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ThesisItem Open Access Price Dynamics and Export Competitiveness of Rose Onion in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Chithra H.A.; Balachandra K. NaikIndia ranks second in production of onion next only to china, but rose onions are mainly grown in Karnataka. Prices plays predominantly vital role in agriculture. Analysis of prices and forecasting the prices over time is important for formulating sound agricultural policy. Since rose onion is export oriented produce, it is necessary to know the export competitiveness and direction of trade of rose onion from India. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly model prices of rose onion in selected markets of Karnataka (i..e. Chikkaballapura, Kolar and Yashwantpura) for a period of twenty four (1986-2011) years, export prices and quantity exported to various countries for the period 2001-2010. Increasing trend in prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase was difference from one market to another market. ARIMA model was employed to forecast the prices, the forecasted prices in all the markets under study showed increasing values. Analysis co-integration showed that there existed a strong integration between the selected markets, where in Yashwantpura has emerged as price leader. It is also observed that rose onion export had a high degree of comparative advantage in the world market and Bangladesh was one of the most stable countries among major importers of Indian rose onion. Hence it is necessary to improve the production and planning the marketing of rose onion in off season which would help the producer in getting higher returns. Since the expected exports to different destinations under study is much higher than the existing one, there is lot of scope for farmers to produce good quality rose onion in the study region and export them to demanding destinations.ThesisItem Open Access Behaviour of Spot and Futures Prices of Sugar in India(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Santosh M. Bandi; Vilas S. KulkarniAnalysis of prices and forecasting the prices over time is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Price instability is useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting weekly spot prices of sugar in major markets of India for a period of 6 years (2004-05 to 2009-10). The futures prices for sugar were collected for Aug 2007 to Nov 2009. The growth rate analysis revealed that production growth rate is highly significant. An increasing trend in prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. Price of sugar was found to be highest during off season and lowest during sugarcane harvest season. The higher weekly seasonal indices of prices were observed during March to April, low during the months of June and August. Hence, the sugar factories should plan their marketing strategy particularly in these weeks. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast sugar prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of co-integration showed that there existed a strong integration between spot and futures prices for sugar markets. Hence, sugar economy should take this advantage to encourage the production of sugar. The analysis revealed that, by storing sugar and selling during off season would help the producer in getting higher returns. Finally it was recommended to disseminate the forecasted prices to sugar factories for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and Attitude of Rural People About National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shweta B. Kyatanagoudar; Shobha NagnurThe research study was conducted during 2010-11 in Dharwad district of Karnataka state. In Dharwad taluk five panchayats were selected. Data was collected from one village from each of the panchayats, with a sample of 270 beneficiaries and 135 non-beneficiaries. Knowledge and attitude of the rural people regarding NREGS was studied. The findings revealed that there was significant difference between NREGS beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries with regard to knowledge (t=55.86) and attitude (t=97.50) of the NREGS. Ninety seven per cent of the beneficiaries had high knowledge about NREGS while only 3.7 per cent of non-beneficiaries had high knowledge. About 94.00 per cent beneficiaries had favourable attitude towards NREGS while none of the non-beneficiaries had a positive attitude towards the programme. Most beneficiaries had fovourable attitude because having registered for the work, they had high knowledge and better understanding of the social advantage of the programme. With regards to asset creation, beneficiaries were satisfied with the works taken up, like rural connectivity, construction of school compounds and flood control and protection which have greatly benefited the community. Beneficiaries faced some problems like, lack of sufficient work-site facilities like drinking water and crèche for women with young children. Suggestion for improvement of the programme were sought from the beneficiaries. About 93 per cent suggested that there should be increased wages and 70 per cent beneficiaries said that the number of working days should be increased beyond 100 days per year. The findings would therefore call for educating rural people about NREGS so that more number of people become aware about the programme. This would motivate larger number of rural folk to take advantage of the beneficiaries of this programme. The government should also note the shortcomings as posed by beneficiaries so that the programme would be more meaningful to the indented rural families.ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of Prices and Arrivals of RABI Sorghum in Karnataka - An Econometric Analysis(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Basavaraj M. Bandigani; Vilas S. KulkarniFluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to price instability. Analysis of price and market arrivals overtime is important for formulating a sound agricultural policy. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. In view of studying dynamics of market arrivals and prices, the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of rabi sorghum in major rabi sorghum markets of Karnataka for a period of 20 years (1989-90 to 2009-10). An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets, but the quantum of increase varied from one market to another. It was observed that, in all the markets, the arrivals of rabi sorghum was negligible from May to November Price of rabi sorghum was found to be highest during off season (December and April) and lowest during harvest season (January - March), the arrivals were high during March and April. The higher seasonal indices of prices were observed during March and April during which the arrivals were found to be low. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of rabi sorghum arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in short run, showed a positive relationship, which implied that as the price of rabi sorghum increased, the arrivals also increased. ARIMA analysis was employed to quantify the variation in prices and also to forecast rabi sorghum prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed an increasing value. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that there existed a strong integration among all the rabi sorghum markets. The analysis revealed that, storing rabi sorghum and selling during off season (April onwords) would help the producer in getting higher returns. Finally it was recommended to disseminate the forecasted prices to farmers for their advantage.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Production of Oil Based Formulation of Trichoderma and Their Efficacy of Foliar Diseases of Groundnut(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Ahamed Mujtaba V.; Shripad KulkarniIsolation of Trichoderma harzianum, maintenance of pure culture, mass production and preparation of oil based formulations were carried out at Institute of Organic Farming and field experiments and studies on shelf life and field evaluation of different oil based formulation against rust and late leaf spot of groundnut were carried out during kharif 2010 at MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. Among the several diseases affecting the groundnut crop, foliar disease cause heavy loss in yield. These include late leaf spot [Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. and Curt.) V. Arx] and rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.). Results of in-vitro studies of present investigation on shelf life reveals that among various oil based formulations Canola oil + Glycerol based formulation (3.00 x 106 cfu/ml) was found to be the best formulation with highest shelf life, followed by Paraffin oil based formulation (2.00 x 106 cfu/ml). In in-vitro evaluation of different Trichoderma oil based formulations against pathogenic propagules of rust and late leaf spot causing fungi indicated Paraffin oil + Neem oil based formulations to be superior with 4.79% and 3.67% uredospore germination and conidial germination, respectively followed by Neem oil based formulation with 5.68% and 4.59% germination against 92.27% and 95.60% uredospore and conidial germination in control. Among different oil based formulations tested for the management of both rust and late leaf spot, Canola oil + Glycerol based formulation was found to be most effective in reducing the incidence of both rust and late leaf spot with PDI of 11.70 and 12.64, respectively compared to rust and late leaf spot with PDI of 35.62 and 38.45 in untreated check. Similar trend was also observed with respect to groundnut pod yield, treatment with Canola oil + Glycerol oil based formulation had shown maximum pod yield of 22.22 q per ha.ThesisItem Open Access Price Dynamics of Jayadhar Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) in Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Manjunath V. Beeligi; Basavaraja BanakarAgricultural marketing plays an important role not only in stimulating production and consumption, but in accelerating the pace of economic development. Analysis of price and market arrivals over time is important for formulating a sound agricultural price policy. Fluctuations in market arrivals largely contribute to the price instability of the produce. In order to device appropriate ways and means for reducing price fluctuations of agricultural commodities, there is a need to have a thorough understanding of price behavior over time and over space. Such an analysis is also useful to farmers in order to decide the optimum time for disposing their produce to their best advantage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly prices and arrivals of Jayadhar cotton for a period of 21 years (1989-90 to 2009-10), in major Jayadhar cotton markets of north Karnataka. An increasing trend in arrivals and prices was observed in all the markets. Seasonal indices of Price in Jayadhar cotton was found to be highest during July and August in Ranebennur market as well as Kottur market, where as it was highest during February and March in Hubli and Gadag markets owing to the variations in the market structure in selected markets. The arrivals were found to be low in July and August in all the markets. Uneven cycles were observed both in arrivals and prices in all the markets. Response of Jayadhar cotton arrivals to prices in all the markets, both in long run and in short run, showed a negative relationship, except in Kottur market, which implied that as the price of Jayadhar cotton increased, when arrivals were low. ARIMA model is used to forecast Jayadhar cotton prices. The forecasted prices in all the markets showed higher price during February, March and August months which indicated to farmers to sell the Jayadhar cotton during these months for price advantage. Analysis of zero order correlation showed that their existence of a strong integration among all the Jayadhar cotton markets.ThesisItem Open Access Competitiveness of Export of Fruits and Vegetables to Middle East Countries(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Praveen H. Patil; R.A. YeledahalliIndia is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. Over 90 per cent of India’s exports in fresh products go to West Asia and East European markets. The study endeavours to estimate the growth in export trade of selected fruits and vegetables from India, to examine the instability in export of fruits and vegetables and to analyze the competitiveness and direction of trade of major fruits and vegetables. The study was undertaken on a macro framework based on secondary data. Major fruits and vegetables such as mango, grapes, pomegranate, sapota, onion, potato, peas and green chilli were purposively selected. The yearly data on export quantity and value were compiled from APEDA, Import Export Data Bank etc. for the period 1993-94 to 2009-10. The analysis on the growth in export of fruits and vegetable has shown an increasing trend specially with respect to pomegranate and green chilli from India to middle east countries. Oman and UAE markets have been found very promising in terms of export. However, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait markets have been promising for onion and potato exports followed by peas to Saudi Arabia. Instability and direction of trade have shown that UAE was very loyal for import of Indian fruits and vegetables, appropriate export incentives need to be framed and implemented to meet the growing demand for fruits and vegetables in the view of high Indian population in Middle East countries. The results of Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) analysis have shown that the export of fruits and vegetables have found to be more competitive and promising. India should exploit and explore new market avenues to reap the advantages of current situations and improvement in the trade relations on the part of the government initiatives would bring about tremendous potential for export of other fruits and vegetables in future.ThesisItem Open Access Maternal Involvement and Attitude Towards Pre-School Education(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Shilipa C. Mugali; Lata PujarA study on “Maternal involvement and attitude towards preschool education” was conducted in Dharwad taluka during 2010-11. Two hundred mothers of preschool children with age range of three to six years, residing in rural (n=100) and urban area (n=100) of Dharwad taluka were selected for the study. Kale (1974) scale on Parent-Child Interaction was used to assess the extent of interaction between mother and children and Venkatesan (2002) scale on Parental Attitude towards Preschool Education was used to assess the maternal attitude towards preschool education. Aggarwal et al. (2005) scale was used to assess the socio economic status of a family. Correlation coefficient and‘t’ test were used for analysing the data. The results of the present investigation revealed that majority of the mothers from rural (75.0%) and urban (56.0%) area had medium level of involvement and 44 percent of mothers from urban and 25 percent mothers from rural area had high level of involvement with their children. The demographic factors such as education, occupation, family income and socio economic status were positively and significantly influenced the maternal involvement with their children. Mothers from both urban and rural (75.0% and 85.0%) area had average attitude towards preschool education and none of mothers from both the locality had unfavourable and highly unfavourable attitude towards preschool education. The demographic factors like age, education and occupation of the mothers, family size, family income and socio economic status were not significantly influenced mothers’ attitude towards preschool education. Maternal involvement with their children and attitude towards preschool education did not vary according to age, gender and ordinal position of the child. Maternal involvement and their attitude towards preschool education was positively and significantly related. Hence as the mother’s involvement with their children increased, their attitude towards preschool education also increased.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical Factors Governing Interactions in Rice Genotypes Against Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Sowmya H.M.; S.K. PrashanthiRice blast caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. continues to be a serious constraint to rice production in both tropical and temperate regions. Roving survey carried out during kharif 2010 in Karnataka showed that blast severity ranged from 20.17 to 58.72 per cent disease index. Field screening of 210 genotypes against blast showed that, seven genotypes viz., Casebatta, Jasmine -85, Siddasala, IR-64, Diamond Sona, Vajram, MGD 101 were resistant to both leaf and neck blast. Fifty five genotypes were resistant and eighty five genotypes were moderately resistant to leaf blast. Influence of blast on different biochemical components present in resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes at different stages of blast infection was investigated. Total phenol, Orthodihydroxy-phenol, total sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar content was more in resistant and moderately resistant varieties compared to susceptible genotypes at all the stages of infection but they decreased slightly during neck blast stage. Accumulation and increase of phenol content in resistant genotypes was quick and more compared to moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Total amino acid content was more in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Total amino acid content increased from before disease initiation stage to neck blast stage. Protein content was more in susceptible genotypes compared to resistant and moderately resistant varieties and it decreased from before initiation stage to neck blast stage rapidly. Decrease of protein content from before disease initiation stage to peak stage was maximum in resistant varieties than moderately resistant and susceptible varieties. Isozyme study on peroxidase activity indicated significant variations among resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was more in resistant genotypes compared to moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes.