higher available zinc (0.65 mg kg-1) was recorded in the treatment 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + one row of sunhemp between two rows of Bt-cotton + ZnSO4.7H2O @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4.5H2O @ 25 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 5 kg ha-1 (F5). Application of chemical fertilizers without organics reduced available micronutrients in the soil. It can be concluded that treatment combination of RPP + one row of sunhemp between two rows of Bt-cotton + ZnSO4.7H2O @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4.5H2O @ 25 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 5 kg ha-1 and irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE (I2F3) found suitable for getting higher yield and net profit which also saves water.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic Transformation Studies in Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-12) Pralhad, Jadhav Mangesh; Katageri, I. S.
    In the present genetic transformation study, both in vitro and in planta approaches were tried to transfer cry1Ac and cry1Acm genes. Coker-312 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) having in vitro regeneration ability, was used in in vitro transformation study. In planta transformation studies were carried out in Sahana (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and BCS 23-18-7 (Gossypium barbadanse L.) cotton varieties. In in vitro transformation studies, 230 embryogenic calli and 135 hypocotyl, (20mm) were used as explants source for each gene. In in planta transformation, eight to ten days old seedlings were used as explants. Each 90 of seedling of Sahana and 70 of BCS 23-18-7 were used in transfer of cry1Acm and cry1Ac respectively. The variable numbers of plants (26-37) of each combination were established. In these established plants, few plants from each combination (3-6 plants) were recorded as positive for PCR with gene of interest (cry1Ac and cry1Acm) and selectable marker gene (npt-II) through PCR. PCR positive plants from in vitro studies were also subjected for expression studies through RT-PCR and detection of Cry protein through Bt express strips (Amar immunodiagnostics). However absence of inheritance of these genes to next generation (T1) in both cases indicates transient expression. This may be due to non integration of foreign gene into host genome and its elimination during cell division.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of Compact Cotton Genotypes to Graded Levels of Fertilizer Under Varied Planting Density and Defoliator
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Tuppad, Giramallappa B.; Shashidhara, G. B.
    Field experiments were conducted under rainfed conditions at Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad during 2012-13 and 2013-14. One experiment consisted of three genotypes (RAH-274, SC-2028-22 and SC-7-58) as main plot, four spacings (45x10 cm, 45x15 cm, 60x10 cm and 60x15 cm) as sub plots and three fertilizer levels (80:40:40, 120:60:60 and 160:80:80kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha) under sub sub plots. Cotton genotype, RAH-274 recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2017 kg/ha) which was 7.5 per cent and 16.4 per cent higher over SC-2028-22 (1866 kg/ha) and SC-7-58 (1685 kg/ha), respectively. Spacing of 45x15 cm produced significantly higher seed cotton yield (2028 kg/ha) compared to rest of the spacings. Application of 160:80:80 produced significantly higher seed cotton yield (2063 kg/ha) compared to 120:60:60 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha (1871 kg/ha) and 80:40:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha (1635 kg/ha). Interaction of RAH-274 at spacing of 45x15 cm with higher level of fertilizer (160:80:80 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha) recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2430 kg/ha), gross returns (.109233/ha), net returns (.75704/ha) and B:C (3.26) over other interactions. Another experiment during 2013-14 to study the effect of defoliator application on cotton genotypes under varied geometry. Application of Ethrel @ 2000 ppm recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2086 kg/ha) with an increase of 3.7 per cent and 8.8 per cent over Dropp Ultra @ 200 ml/ha (2009 kg/ha) and control (1902 kg/ha), respectively. The significantly higher leaf defoliation was recorded with Ethrel @ 2000 ppm (83.2 %) than Dropp Ultra @ 200 ml/ha (76.2 %) and control (45.3 %) with significantly lower number of leaves (1.2 leaves/plant) and leaf area (3.01 dm2/plant) at 18 days after defoliator spray. The fibre quality parameters were influenced by genotypes and values were within specified range. Interaction of RAH-274 at spacing of 45x15 cm with application of Ethrel @ 2000 ppm recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2241 kg/ha), boll opening (99.3 %), gross returns (1,00,830/ha), net returns (67,910/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.06) over rest of interactions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Soil Borne Fungal Diseases of Chickpea
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Ravichandran S.; Hegde, Yashoda R.
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important Rabi pulse crop in India. Important soil borne fungal diseases observed during survey were wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri,(FOC) (27.07%), dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (RB) (37.06%) and collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (0.65%), alone and in combination (34.32%) with the disease incidence ranging from 1.4 to 23.4 per cent. In interaction studies, JG 11 and JAKI 9218 were moderately resistant to FOC, however were susceptible to RB and S. rolfsii. In cultural studies, FOC and RB attained maximum growth at 16 and 14 days respectively. Temperature of 25 – 300C and pH of 6 to 7 were optimum for growth of these two pathogens. 32 isolates of FOC were collected and classified into three groups based on growth rate virulence index and dry mycelial weight. 20 isolates of RB collected varied in growth and dry mycelial weight. In race identification of FOC by using differentials indicated that all isolates belong to race 1a and further confirmed by amplification with specific primer. ITS rDNA sequence analysis and specific primers confirmed the identity of isolates of FOC and RB. Twenty six genotypes showed resistant reaction against FOC in wilt sick plot in two years and five genotypes remained resistant even in glasshouse screening. All tested triazoles and comi product fungicides and eucalyptus leaf extract was effective in mycelial inhibition of both pathogens. Highest inhibition of FOC was observed in Trichoderma harzianum and RB was by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Seed treatment with carboxin + thiram recorded the lowest per cent disease incidence with the highest yield and cost benefit ratio in field experiment studies in Farmer’s field, (Bailhongal) and sick plot at Kalaburgi.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Clonal Variation for Gall Midge, Asphondylia pongamiae Mani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Infestation in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Kabber, Usha Raju; Javaregowda
    Pongamia pinnata, oil producing tree legume, popularly known as ‘Karanja’ or ‘Honge’ which is widely occurring non-edible oil tree in India. Oil derived from the seed is a very good ‘bio-fuel’. Fifty three insect pests have been listed in P. pinnata which includes six species of gall inducers. The leaf gall inducing insect affect the growth of plants by reducing the leaf area available for photosynthesis. Aspondylia pongamiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) which has been identified to induce flower and leaf galls on P. pinnata. These gall inducers adversely affect the quality of leaves of pongamia in turn reducing its economic utility. Experiments were conducted at the College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2014-15. Among the eleven clones evaluated, four clones, Hariharapura, Sathenahalli, Muddanahalli and Baragaru were found to be Moderately Resistant (MR) in both open and polyhouse conditions. The growth performance of different pongamia clones as measured through plant height and collar diameter did not significantly vary due to infestation of gall midge. The difference in increases or decrease in growth parameter may be not due to gall midge infestation alone but may be due to phenotypic and genotypic variation among the pongamia clones because of their superior characters over the local seedling. Among the four biochemical traits estimated, total phenol and potassium content in leaves did not show significant difference in infested and healthy leaves. However the clones which were moderately resistant had increased nitrogen content and reduced total soluble sugar under infested leaves than healthy leaves. Reduction in total sugar and increased nitrogen content in leaves could be a mechanism to resist the infestation of gall midge in P. pinnata.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Zinc and Ferrous Sulphate Application on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum and Chickpea Intercrops in A Vertisol
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Biradar, Nagaraj S.; Sarawad, I.M.
    A field experiment was conducted at RARS. Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi, 2014-15 to study the effect of zinc and ferrous sulphate application to soil on growth and yield of rabi sorghum + chickpea intercropping system. The soil of the experimental site was low in available Zn (0.54) mg kg-1) and available Fe (3.05 mg kg-1). The treatments included in the experiment were recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), soil application of ZnSO4 @ 10, 15, 20 kg ha-1 and FeSO4 @ 10, 20, 30 kg ha-1 in combinations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with there replications and Twelve treatments, RPP (RDF @ 50:25:00 ::N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 + farm yard manure @ 2-3 t ha-1) were applied to all the treatments except RDF treatment. The results of field experiment revealed that, application of RPP + FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 20 KG ha-1 was recorded the highest plant height, dry matter production and grain yield of both crops and crude protein content in chickpea grains. However, the treatment RPP + FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 was on par with RPP + FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1. The experimental soil was deficient in zinc and iron. A good response of crops to applied zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate was noticed. Further, yield and yield attributes, quality parameters (crude protein), nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S, Zn and Fe), available zinc and iron status and net returns were higher with the soil application of RPP + FeSO4 @ 30 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bacteriophages : Characterization and Utilization as Biocontrol Agents Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. And Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-10) Manyam, Pradeep; Nargund, V. B.
    Citrus canker and solanaceous bacterial wilt are the most devastating diseases which leads to heavy economic losses. In present study, bacteriophages are used as biocontrol agents against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Ralstonia solanacearum. Five native cultures of Xac and R. solanacearum were isolated, confirmed for their pathogenicity and molecular identity. Three phages of Xac (Xacpv1, Xacpv2 (phylloplane) and Xacpv3 (rhizosphere)) and two phages of R. solanacearum (Rspv1 (pond water) and Rspv2 (rhizosphere)) were isolated. Host range studies revealed Xacpv1and Rspv1phages with broad lytic activity on their respective hosts. All the Xac and R.solanacearum phages were chloroform insensitive and non-specific to other tested bacteria. Xacpv3 and Rspv2 phages completed their entire life cycles in 70 and 90 min with average burst sizes of 25 and 85 Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per infected cell respectively. Phage morphology of Xacpv1 and Xacpv2 showed icosahedral heads with short tails (Podoviridae). Xacpv3 and Rspv1 showed an icosahedral heads with long contractile tails (Myoviridae) and Rspv2 appeared in long contractile fibers (Inoviridae). RAPD analysis with four random primers showed that all the Xac and R. solanacearum phages were diverse in nature. In phage stability studies, Xac phages on citrus phylloplane population rapidly came down after four days of application from 8 to 3 log PFU/ml. Significant difference between formulated and unformulated phages was observed after eight days of application. In rhizosphere of tomato seedlings, both formulated and unformulated phages of R. solanacearum retained high phage concentration for 16 days. In glasshouse studies, the per cent disease reduction of citrus canker over control was maximum (61.55%) in T3 (Copper oxy Chloride (0.3%) + Streptocycline (500 ppm)) followed by T4 (Phage mix) (58.59%). The seedling stages of both tomato and brinjal phages performed better than other individual components of IDM in reducing bacterial wilt.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Job Perception and Job Performance of Panchayath Development Officers (PDOs)
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-10) Bharamagoudar, Manjunath V.; Angadi, J. G.
    The present study was undertaken during the year 2013-14 in Dharwad, Haveri, Bagalkot and Bijapur districts of northern Karnataka. The Ex-post facto, Research design was employed for the study. One hundred fifty two PDOs formed the sample for the study. The scales were developed and standardized to measure Job Perception and Job performance of PDOs. Majority (61.18%) of the PDOs belonged to favorable job perception category. Among the components of Job Perception majority (78.54%) of PDOs had better perception of ‘Planning and development of programmes’ (78.54%) Implementation of programmes’ (76.85%) ‘Working environment’ (76.31%) and ‘Decumentation work’ (72.93%) Higher percentage (47.37%) of PDOs belonged to medium job performance category. The duties ‘ Maintenance of records relating to population census, crop census, cattle census and people below poverty line’, ‘Maintaining water supply works either on its own or by annual contract by generating adequate resources’ and ‘Providing sanitary latrines to not less than 10% of the households every year were performed excellent by 27.63,24.34,21.71 and 21.05 per cent PDOs respectively. Performance regarding construction of community latrines for use of men and women and their maintenance and removing encroachments on public streets or public places was perceived as poor by the PDOs. Forty four per cent of the PDOs perceived their workload as heavy and 40.13 Per cent experienced high levels of job stress. More than one third (38.82%) of the respondents had low job satisfaction. Majority of the respondents (57.24) were satisfied with availability of facilities and resources. All most all ODOs (96.05) perceived interference of local representatives as the major constraint in performing job activities. Over workload was the other major constraint as perceived by 83.55 per cent of PDOs.