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Open Access
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM IRRIGATION WITH BIO-METHANATED SPENTWASH ON PROPERTIES OF A VERTISOL AND PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE CROP
(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) S. M. KAMBLE; Dr. Manjunatha Hebbara
A field experiment was conducted at Ugar-Khurd, Athani taluk, Belagavi, Karnataka to study the effect of different periods of spentwash application (5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and > 20 years) on soil properties and performance of sugarcane crop in a Vertisol of Northern Dry Zone (Zone-III) of Karnataka. The results revealed that application of spentwash for 5 to 10 years was superior with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of sugarcane like millable cane height, diameter of cane, number of internodes, internodal length, number of millable canes, single cane weight, dry matter content, yield brix per cent, pol per cent and purity per cent. The crop could not be established in the plot which received spentwash for >20 years. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was higher in the treatment that was irrigated with spentwash for 5 to 10 years which decreased with increased periods of spentwash application. The sodium uptake by sugarcane increased due to continuous application of spentwash and recorded the highest uptake under 15 to 20 years of spentwash application. Long-term application significantly reduced the soil bulk density, erosion index, dispersion index and increased maximum water holding capacity, aggregate stability and infiltration rate. The EC and ESP values increased with increased periods of spentwash application recording the highest values under >20 years of spentwash application. The salinity value increased beyond the threshold for sugarcane crop. The available nutrient status, CEC, base saturation, ESP and CaCO3 content in soil was higher in the plots irrigated with spentwash for >20 years. The higher soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population was found in the treatment that received spentwash for 10 to 15 years, which decreased at > 20 years of spentwash application.
Open Access
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF SELECTED TREE PLANTATIONS
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2014-06) JEETENDRAPRAKASH; Dr. MANJUNATHA HEBBARA
A study was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka to characterize soils and soil organic matter fractions under teak (Tectona grandis), sisso (Dalbergia sissoo), catechu (Acacia catechu), bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) tree plantations. Irrespective of tree species, soils under tree plantations registered lower pH and higher electrical conductivity values over control (cultivated land). The pH of surface soils (0-30 cm) remained lower than subsoil (30-60 cm). The lowering of pH was to a greater extent under bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) compared to all other plantations. Soil organic carbon and total N were more under tree plantations than control. The C:N ratio did not vary much among tree species and cultivated land. Tree species registered higher available status for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to cultivated land. Among different tree plantations, soils under the canopy of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) followed by Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) registered significantly higher organic carbon content and available status of N, P2O5 and K2O. Soils under Dendrocalamus strictus registered higher DTPA extractable iron and manganese contents whereas higher copper and zinc contents were recorded in soils under Eucalyptus tereticornis. Cultivated land recorded lower heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) contents compared to tree plantations. Among different tree plantations Dendrocalamus strictus recorded higher CEC, humic acid and fulvic acid contents. The humic and fulvic acids extracted from Dendrocalamus strictus plantation recorded the highest total acidity and E4/E6 ratio. Irrespective of tree species, humic acid had higher iron content followed by zinc, copper and manganese. Higher copper and manganese contents were recorded in humic acid compared to fulvic acid. The chromium concentration was the highest in leaf litter of all plantations as compared to other heavy metals. The leaf litter of Dalbergia sissoo had higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents over other trees.
Open Access
STUDIES ON LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND SULPHUR ON YIELD, QUALITY AND UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY CHICKPEA IN A VERTISOL UNDER IRRIGATION
(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) ASHOK S. SINDAGI; Dr. N. S. HEBSUR
A field experiment entitled “Studies on levels of phosphorus and sulphur on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients by chickpea in a Vertisol under irrigation” was conducted at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC) Belavatagi of Dharwad district situated in the northern dry zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka during Rabi 2013-14. The experiment was laid out with RBD with chickpea CV. JG-11 and twelve treatment combinations viz., three levels of phosphorus and two levels of sulphur fertilizers with three replications. The results of field experiment revealed that, application of phosphorus @ 75 kg + sulphur @ 30 kg/ha resulted in the highest plant height (49.04 cm), number of branches (8.60), number of pods per plant (69.40) and nodules count (27.33), dry matter production (58.39 q/ha), grain yield (29.72 q/ha) and crude protein content (24.63 %). However, treatments T10 (P2O5 @ 50 kg + S @ 30 kg/ha) and T11 (P2O5 @ 75 kg + S @ 15 kg/ha) were on par with T12. The highest uptake of N, P, K and S (175.09, 27.77, 121.99, 22.95 kg/ha, respectively) registered with the treatment T12 (P2O5 @ 75 kg + S @ 30 kg/ha). However, treatments T10 and T11 were on par with T12 and were significantly superior over rest of the treatments. The higher available N, P and S values (112.75, 26.12 and 37.79 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded in the treatment receiving P2O5 @ 75 kg + S @ 30 kg/ha (T12). However, treatments T10 and T11 (110.51, 112.00 N kg/ha) T9, T10 and T11 (22.95, 23.35, 25.69 P kg/ha) and T10 (36.14 S kg/ha, respectively) were on par with T12. Application of P2O5 @ 75 kg + S @ 30 kg/ha (T12) recorded the highest gross income (Rs. 92027) and net income (Rs. 68910).
Open Access
STUDIES ON ZINC SULPHATE AND BORAX ON YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY KNOL-KHOL (Brassica oleracea Var. gonglodes l.) IN ALFISOLS UNDER NORTHERN TRANSITION ZONE OF KARNATAKA
(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-08) SHRISHAIL ARABHAVI; Dr. C. M. POLESHI
A field experiment was conducted to study effect of zinc sulphate and borax on yield, quality and nutrient uptake by knol-khol (Var.Large Green) in Alfisols under Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka during kharif 2013 in Horticulture block of Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS) at UAS, Dharwad with 17 treatments. The treatments included three levels of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) viz., 10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1 and three levels of boron (Na2B4O7.10H2O) viz., 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg ha-1 in combination with RDF. There was one control treatment of RDF and treatment with RDF + gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) equivalent to sulpher in ZnSO4.7H2O @ 15 kg ha-1. FYM @ 25t ha-1 was applied to all the treatments. The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The effect of these two nutrients individually and in combinations was ascertained at three stages viz., vegetative, knob development and at harvest and also evaluated for the available nutrient status of the soil after harvest of the crop. The growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves per plant and dry matter accumulation in knol-khol increased significantly due to soil application of zinc and boron. Application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 2.5 kg ha-1 along with RDF (T11) was found superior in terms of growth parameters yield (22.57 t ha-1), net returns (82044 Rs ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.95) compared to that in the control yield (16.52 kg ha-1). The next best treatment was ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 5 kg ha-1 along with RDF (T12). Hence, it is advisable to the farming community that application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 2.5 kg ha-1 was econo0mically viable for obtaining higher productivity and quality in knol-khol besides maintaining zinc and boron status in soil.
Open Access
Seed technological studies in forage oat cultivars (avena sativa l.)
(UASD) Puneeth Raj M. S.; B. S. Vyakaranahal
The field experiments were conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad during Rabi 2012 and 2013 and storage studies conducted during 2014 in the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology during 2013-2014 at College of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Results revealed that application of nitrogen @ 140 kg/ha was recorded significantly higher green fodder yield (122.22 q/ha) and among the cutting management two cut recorded higher green fodder yield (229.39 q/ha). Among the cutting management no cut treatment recorded higher seed yield (7.61 q/ha) and among nitrogen management (6.99 q/ha) was recorded in nitrogen 140 kg/ha recorded higher seed yield, due to interaction (7.81 q/ha) was recorded in treatment combination of no cut with 140 kg N/ha. For the same factors seed quality parameters was also maximum, among the cutting management no cut recorded higher seed germination (94.13%), vigour index (2426) and among nitrogen management 140 kg N/ha recorded higher seed germination (93.38%) and vigour (2304), due to interaction no cut with 140 kg N/ha recorded higher seed germination (94.75%) and vigour index (2797) in oat cv. JHO-851. Seed quality parameters found higher when the seeds are harvested at 45 days after anthesis higher seed germination (92.75%) and vigour (2821) in oat cv.OS- 6. Among organics, application of Vermicompost @ 5t/ha was found higher plant growth, seed yield and seed germination (95.44%), vigour index (2776) and with micronutrients Zinc sulphate @ 15 kg/ha was found higher plant growth, seed yield and quality parameters like seed germination (94.88%), vigour index (2620) in oat cv.OS-6. The seeds of oat stored in polythene bag (700 gauge) treated with vitavax+deltamythrin followed by vitavax, deltamythrin, arappu, neem, sweet flag powder storage upto fifteen month with loss of lesser seed quality parameters in oat cv. OS-6.
Open Access
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil fertility and productivity of maize (zea mays l.)
(UASD) Bhimappa K. Channal; K. K. Math
A field investigation on the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on productivity and nutrient uptake by maize and soil fertility was carried out during kharif 2011. The experiment was laid out on Typic Haplustert in RBD with twelve treatments replicated thrice. The recommended dose of nutrients was given though organics [FYM, vermicompost (VC) and poultry manure (PM)] and chemical fertilizers. There was improvement in growth and yield contributing characters due to application of RDF with PM and it was on par with RDF + VC and RDF + FYM but significantly superior to other treatments. Combined application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers to supply recommended nutrients in 1:1 ratio along with recommended FYM improved growth and yield contributing characters and hence grain yield in maize over the treatments with the 100 per cent organics. The uptake of nutrients by maize increased significantly with incorporation of organic manures with RDF and the highest uptake was recorded in the treatment with PM. Similarly, uptake of nutrients in the treatments with organics and fertilizers each at 50 per cent level with recommended FYM also recorded higher uptake of these nutrients than RDF and the treatments with 100 per cent organics. Water holding capacity, organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, and Mn and activity of dehydrogenase enzyme in soil improved due to substitution of fertilizer N with organics and the extent of improvement was higher at 100 per cent level . The highest net returns was realized in RDF + PM treatment. The present investigation revealed that application of PM at 1.0 t ha-1 along with the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers increases the productivity of maize and improves soil fertility. Further, 50 per cent recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to maize can be substituted with organic manures without loosing appreciable quantity of yield.
Open Access
Productivity and quality of soybean as influenced by levels of nitrogen and sulphur nutrition
(UASD) Santosh Bhosagi; S. I. Tolanur
The survey was conducted during May 2012 on available nitrogen and sulphur status of the soybean growing soils of Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks. A total of 100 samples were collected, the location of sampling point was recorded using GPS device. The processed samples were analyzed for available nitrogen and sulphur status. The study revealed that, of the total surveyed samples, majority of soils were low in available nitrogen sulphur in both the taluks and low (80 and 52% of samples) to medium (18 and 40% of samples) in available sulphur in Dharwad and Kalagatagi taluks respectively. Based on this information, a field experiment was conducted during kharif 2012 with treatments involving three levels of nitrogen and four levels of sulphur levels using soybean as a test crop. The effect of N and S levels on response of soybean revealed that, the significantly higher growth and yield attributes were recorded in the treatment receiving 40 kg N and 20 kg S ha-1 with highest B:C ratio (3.97). The optimum N:S ratio (10:6) and quality parameters, namely oil content (19.73% ), oil yield ( 460.15 kg ha-1 )and protein content ( 39.82% ) was highest in the same treatment receiving N 40 kg ha-1 and S 20 kg ha-1. Treatment receiving 40 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 also recorded the highest total uptake of N (227.56 kg ha-1), P (23.33 kg ha-1), K (55.11 kg ha-1) and S (14.70 kg ha-1) The highest residual N (231.00 kg ha-1) and S (14.23 kg ha-1) was found in the treatment receiving 50 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg S ha-1, however The highest available P (27.28 kg ha-1) was recorded in the treatment receiving 50 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 but effect was non significant. The highest available K (347.33 kg ha-1) was recorded in the treatment receiving 40 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg S ha-1. The treatment with 40 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg S ha-1 was found to be promising in increasing the soybean productivity and quality.
Open Access
Effect of Magnetic Treatment on Irrigation Water Quality, Soil Properties and Growth of Sunflower Corp
(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Ashwini H. Gudigar; Manjuunatha Hebbara
Experiments were conducted to study the effect of magnetic treatment on irrigation water quality, soil properties, leaching efficiency of salts and growth of sunflower crop during 2011- 2012 at College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad. Four separate experiments were conducted to achieve the objectives. Irrigation waters with different salinity levels of i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 dS m-1 were obtained by equilibrating natural saline soil with good water in the ratio of 1:3 and used in the studies along with GW (0.6 dS m-1). For magnetic treatment, the waters were passed though the magnetic device as required for each study. The one-time magnetic treatment of irrigation water significantly decreased electrical conductivity but the effect on pH was variable. With multiple magnetic treatments, the difference between treated and untreated became increasingly narrow. The calcium, magnesium, sodium and sodium adsorption ratio also followed the same trend. The magnetic treatment also had mollifying effect on residual sodium carbonate of water. In general, the decrease was of higher magnitude at lower level of water salinity. Intermittent irrigation with magnetized water significantly decreased soil pH but increased soil salinity. Soil exchangeable calcium, sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage decreased due to irrigation with magnetized water. Soil water soluble calcium, magnesium and sodium decreased due to magnetized water irrigation. The magnetic treatment significantly decreased the dispersible clay content over non-magnetized water use. Leaching a saline soil with magnetized water removed more salts from the soil compared to leaching with non-magnetized water. Soils leached with magnetized water had significantly higher leachate salinity and lower soil salinity compared to leaching with nonmagnetized water. The magnetic treatment significantly increased germination percentage, plant height and dry matter yield in sunflower over non-magnetized water use. The magnetic treatment increased the K/Na ratio and improved its salt-tolerance.
Open Access
Effect of organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on soil Fertility and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
(UAS, Dharwad, 2013) Javed U. Mujawar; K. K. Math
A field experiment was conducted to investigation “The effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil fertility and yield of brinjal” during kharif 2010 at the MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in Typic Haplustert under irrigation in RBD with nine treatments replicating thrice. The treatments included were RDF with and without FYM, 100 and 75 per cent organics, INM (50% organics + 50% inorganic fertilizers) and liquid organics like beejamrutha, jeevamrutha and panchagavya alone and in combination with above treatments except RPP and RDF. The results revealed that the treatment with RDF+FYM recorded significantly higher fruit yield (5.24 t ha-1) and it was on par with RDF and organics and chemical fertilizers applied each at 50 per cent level either alone or with liquid organics. The uptake of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur and micronutrients namely copper, iron, manganese and zinc increased significantly due to application of part of recommended nitrogen through organics. The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur and DTPA extractable micronutrients namely copper, iron, manganese and zinc status of soil was significantly influenced by the application of chemical fertilizers along with organics and the maximum values were recorded in the treatment receiving RDF+FYM. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil was higher in the treatments with FYM and vermicompost applied along with chemical fertilizers and the highest value was recorded in the treatment receiving RDF+FYM (40.90 ıg TPF/g soil/day). Thus, the study emphasizes that in brinjal cultivation, chemical fertilizers can be substituted with FYM and vermicompost without losing appreciable fruit yield. This also improves the soil fertility and quality of fruit in addition to saving 50 per cent cost on chemical fertilizers. The findings assume greater significance in the present context where in the development of multi-nutrients deficiency in soil and scaling up of the cost of chemical fertilizers severely limiting crop productivity.

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