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ThesisItem Open Access Provenance Variation Studies on Fruit, Seed and Seedling Traits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa - A Tree under High Exploitation in Central Ghats(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Jyothi B. Patil; H.ShivannaThe study on “Provenance variation studies on fruit, seed and seedling, traits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa - a tree under high exploitation in Central Western Ghats” was conducted at college of Forestry, Sirsi. The study was laid out by following completely randomized design with six treatments (seed sources) and four replications. The fruit length, fruit width, fruit test weight were 6.09 mm, 4.19 mm and 21.29 g respectively in Sirsi seed source which was found highest. Seed length, seed width and test weight and volume were 2.84 mm, 1.75 mm and 10.40 g, 0.037 mm3 in Sirsi seed source which was found to be superior from rest of the seed sources. However Kumta seed source recorded the least for both fruit and seed parameters. Among the different pre treated seeds, the highest germination percentage was found to be 45% in boiling water for five min with cow dung treatment for three days, followed by only cow dung treatment for two days (42%). There was an increase of 68.64 per cent in mean daily germination due to boiling water for five min with cow dung treatment for three days as compared to control. Maximum germination was recorded in Sirsi seed source (45.29%) and least was noticed in Kumta seed source (26.45 %). At 180 days after germination, maximum seedling height was recorded in Sirsi seed source (37.11 cm) and least was in Kumta seed source (24.88 cm). Similar trend was observed for collar diameter in Sirsi and Kumta seed sources. The shoot length and root length traits were higher in Sirsi seed source (33.45 Cm and 17.01 cm) at 120 days after germination and lowest was in Kumta seed source (22.65cm and 12.96 cm).The highest fresh shoot biomass (9.43 g) was recorded for Sirsi followed by Siddhapur seed source (9.05 g), least was in Kumta seed source (8.18 g). Thus it is inferred that for any further Improvement/ breeding work, Sirsi seed source was found most promising.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Seed Hardening and Foliar Nutrition on Drought Tolerance in Bt-Cotton(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Amit Ashok Bijjur; K.N. PawarA field experiment was conducted during kharif 2010-2011 to study the effect of seed hardening and foliar spray with agro-chemicals on Bt-cotton under rainfed condition at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of fourteen treatments viz., five seed hardening treatments (CaCl2, CCC, KNO3, ZnSO4 and water soaking) and four foliar spray (CaCl2, CCC, KNO3 and ZnSO4) and other four were the combination of seed treatment and foliar spray of the above mentioned agro-chemicals. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The plant height increased significantly from 60 DAS due to seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and their was a decreased number of days for 50 per cent squaring, 50 per cent flowering and 50 per cent boll opening as compared to control. Seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% recorded significantly more total dry matter and Leaf area index. The pre-sowing seed hardening and foliar spray techniques significantly increased AGR, CGR, RGR, NAR and SLW at all the intervals as compared to other treatments. The seed treatment with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% recorded significantly higher photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll content and relative water content as compared to other treatments. There was significant decrease in proline content and transpiration rate due to various treatments. The seed cotton yield and yield components viz., yield (2276 kg/ha), boll weight (5.12 g/boll) and number of bolls per plant (28.00) showed significantly higher values due to seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% as compared to control. It is concluded that, seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% followed by seed hardening and foliar spray with ZnSO4 at 0.5% is more effective and economical in increasing the yield in Bt-cotton.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Growth Regulators on Growth Physiology, Yield and Components in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Roopa B. Patil; C.M. NawalagattiA field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2011 at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS) University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth physiology, yield and yield components in onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes. The experiment consists of nine treatments viz., The foliar spray of chlormequat chloride at four levels (500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm), two levels of mepiquat chloride (750 and 1500 ppm), two levels of triacontanol (1000 and 2000 ppm) and control. The onion genotypes used in the study are Nasik red and Arka kalyan. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The foliar spray of these chemicals were taken at 40 DAS and 60 DAS. The results of the experiment reveled that, the plant height was increased with the application of triacontanol (1000 and 2000 ppm) as compared to control. While, it was significantly decreased with the application of mepiquat chloride followed by chlormequat chloride in both the genotypes. Among the treatments, chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm has increased significantly number of leaves at all the stages except at harvest stage. The growth parameters viz., LAI, LAD, AGR, RGR, NAR, CGR, BMD had significantly higher values with the application of 1000 and 1250 ppm chlromequat chloride. It was noticed that, the total dry matter content (TDM) has been significantly increased in the treatment of chlormequat chloride (1000 and 1250 ppm) as compared to other treatments. The same treatment also significantly enhanced the biochemical parameters viz., Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll and nitrate reductase. Similarly bulb yield was significantly higher with the application of chlormequat chloride (1000 ppm) as compared to other treatments and the lowest yield was obtained in control. The increase in bulb yield was due to increase in bulb length and bulb diameter. Among the genotypes Arka kalyan was found more superior than Nasik red with the respect to all the characters. From the study, it is inferred that the application of chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm is found to be more economic.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Mulberry Cultivation, Production and Marketing of Silk Cocoons in Northern Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Dyavappa C.O.; G.N. KulkarniSericulture is one of the important sub-sectors of India agriculture and plays an important role in the farm economy. The present study was attempted to analyse trends in mulberry area, cocoon production, and its productivity in the traditional and non-traditional districts and for the state as well for the period from 2001-02 to 2010-11. Costs and return structures, marketing of cocoon, constraints in sericulture were analyzed using primary data collected from a sample of 120 farmers of Belgaum and Bagalkot districts in north Karnataka. The Cobb-Douglas Production function, tabular approach and budgeting technique and Garrett’s ranking technique were employed to analyze the data. Annual growth rates estimated using exponential growth function w.r.t. mulberry area showed a decline both in traditional (4.09%) and non-traditional (3.70%) districts. The annual decline in area was significant at 3.38% for the state as a whole. There was also a decline in cocoon production (1.17%/annum) in the state during the period. While, there was a significant increase in per hectare productivity of cocoons for the state. The cost of cultivation of mulberry garden was worked out to be Rs. 12699.82/acre/rearing. Cost of silkworm rearing per acre per rearing for 300 dfls was relatively more in Bagalkot (Rs. 34,539.49) over Belgaum (Rs. 32,498.13). Net returns realized per acre per rearing and B:C ratio were more in case of Belgaum (Rs. 6432.96 and 1.19) when compared Bagalkot (Rs. 3900.83 and 1.11). Transportation cost was a major cost in cocoon marketing in both districts accounted for 24.85% of the total marketing cost of Rs. 1200.50/qunintal. The main constraints encountered by farmers revealed through Garrett’s score in mulberry cultivation were shortage of irrigation water and persistence of high temperatures that affected silk worm rearing during summer and high market price fluctuations was another major constraint in the cocoon marketing. Farmers with more than 2.00 acres farm size under mulberry having four crops per annum realized maximum profits.ThesisItem Open Access Innovative Behaviour and Diffusion of technolgy by Awardee Farmers in North Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Rajashekhar T. Basanayak; L. ManjunathThe study on innovative behaviour and diffusion of technology by awardee farmers in north Karnataka was undertaken during 20011-12. Innovative behaviour scale was developed to collect the data from 120 awardee farmers by personal interview method. The analysis of the results revealed that more farmers were of middle age (45.00%), of high school education (24.17%), from medium family size (58.33%), having big land holding (35.00%) with farming experience (57.50%) having high income (62.50%) with moderate material possession (34.16%) and with high leadership ability (63.00%), level of decision making ability (63.33%) and information seeking behaviour (65.00%) among with medium mass media exposure (46.66%) and scientific orientation (56.67%) but with low extension participation (40.00%) and social participation (40.83 %). More farmers had low followed by high (32.50%) and medium (25.83%) innovativebehaviour. A positive and significant relationship was observed between education, land holding, material possession, mass media exposure, extension participation and innovative behaviour. The results of the regression analysis indicated that all the factors contributed more than 61.00 per cent of the variation in innovative behaviour. Size of the land holding, material possession, and mass media exposure and extension participation were significant predictors of innovative behaviour of awardee farmers. Ranking of factors based on their direct effect revealed that material possession, size of the land holding and extension participation occupied first three ranks. Other farmers (25%) and friends (48.33%) had consulted the awardee farmers. Cent per cent of the awardee farmers said that they had taken up farming due to their self-interest with innovativeness (98.33%).ThesisItem Open Access Structure, Morphology, Biochemical Composition of Scelerotia and Molecular Variability in Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Form Groundnut(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Venkatesh Tiramsetti; S.S. AdiverGroundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is an annual legume and important oilseed crop grown in India. Stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is posing serous threat to crop production. There was a gradual change in structure and morphological characters of sclerotia upon maturity. Size of immature sclerotia was 1911.76 μm (maximum), in partial mature sclerotia 1733.34 μm and in mature sclerotia 1562.72 μm. The levels of biochemical constituents in sclerotia were changed with respect to different stages of sclerotia. The reducing and non reducing sugar contents were increased, phenols and tannins contents were unchanged while protein and free amino acids were reduced with increasing age of sclerotia. Bleaching powder showed maximum inhibition on germination of sclerotia (97.70%) followed by gypsum (17.04%) and NSKE (9.64 %). Parthenium leaf extract (10%) was most effectively inhibited the sclerotial germination (31.67%) and delayed the period of germination up to 130.22 h. Pendimethalin (200 ppm) showed highest per cent inhibition of sclerotial germination (17.40%) and also delayed germination longer period (98.67 h). While ethylene enhanced the germination per cent and reduced the period of germination irrespective of sclerotial stages. Maximum inhibition of sclerotial germination was noticed with Trichoderma viride (63.33%) compared to T. harzianum (55.65%). Similarly Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited maximum germination (90%) than Bacillus subtilis (81.11%) different ages of sclerotia. Ten isolates of S. rolfsii showed variability in morphological characters. The maximum colony diameter (85.47 mm) was attained by Coimbatore isolate and higher dry mycelia weight was recorded in Akola isolate (829.32 mg). The Coimbatore isolate produced maximum length of infection (10.70 cm) on TMV-2 variety and least by Hospet isolate (7.30 cm). Molecular variability studies by RAPD revealed that highest similarity observed between Belgaum-Coimbatore isolates and least similarity in Prakasam-Akola isolates.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Pod Borer Complex and Their Management in Hybrid Pigeonpea(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Manjunath Ajagol; C.P. MallapurInvestigations on pod borer complex and their management in hybrid pigeonpea were undertaken at the MARS, UAS, Dharwad during 2011-12. During the study period, eight species of insect pests were recorded on the crop. Among them, Grapholita critica and Euproctis spp. were found in vegetative stage with peak population during third and fourth week of August, respectively. Maruca testulalis, Helicoverpa armigera, Exelastis atomosa, Clavigralla gibbosa and Ceutorhynchus asperulus occurred in reproductive stage with peak population during 1st week of November, 1st week of December, 2nd week of December, 3rd week of November and 4th week of November, respectively. The natural enemies viz., spiders, wasps and ladybird beetles were found in negligible numbers. Higher pod damage was observed due to H. armigera (52.49 and 49.27%, in ICPH 2671 and Maruti, respectively) over Melanagromyza obtusa, E. atomosa and C. Gibbosa. There was no significant difference between ICPH 2671 and Maruti with respect to pest population and pod damage. Crop loss due to pod borer complex revealed the superiority of the crop sown on 20th of June by recording least crop loss over protection (444 and 302 kg/ha in ICPH 2671 and Maruti, respectively) and per cent crop loss over protection (19.77 and 22.94% in ICPH 2671 and Maruti, respectively) with highest grain yield over the crop sown on 5th of July. However, the crop sown on 20th of July was found to be inferior. Pesticide based IPM module was cost effective by recording highest grain yield (2819 kg/ha) and BC ratio (4.09) followed by recommended package of practice (2441 kg/ha grain yield and 3.85 BC ratio) and biointensive IPM module (2174 kg/ha grain yield and 3.29 BC ratio).ThesisItem Open Access Management of Pod Borer, Caryedon serratus Oliver on Seed Groundnut Under Stored Condition(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Vijay Kotabagi; L. Krishna NaikA study was conducted during rabi 2006-07, at Wheat Improvement Project, MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the genetics of drought tolerance in Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Investigation was carried out on variability correlation and path analysis for morphophysiological characters viz, Field Emergence %, Days to 50 per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Spike length, Plant height, Number of spikelets per spike, Number of effective tillers per plant, Number of grains per spike, Grain yield (g/plot), 1000 Grain weight, Harvest Index, Stress susceptibility index and seedling characters viz, Coleoptile length, Root length, Shoot length, Root to shoot length ratio. 25 genotypes were grown under two environments viz, stressed (rainfed) and non stressed (irrigated). The experiment in each environment was laid out in Complete Randomized Block Design with two replications. The variability study indicated higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation accompanied by high heritability and genetic advance over mean. The study revealed wide range of variability and high heritability for all the traits. The genetic advance as per cent mean suggesting still there is scope for further improvement of genotypes for these characters. Correlation studies indicated that grain yield had significant negative correlation at phenotypic and genotypic level with days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity, where as it showed positive significant correlation with harvest index under rainfed condition at both levels. While under irrigated condition days to 50 per cent flowering, 1000 grain weight and days to maturity showed significant positive correlation with grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height showed significant negative association with grain yield, while grains per spike and 1000 grain weight had significant positive effect on grain yield only at genotypic level. Path analysis revealed that under irrigated condition highest positive direct effect was exhibited at both genotypic and phenotypic levels by harvest index, days to maturity and number of spikelets per spike. While under rainfed condition days to 50 per cent flowering, root length and field emergence have exhibited highest positive direct effect at both genotypic and phenotypic levels.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Dairy Co-coperatives in Haveri District - An Economic Analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Naveen N.; N.R. Mamle DesaiMilk co-operatives are an integral part of the milk marketing and dairy development programme in India. In Haveri district, about 412 Dairy Co-operative Societies (DCS) were functioning till 2010. The present study aimed at analyzing the physical and financial performance of diary co-operatives followed by costs and returns structure in milk production, extent of milk production, income and employment generation to farm households and constraints involved in production and marketing of milk by member producers. For evaluating the objectives of the study, both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data was collected from 120 dairy farmers while secondary data on various activities of the Milk Producers Co-operative Societies (MPCS) selected for the study were collected from different sources for a period of thirteen years from 1997-98 to 2009-10. Tabular analysis, compound growth rate and financial ratio analyses were employed. The milk production in the study area was mainly contributed by buffaloes. Overall, physical indicators had an increasing trend except the total milk procured by societies. The share capital, total sales value of milk also showed fluctuating trend along with increase in the members. The compound growth rates in respect to the physical indicators and membership was highly significant whereas, milk procured showed negative growth for Byadgi (-6.67%) and Ranebennur (-0.88%) taluks. The financial indicators showed high percent of growth in Ranebennur compared to Byadgi. Members of the societies opined that the performance of Byadgi was better than Ranebennur. The MPCS operating in study area can improve the quantity of milk procured by providing remunerative prices to the members as in case of private milk vendors operating. The cost on concentrate can be reduced by adopting Green Fodder Production Unit by DCS on a co-operative basis. These were some of the policy suggestions made by the study for better performance of dairy co-operatives in the study area.