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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF TRICHOME DENSITY IN RELATION TO JASSID RESISTANCE IN COTTON(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2013-10) MADHURA C.; Dr. M. V. C. GOWDAThe insect pests are the major yield limiting factors in cotton. Bt toxin expressed by Bt-cotton is toxic against bollworms but not against sucking pests especially jassids has become major pests among Bt cotton in India. Pubescence is important and easily recognizable morphological traits which will reduce the leafhopper damage. In the present study genetic variability and interrelationship between pubescence related traits with jassid resistance traits were assessed in germplasm and advanced breeding. High variation and genetic advance was observed for pubescence, trichome length, jassid resistance traits both in germplasm and advanced breeding lines. Correlation Coefficient was found to be highly significant among all the pubescence related traits recorded based on trichome density and pubescence rating in germplasm and advanced breeding lines whereas a strong negative association was observed between pubescence traits and trichome length traits with jassid nymphal count and jassid injury grade. Detailed analysis of germplasm and advanced breeding lines resulted in identification of superior genotypes, BM-1and IGMH-12 with moderately high yield, good GOT, boll weight, lint index and jassid tolerance whereas genotypes TCHH-35102 , NISC-39 R-55 and R-18 were moderately tolerant but with high yield, boll weight and lint index. F2 population exhibited normal distribution for pubescence and trichome length traits indicating quantitative nature of inheritance. The two genotypes of inter-specific F2 mapping population (NISC-37: Pilose X GB-68-Br2: Glabarous) were screened with 29 marker loci reported to be linked with pubescence traits. Twenty two markers were used for construction of genetic maps of LG1 and LG2. Altogether, a total of 11 significant QTLs (LOD more than 3) were identified, which included one QTL each for LWSP, BRHL, BMHL and STHL, two QTLs each for EPSP, ALHL and LMHL, Four QTLs each for ALFP, LFMP, BRTP and BRMP and five QTLS each for ALFPC, LFVP, ALHLC and LVHL.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Enhancement for Drought Tolerance and Durable Blast Resistance in Rainfed Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Sangodele E.A.; Hanchinal R.R.The primary objective of this study include screening introgressed population (Swarna x WAB 450 BILs) for physiological and yield component traits under upland condition to identify QTL linked to drought and blast disease, identify top performing BILs tolerant to drought and resistant to blast disease and carry out G x E analysis of selected superior BILs under rainfed condition. One hundred and eighty eight BILs along with 10 checks were screened in pots and on the field in a randomized block design with two replications. Drought stress was imposed at the onset of the reproductive growth phase until grain filling stage by withholding irrigation from the treatment plot until severe leaf rolling was observed. BILs were genotyped with 58 polymorphic SSR markers and marker data were used for the construction of linkage map using QTL IciMapping software. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among BILs for most of the traits under both water stress and non-stressed conditions except harvest index that was significant at 0.05 level of probability. Fifteen QTL were detected for various traits based on composite interval mapping under water stress and non-stress condition with significant contribution from the donor parent, WAB 450. In this study, 10 QTL were detected for physiological, productivity related traits under water stress, whereas, 5 QTL were identified under non stress condition. All identified QTL under water stress for various traits exhibited high phenotypic variance except leaf temperature. WAB 450 contributed all the alleles that enhance drought resistance for all QTL identified in this study except two QTL identified for relative water content and spikelet fertility. Reaction to blast was assayed over the period of two seasons from which 10 BILs were identified as resistant to both leaf and neck blast. WAB 450, BILs No 48, 183 and 188 were identified in the two consecutive seasons as promising lines that were resistant to leaf and neck blast. A number of BILs better than the parents and checks in drought tolerance, blast resistance and G x E interaction were identified as promising for upland ecosystem.ThesisItem Open Access Production, marketing and export performance of turmeric in Karnataka: an economic analysis(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Vinod R. Naik; S. B. HosamaniThe focus of the study was on the production, marketing and export performance of turmeric in Karnataka. Field level data were elicited for the agriculture year 2011-12 through personal interview method. The time series data on area, production, productivity, arrivals, prices, exports etc. were obtained from secondary sources. The growths in area, production and productivity were found to be higher during pre-WTO period in the case of India as a whole. Whereas, the instability indices for area, production and productivity of turmeric were lower during post-WTO period. The variation in average production of turmeric during the post-WTO period over the pre-WTO period was mainly due to change in mean area (122.95%) and change in mean yield (58.39%) in the case of Karnataka and India respectively. Per acre average cost of cultivation of turmeric was found to be high in the case of Belgaum district ( 83402) and B: C ratio was found to be higher in the case of Chamarajanagar district (2.02). The MVP: MFC ratio for chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were found more than unity in the case of all four districts. In the case of all the selected districts majority of the farms achieved 90-95 per cent level of technical efficiency. The producer’s share in consumer/processor rupee was more in channel-IV than channel-I and it was the highest in the case of Chamarajanagar district compared to others. The growth rate in export of turmeric in terms of quantity and value was high during overall period than that of pre and post-WTO periods. Results of Markov chain analysis revealed that the countries pooled under ‘others category’, UAE, UK and Iran would be the stable importers of the Indian turmeric in the future. The results of the co-integration analysis revealed that the Kochi, Erode and New York markets were well co-integrated. In all the four selected districts the major problems faced by the farmers were pest and disease attack and higher price fluctuations.ThesisItem Open Access Response of sugarbeet genotypes to nitrogen, potassium, planting methods and dates of sowing in deccan plateau of peninsular India(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Harish H. Deshpande; C. S. HunshalThe field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mudhol (UAS, Dharwad) during rabi season of 2011 and 2012 to study the “Response of sugarbeet genotypes to nitrogen, potassium, planting methods and dates of sowing”. In the first experiment, three sugarbeet genotypes (SZ 35, PAC 60008 and Magnolia) were allotted to main plots and five N and K2O levels (100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 kg N & K2O ha- 1) to sub plots and were replicated thrice in split plot design. Magnolia with application of N and K2O @ 160 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher root, top and sugar yield (58.11, 14.93 and 8.61 t ha-1 respectively) with maximum net returns and B:C (Rs. 80,225 ha-1 and 2.97 respectively). Genotype PAC 60008 showed better performance in its quality. In the second experiment, two planting methods viz., broad bed and furrows (BBF) & ridges and furrows and four dates of sowing viz., 1st fortnights (FN) of August, September, October and November were evaluated in strip plot design with five replications. Growth, yield attributes and yield were significantly higher in BBF among planting methods and October 1st fortnight among the sowing dates. The sugarbeet planted during August 1st FN was poor in its quality, whereas other dates of sowing showed better quality. Planting in October 1st FN on BBF produced significantly higher growth, yield attributes and root yield (55.15 t ha-1) with higher net returns and B:C (Rs. 81,656 ha-1 and 3.56 respectively). The organoleptic evaluation of wine prepared out of Calixta with TSS level of 13.8 0brix recorded highest score for its commercial acceptability. Calixta or Magnolia with TSS modification to 23 0brix may be preferred for commercial alcohol production. Planting during October 1st FN on BBF (paired rows), with the fertilizer recommendation of 160:60:160 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 recorded higher yield. Genotype either Magnolia or PAC 60008 can be preferred.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on present status of white grub, holotrichia serrata (fabricious) (coleoptera; scarabaeidae) in Belagavi District and its management(UAS Dharwad, 2013) P. S. Tippannavar; R. R. PatilStudies carried out in Belagavi district of Karnataka during 2011 and 2012 on species composition, population dynamics, behaviorual pattern of adult white grub, loss estimation, both laboratory and field evaluation of entomopathogens and newer chemical insecticides revealed that Holotrichia serrata and Holotrichia fissa were the dominant species in irrigated and rain fed ecosystem respectively. Adult emergence of H. serrata commenced from 7th Meteorological Standard Week (MSW) (February) and continued upto 18th MSW (May), whereas in rainfed ecosystem adult emergence of H. fissa was recorded from 14th MSW (April) and continued upto 22 MSW (May). Adult trapping with various sources indicated that neem (Azadirichta indica) was the best source to trap the adults of H. serrata. Studies on host range indicated the spread of white grub population from sugarcane to other crops namely, groundnut, soybean, maize, paddy, turmeric and vegetables under kharif and wheat, sorghum and bengalgram under rabi conditions. Fungal pathogens evaluated under laboratory conditions against second instar H. serrata grub revealed that the combination of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauuveria bassiana @ 4x109 conidia/g was most effective but on par with M. anisopliae and B. bassiana alone @ 4x109 conidia/g. Similar to laboratory conditions field evaluation of fungal pathogens for two years (2011-2012) revealed that higher dosages of fungal pathogens @ 25 kg/ha and FYM @ 125 kg/ha were more effective in reducing grub population significantly. Field evaluation of novel insecticide revealed that significant superiority of imidacloprid + fipronil 80 WG @ 1000 g/ha and on par with rynaxypyr 4G @ 20 kg/ha, lambda cylohothrin 5 EC @1500 ml/ha and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @1000 ml/ha were found superior to other insecticides by recording higher larval mortality. Among the five sugarcane genotypes screened both under protected (M. anisoplieae) and unprotected conditions against H. serrata grub. CoM 265 variety emerged as tolerant followed by CoSnk 03632.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on survey, seasonal incidence, varietal screening and management of major insect pests of pigeonpea in the northern transitional zone of Karnataka(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Bandi Sanjay Maruti; L. Krishna NaikInvestigation on survey, seasonal incidence, varietal screening and management of insect pests of pigeonpea in the northern transitional zone of Karnataka was carried out at MARS, UAS, Dharwad during 2011 to 2013. The pest spectrum of pigeonpea in the northern transitional zone included 31 insect pests belonging to orders lepidoptera, hemiptera, coleopteran, diptera, thysanoptera, hymenoptera and orthroptera. The survey studies revealed that the highest population of insect pests on pigeonpea was recorded in Haveri followed by Dharwad and lowest in Belgaum district. The peak activity of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) was observed during 48th week (November) for both the years of study. The maximum population of plume moth was noticed at 47th (November) and 48th week (November) during first and second year. The influence of different dates of sowing on pest incidence revealed that the early sown pigeonpea crop (1st week of June, 3rd week of June and 1st week of July) registered lower incidence of pest and higher grain yield. The field screening of pigeonpea cultivars for their tolerance to pest damage revealed that ICP-8863 registered least inflorescence damage by flower webber, Maruca vitrata (Geyer). The cultivar, BSMR-736 suffered with lesser damage by leaf webber (Grapholita critica Meyr.) and gram pod borer (H. armigera). The incidence of bud weevil, Ceuthorhynchus asperulus (Faust), pod bugs (Anoplocnemis phasiana (Fabricius), Riptortus pedestris (F.) and Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola), plume moth, Exelastis atomosa (May.) and pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) was least on cultivar, GC-11-39. The efficacy of different insecticides tested revealed that indoxacarb 14.5 SC (0.5 ml/l), spinosad 45 SC (0.3 ml/l), emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.2 g/l) and flubendiamide 480 SC (0.1 ml/l) were highly effective against H. armigera. Among the entomopathogens tested, HaNPV (250 LE/ha) and Bacillus thuringiensis (2.0 kg/ha) were found superior in suppressing the population of H. armigera.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic mapping and qtl analysis for disease resistance, yield and quality in groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Sujay V.; M. V. C. GowdaRecombinant Inbred Line (RIL) populations of TAG 24 × GPBD 4 (RIL-4) and TG 26 × GPBD 4 (RIL-5) were phenotypically evaluated and genotyped with SSR markers to construct the linkage map and identify the QTL governing resistance to late leaf spot (LLS) and rust, yield and quality traits in groundnut. Ample variability was observed for both the diseases (LLS and rust) however it was low to moderate for morphological and yield related traits in both the populations. A total of 3,101 and 3,284 SSR markers were screened on parents of mapping populations, of which 211 and 210 markers were considered for linkage map construction. A map of 1982.90 cM with 20 linkage groups (LGs) was obtained for RIL-4 with 190 markers, while RIL-5 had a map of 1963.40 cM with 21 LGs with 182 marker loci. Consensus map was developed with 227 SSR loci of which 144 were common between two maps. It had 20 LGs with genome coverage of 1198.76 cM. QTL analysis with composite interval mapping identified a total of 90 (RIL-4) and 60 (RIL-5) QTLs localized on individual maps. From both the populations, a total of 28 QTLs for late leaf spot, 14 QTLs for rust, 36 QTLs for morphological traits, 29 QTLs for yield and 43 QTLs for quality were identified. Among the 150 QTLs identified, 55 were major QTLs and 95 were minor QTLs. Major QTLs for LLS were identified for the first time in cultivated groundnut and they need to be validated. Presence of major QTL for rust was reconfirmed, and in addition to IPAHM103, a few new markers (GM1536, GM2301 and GM2079) linked to rust resistance were identified and validated in diverse germplasm. Further, FAD2A allele specific marker has been validated and mapped on the genetic map. Tightly linked markers for rust and FAD2A allele for oil quality can be deployed simultaneously in marker assisted breeding in cultivated groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials(UAS Dharwad, 2013) D. Saida Naik; M. B. ChettiInvestigations were undertaken to study the physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials at the Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad over a period of 18 months from February, 2011 to August, 2013. The research study consisted of two experiments with eight treatments comprising packing of seeds with different packaging materials viz., vacuum packed, , polythene, cloth and gunny bags stored at room temperature (25±2º C) and cold storage (4±1º C) for a period of 18 months. The observations recorded at bi-monthly intervals revealed that the seeds stored in vacuum packed bags maintained the quality with least deterioration compared to gunny and cloth bags. The seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, root length, shoot length, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, mean daily germination and mobilization efficiency were very high in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny bags throughout the storage period of 18 months under both ambient and cold storage. Electrical conductivity values were lowest in vacuum packed bags compared to polythene, gunny and cloth bags. The rate of absorbance of moisture content was more in gunny and cloth bags, while vacuum packed bags maintained constant moisture content. The activities of enzymes viz., a- amylase, lipase, protease and peroxidase were slightly less in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny and cloth bags in both paddy and rice grains. Mineral contents viz., copper, zinc, iron and manganese decreased with advancement in storage period and higher in vacuum packed seeds over all other treatments in both paddy and rice grains. Among the storage conditions, cold storage recorded better seed quality, physiological and biochemical parameters over room temperature, irrespective of the storage containers throughout the storage period of 18 months.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic studies on alternaria leaf spot disease resistance and yield component traits in sunflower (helianthus annuus l.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Sujatha K.; H. L. NadafThe present study was conducted to study the inheritance of resistance to Alternaria blight and to improve the agronomic traits of the known source of resistance TX-16R, through induced mutagenesis and hybridization followed by selection at MARS, Dharwad during 2010-12. Inheritance study of resistance to Alternaria helianthi from four crosses, with common donor parent, TX-16R indicated inhibitory gene interaction with 3 resistant: 13 susceptible ratio. Induced mutagenesis of TX-16R with gamma rays at two doses (200 Gy and 250 Gy) and with EMS (0.015 mols/dm3 and 0.020 mols/dm3) was attempted to improve TX-16R for resistance to Alternaria leaf blight and agronomical traits coupled with hybridization programme, of TX-16R was crossed with three male sterile, two maintainer and two restorer lines. Genetic variability among the 159 genotypes derived M3-4/F3-4 lines revealed that GCV and PCV were high for seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and Alternaria disease reaction. Character association revealed that head diameter and 100 seed weight were significantly and positively associated with seed yield. From the present study recombinant lines 90, (72g), 92 (27.67g) and 133 (32.58g) derived from (CMS 4546A × DSF-2A) × TX- 16R cross, 44 (29.67g) from EMS (0.015 mols/dm3) and 222 (26.5 g) from EMS (0.020 mols/dm3) treatment were identified in M3/F3 and M4/F4 generation for seed yield, of which, recombinant line 133 had high oil content (40.10%) compared to control TX-16R (37.74%). The present study indicated that EMS treatment at 0.015 mol/dm3 and 0.020 mol/dm3 was found to be effective in creating more variability and resulted in isolation of desired mutants compared to 200 Gy gamma radiation. From the hybridization programme, derived lines of the cross (CMS 4546 × DSF-2) × TX-16R performed better for agronomic traits with high Alternaria disease resistance that can be utilized in future hybrid development programme for Alternaria disease resistance.