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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF TRICHOME DENSITY IN RELATION TO JASSID RESISTANCE IN COTTON(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2013-10) MADHURA C.; Dr. M. V. C. GOWDAThe insect pests are the major yield limiting factors in cotton. Bt toxin expressed by Bt-cotton is toxic against bollworms but not against sucking pests especially jassids has become major pests among Bt cotton in India. Pubescence is important and easily recognizable morphological traits which will reduce the leafhopper damage. In the present study genetic variability and interrelationship between pubescence related traits with jassid resistance traits were assessed in germplasm and advanced breeding. High variation and genetic advance was observed for pubescence, trichome length, jassid resistance traits both in germplasm and advanced breeding lines. Correlation Coefficient was found to be highly significant among all the pubescence related traits recorded based on trichome density and pubescence rating in germplasm and advanced breeding lines whereas a strong negative association was observed between pubescence traits and trichome length traits with jassid nymphal count and jassid injury grade. Detailed analysis of germplasm and advanced breeding lines resulted in identification of superior genotypes, BM-1and IGMH-12 with moderately high yield, good GOT, boll weight, lint index and jassid tolerance whereas genotypes TCHH-35102 , NISC-39 R-55 and R-18 were moderately tolerant but with high yield, boll weight and lint index. F2 population exhibited normal distribution for pubescence and trichome length traits indicating quantitative nature of inheritance. The two genotypes of inter-specific F2 mapping population (NISC-37: Pilose X GB-68-Br2: Glabarous) were screened with 29 marker loci reported to be linked with pubescence traits. Twenty two markers were used for construction of genetic maps of LG1 and LG2. Altogether, a total of 11 significant QTLs (LOD more than 3) were identified, which included one QTL each for LWSP, BRHL, BMHL and STHL, two QTLs each for EPSP, ALHL and LMHL, Four QTLs each for ALFP, LFMP, BRTP and BRMP and five QTLS each for ALFPC, LFVP, ALHLC and LVHL.ThesisItem Open Access Candidate Gene Prediction in Qtl Regions and Expression Analysis in Field Evaluated Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) Carrying Stay-Green and Water use Efficiency Qty Combination in Three Recurrent Background of Rabi Sorghum(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Gaurav N. Chaudhari; B.FakrudinStay-green (stg) and water use efficiency (wue) are important target traits considered for improving drought tolerance in sorghum. The zygosity of introgressed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of stg and wue was determined in three recurrent backgrounds of NILs derived from SPV86, SPV570 and M35-1. The NILs were field evaluated to assess impact stg and wue QTLs. Significant positive correlations were observed between yield and stay-greeness of different stages in SPV 570 background indicating NILs possessing stg trait have significant yield advantage under post-anthesis drought stress condition. Three different ab initio gene prediction algorithms viz., FGENESH, GENSCAN, GENMARK indicated number of predicted genes anchored within targeted QTLs. Five genes (NSP, NAD, PHD, MADS, MLO) for stay-green QTL qSTG1A (1.82 Mbp), ten (IAA, SORBIDRAFT, CYP450, GAG/POL, PK, GENE X, UGTS, MTC, AGP16, VP25) for qSTG2 (2.54 Mbp) and one (SF CC1) for qSTG3 (2.18 Mbp) were predicted on sorghum chromosome No. 3 and 1, qCID2 (2.33 Mb) on chromosome 10. Based on the predicted features and functions of candidate genes, total of 24 predicted genes from different transcription factor families like MADS, PHD, NAD, EIF-4A and SPLICING FACTOR, CYP450, IAA were tested for their expressional analysis through quantitative real-time PCR in 15, 30 and 45DAF leaf tissue samples from introgressed line with M35-1 genomic background. Among all tested samples most of the candidate genes were found to be up regulation with fold change of 3 to 6 and 6 to 10 folds. Senescence related gene DIN1 was down regulated in M-35-1 introgressed lines. Result indicated the potential use of stg and wue QTL pyramided lines for improving sorghum performance under drought stress.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Controlled Modified Atmospheric Package on Viability and Vigour of Soybean Seeds During Storage under Ambient Conditions [Glycine max (L.) Merill.](UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Swapna Kumari S R; V. K. DeshpandeLaboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during April 2012- March 2013 to study the effect of modified atmospheric storage conditions on storability of soybean seeds (cv.JS-335) under ambient conditions. The freshly harvested seeds were exposed to various combinations of inert gases viz., T1- 80% CO2+5% O2+15% N2, T2-75% CO2 +5%O2+20% N2, T3- 50% CO2+5% O2+45% N2, T4-25% CO2+5% O2+70% N2, T5-20% CO2+5% O2+75% N2, T6- 15% CO2+5% O2+80% N2, T7-50% CO2+00% O2+50% N2, T8- 50% CO2+10% O2+40% N2, T9-25% CO2+10% O2+65% N2, T10 - 20% CO2+10% O2+70% N2, T11-15% CO2+10% O2+75% N2, T12 -100%CO2+00% O2+00% N2, T13 -00% CO2+00% O2+100% N2, T14-Vacuum packing, T15- seeds stored in polythene bag with normal air, T16-storage in cloth bag (control). The results revealed that, the seeds stored with gaseous combination of 80% CO2+5% O2+15% N2, in 700 gauge polyethylene bag maintained better quality traits in terms of germination (82.45%) and vigour (2469) up to the end of twelve months of ambient storage by recording higher root length (18.47 cm), shoot length (15.96 cm), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.268 OD value), oil content (17.34%), protein content (36.49%)and less seed leachate (1.093 dSm-1) and minimum moisture content (8.024%) followed by vacuum packaging storage (Germination -81.23% and 2355)compared to those stored in polythene bag with atmospheric air and in cloth bag. It is also seen that seeds stored in polythene bag with 80% CO2+5% O2+15% N2 retained germination above minimum seed certification standard even at the end of twelve months storage period. The same results were also seen in vacuum packaging and seeds stored in polythene with 75% CO2+5%O2+20% N2 where as it was only up to seven months and five months period in case of polythene bag with normal air and cloth bag respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) to Date of sowing, Plant Geometry and cycocel under Raiafed Condition(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Vasantha Kumar K. M.; V. S. KubsadA field experiment was conducted to study the response of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) to date of sowing, plant geometry and cycocel under rainfed condition at AICRP on Sorghum, Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during kharif 2012. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Factorial) with three factors along with single control. The first factor comprising three dates of sowing (I FN July, II FN July and I FN August), second factor including two plant geometries (45×10 cm and 60×10 cm) and third factor was two levels of cycocel at 30 DAS (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) with control (II FN June at 30×10 cm plant geometry). Among the dates of sowing, I FN July sown crop recorded significantly higher seed yield (639 kg ha-1), net returns ( 16053 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.91). Plant geometry of 45×10 cm recorded significantly higher seed yield (615 kg ha-1), net returns ( 14190 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.81). Cycocel spray @ 1000 ppm recorded significantly higher seed yield (614 kg ha-1), net returns ( 13922 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.79). Interaction effects showed that, July I fortnight sowing at 45 cm x 10 cm plant geometry with application of cycocel @ 1000 ppm at 30 DAS recorded significantly higher seed yield (675 kg ha-1), net returns ( 17673 ha- 1) and B: C ratio (2.00) as compared to others. The growth and yield components of niger viz.,number of branches per plant, number of capitula per plant, number of seeds per capitulum, seed weight per capitulum, test weight and N, P, K uptake by crop were also significantly higher.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Irrigation Water Quality, Soil Properties and Growth of Sunflower Corp(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Ashwini H. Gudigar; Manjuunatha HebbaraExperiments were conducted to study the effect of magnetic treatment on irrigation water quality, soil properties, leaching efficiency of salts and growth of sunflower crop during 2011- 2012 at College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad. Four separate experiments were conducted to achieve the objectives. Irrigation waters with different salinity levels of i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1 were obtained by equilibrating natural saline soil with good water in the ratio of 1:3 and used in the studies along with GW (0.6 dS m-1). For magnetic treatment, the waters were passed though the magnetic device as required for each study. The one-time magnetic treatment of irrigation water significantly decreased electrical conductivity but the effect on pH was variable. With multiple magnetic treatments, the difference between treated and untreated became increasingly narrow. The calcium, magnesium, sodium and sodium adsorption ratio also followed the same trend. The magnetic treatment also had mollifying effect on residual sodium carbonate of water. In general, the decrease was of higher magnitude at lower level of water salinity. Intermittent irrigation with magnetized water significantly decreased soil pH but increased soil salinity. Soil exchangeable calcium, sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased due to irrigation with magnetized water. Soil water soluble calcium, magnesium and sodium decreased due to magnetized water irrigation. The magnetic treatment significantly decreased the dispersible clay content over non-magnetized water use. Leaching a saline soil with magnetized water removed more salts from the soil compared to leaching with non-magnetized water. Soils leached with magnetized water had significantly higher leachate salinity and lower soil salinity compared to leaching with nonmagnetized water. The magnetic treatment significantly increased germination percentage, plant height and dry matter yield in sunflower over non-magnetized water use. The magnetic treatment increased the K/Na ratio and improved its salt-tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on soil Fertility and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Javed U. Mujawar; K. K. MathA field experiment was conducted to investigation “The effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil fertility and yield of brinjal” during kharif 2010 at the MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in Typic Haplustert under irrigation in RBD with nine treatments replicating thrice. The treatments included were RDF with and without FYM, 100 and 75 per cent organics, INM (50% organics + 50% inorganic fertilizers) and liquid organics like beejamrutha, jeevamrutha and panchagavya alone and in combination with above treatments except RPP and RDF. The results revealed that the treatment with RDF+FYM recorded significantly higher fruit yield (5.24 t ha-1) and it was on par with RDF and organics and chemical fertilizers applied each at 50 per cent level either alone or with liquid organics. The uptake of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur and micronutrients namely copper, iron, manganese and zinc increased significantly due to application of part of recommended nitrogen through organics. The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur and DTPA extractable micronutrients namely copper, iron, manganese and zinc status of soil was significantly influenced by the application of chemical fertilizers along with organics and the maximum values were recorded in the treatment receiving RDF+FYM. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was higher in the treatments with FYM and vermicompost applied along with chemical fertilizers and the highest value was recorded in the treatment receiving RDF+FYM (40.90 ıg TPF/g soil/day). Thus, the study emphasizes that in brinjal cultivation, chemical fertilizers can be substituted with FYM and vermicompost without losing appreciable fruit yield. This also improves the soil fertility and quality of fruit in addition to saving 50 per cent cost on chemical fertilizers. The findings assume greater significance in the present context where in the development of multi-nutrients deficiency in soil and scaling up of the cost of chemical fertilizers severely limiting crop productivity.ThesisItem Open Access Provenance Variation of Cassia flstula L. for Pod, Seed and Seedling Traits from Agroclimatic Zones of Northern Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Renuka Nayak; H. ShivannaCassia fistula, a member of the family Caesalpiniaceae is an important tree with lot of medicinal properties commonly called as ‘Amaltas’. Recently this species is gaining more popularity for its medicinal value. The pods and seeds are economically important part having medicinal properties. With this point in view the present study was carried out in College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2012-2013. The study was laid out by following CRD design with five treatments (provenances) and three replications. The average pod weight and length was 59.28 g, 57.60 cm. The average seed length, seed width, seed test weight and volume was 6.80 mm, 5.96 mm, 16.68 g and 12.18 mm3. Hilly zone recorded the highest for pod and seed parameters. The study was laid out by following factorial CRD with five treatments (provenances) as main treatment and 12 pre-sowing treatment with three replications. Out of twelve different seed treatments tried, the maximum germination percentage (81.47%) was recorded in Cold water soaking for 24 h after that dipping in H2SO4 for 1 min. The other quality indices viz., mean daily germination, peak value, germination value, germination rate of seeding also high in this treatment. Significantly increased the seedling growth attributes was observed in hilly zone viz., seedling height, collar diameter, shoot fresh, root fresh, shoot and root vigour index, shoot to root ratio, total leaf area, relative water content and Chlorophyll content by 38.20 cm, 3.74 mm, 8.50 g, 4.55 g, 3775.80, 1231.39, 2.14, 1358.79 cm2, 90 per cent and 21.90 mg/ g fresh weight respectively at 180 days after planting. The study identifies the Hilly zone as the best provenance for Cassia fistula.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Weathier Parameters on Pests and Diseases of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill](UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Gururaj B.Bijjaargi; A. R. S BhatSoybean is a major oilseed crop of India. Pests (Spodoptera litura and Cydia ptychora) and diseases (rust and purple seed stain) are major threat for the cultivation of soybean crop in India. The present study was envisaged by considering the importance of these two major insect pests and diseases. Experimental data were collected from AICRP on Soybean of Dharwad regarding pests and diseases of regions like Dharwad, Kalaghatagi, Bailhongal and Hukkeri. Meteorological data were collected from meteorological observatory of Main agricultural research station Dharwad. Assistant Executive Water Gauge Office Sub- Division-2, Dharwad for Kalaghatagi region, A.R.S Bailhongal for Bailhongal region and A.R.S Hukkeri for Hukkeri region. Several simple linear and nonlinear regression models were tried. The incidence of Spodoptera litura was more associated with maximum temperature and Cydia ptychora with maximum and minimum temperature. The incidence of rust was associated with maximum and purple seed stain was associated with relative morning humidity in all the regions. The present study demonstrated that in few cases cubic model and in few other cases quadratic model was more suited for all weather parameters. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were also tried, theses models were having high R2 values both in case of pests and diseases and hence MLR is an improved model over the above models in explaining the variation in development of pests and diseases. The presence of insect pests and diseases caused yield reduction, there exist some relationship between insect variables, diseases variables and yield loss. Present study reveals that there is linear relationship exists between the insect variables, disease variables and yield loss in soybean.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Analysis of Powdery Mildew Resistance, Seed Yield and its Component Traits in Sunflower (Heliantus annus L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Nagayya V. Vachadmath; K. G. ParameshwarappaInvestigations have been carried out in sunflower in two seasons to study the Heterosis and combining ability for various yield and component traits through partial diallele analysis and inheritance pattern of powdery mildew resistance and gene actions governing nine quantitative traits using six generation mean analysis in the experimental block of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at the Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2012 and rabi 2012, respectively. The study clearly revealed the major role of additive and non-additive gene actions in respect of for yield and yield related traits and also indicated the role of interactions of genetic components like additive x additive (i) effects and dominant x dominant (l) effects for yield and yield related traits. Further screening study revealed that the male lines ID-5, ID-9 and PS 1070, female lines CMS 17A and CMS 335A and three of the hybrids CMS 17A x ID-5, CMS 17A x ID-9 and CMS 335A x PS 1070 showed resistance to powdery mildew and results obtained from F2 segregating generation of five crosses in the sunflower such as CMS 17A x ID-5, CMS 17A x ID-9, CMS 335A x IPS1070, CMS 7-1A x ID-5 and CMS 7-1A x ID-5 revealed that powdery mildew disease resistance is controlled by polygenic inheritance. As regards to heterosis and combining ability the results revealed that CMS 335A x PS 1070, CMS 17A x ID-5 and CMS 17A x ID-9 exhibited higher heterosis over better parent and males ID-5, ID-9 and PS 1070 and females CMS 17A and CMS 335A have been the best general combiners for seed yield and its components.