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ThesisItem Open Access Air Layering in Guava as Influenced by Growth Regulators and Azospirillum(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Sanjeev Kumar; S.G. AngadiAn investigation on air layering in guava as influenced by growth regulators and Azospirillum was carried out in the mother plants block of guava at the Silver Jubilee Orchard (SJO), Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2010-11. The study aimed to find out suitable root inducing treatment and its optimum concentration for maximum survival percentage in mature shoot air-layers of guava Cv. L-49. There are 14 treatment combinations with three replications laid out in Randomised Block Design. In general, both growth regulators viz. IBA, NAA alone and in combination with Azospirillum favoured rooting in air-layers. A synergestic effect was noticed in terms of higher percentage of rooting where the two growth regulators were used in combination with Azospirillum. Among the different combinations, the layers which had received Azospirillum 37.5g + IBA (Indole butyric acid) 3000 ppm + NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) 3000 ppm (T12) recorded significantly higher percentage (91.68%) of rooting with desirable root characters such as higher number of primary and secondary roots, longer length of primary roots and higher girth of primary roots. Next to this treatment, the other favourable treatments were IBA, 3000 ppm + NAA, 3000 ppm (T6), IBA, 2000 ppm (T1), Azospirillum 37.5g + IBA, 4000 ppm (T8), Azospirillum 37.5 g + IBA, 6000 ppm (T9), Azospirillum 37.5 g + IBA, 2000 ppm + NAA, 2000 ppm (T11). The use of medium concentration (3000 ppm) of both the growth regulators (IBA and NAA) with Azospirillum 37.5g was more effective as compared to either lower (2000 ppm) or higher (6000 pm) concentrations of IBA and NAA. With regard to survivability of rooted layers, maximum survival percentage (98.14%, 60 days after separation) was noted in the layers treated with Azospirillum 37.5g + IBA, 3000 ppm + NAA, 3000 ppm (T12).ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining Ability of Advanced Generation Lines in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Gurubasavaraj K.; R.V. PatilAn investigation was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, College of agriculture, Dharwad to study the heterosis and combining ability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with the objectives of identifying good general combiners and to assess the magnitude of heterosis for sixteen characters and isolation of economic segregants in double cross F5 population. Among 18 hybrids, three crosses DTHVI-5 (12-1) × DTH5N-3 (4-8) (1528g), DTHVI-5 (12-13)×DTH5N-3 (4-8) (1493.17g) and DTHVI-5 (12-11) × DTH5N-3 (4-8)} (1411.59g) expressed considerable magnitude of heterosis for yield. Hybrids DTHVI-5 (12-1) × DTH5N-3 (4-8), DTHVI-5 (12-13) × DTH5N-3 (1-12) and DTHVI-5 (12-13) × DTH5N-3 (4-8) had high fruit weight 66.63g, 57.53g and 57.00g respectively. None of the hybrids had significant positive heterisis over commercial check for yield. DTH5N-3 (4-8) was better yielding among the three testers (1441.97g). Significantly good GCA was observed in lines DTH5N-3 (4-8) (162.03) for yield per plant and number of fruits per plant, DTHVI-5 (12-1) (5.17) and DTH5N-3 (4-8) (3.76) for fruit weight. The top three crosses DTHVI-5 (12-1) x DTH5N-3 (4-8), DTHVI-5 (12-13) x DTH5N-3 (1-12) and DTHVI-5 (12-1) x DTH5N-3 (4-15) exhibited high SCA effects for total yield per plant. The cross DTHVI-5 (12-5) x DTH5N-3 (1-12) and DTHVI-5 (12-13) x DTH5N-3 (4-8) exhibited significant SCA effect for number of fruits per cluster, DTHVI-5 (12-15) x DTH5N-3 (4-8) for average fruit weight. Analysis of segregants in nine double cross hybrid populations with regard to important component characters in tomato revealed that there was higher frequency of transgressive segregants for number of fruits per plant followed by for fruit weight. DTH4U-1 x DTH5N-3 (15-11) had higher economic segregants for number of fruits per plant (40.4%), fruit weight (35.1) and yield per plant (35.2).ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management Studies in Double Daisy (Aster amellus L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Vithal Chougala; V.S. PatilThe present study was aimed to find out the influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality of double daisy at new orchard, floriculture unit, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during kharif season of 2010-11. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatment combinations. The growth parameters, maximum plant height (62.34 cm) was recorded with the application of Azospirillum, PSB, Vermicompost equivalent 50 % RD’N’ 50 per cent recommended NPK. Similarly, the maximum number of branches per plant (30.90), number of suckers per plant (17.05), total dry matter production (43.73 g) and most of the physiological parameters were noticed in the same treatment. It was significantly superior to all other treatments. The flower characters like stalk length (49.97 cm) and flower diameter (3.06 cm) were significantly higher in treatment receiving Azospirillum, PSB, Vermicompost equivalent 50% RD’N’, and 50 per cent recommended NPK. The maximum number of flowers per plant (296.33), number of flower spikes per plant (7.97) number of flower spikes per hectare (8.74 lakhs) and maximum vase life (5.12 days) were also higher in the same treatment. The application of FYM equivalent 50 per cent RD’N, and 50 per cent recommended NPK resulted in lowest value of these parameters. The economics analysis clearly indicated that net returns per hectare and B:C ratio was the highest in the plots treated with Azo+PSB+VC equivalent to 50% RD ‘N’ + 50% RDF (Rs. 386430.72 and 7.61 respectively) and these findings can be used in making double daisy production more profitable.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Hybrids Under Shade House Condition(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Ishwarappa Kengar; Ramakrishna V. HegdeA field experiment was carried out at the department of horticulture, Hi-tech Horticulture Unit, Saidapur Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad during 2009-10 to study the performance of tomato hybrids under shade house condition. Among the vegetative parameters STH-801 tomato recorded higher plant height (309.03 cm), maximum number of branches per plant (8.17) whereas, STH-801 hybrid recoded more number leaves (85.67/plant). Hybrid STH-901 recorded longer internodes (6.96 cm), higher leaf width (5.82 cm) and longer leaves (15.40 cm) and STH-39 recoded thick stem (1.78 cm). Plants trained under single stem recorded higher plant height (270.08 cm), stem girth (1.75 cm ), number of branches per plant (7.78), intermodal length (6.75 cm), leaf length (15.10 cm), leaf area (77.06 cm2) compared to the plants trained with two stems. Number of leaves per plant (82.80) was found maximum in plants trained under double stem. Days to fifty per cent flowering, days taken from flowering to fruit development were not influenced by training. Among the hybrids, STH-801 recorded higher number of cluster per plant (12.15), number of fruit per cluster (7.75) and percent fruit set (93.17). STH-801 recorded the highest yield per plant (6.52 kg), yield per square meter (15.68 kg) and number of seeds per fruit (141.50). Whereas, STH-39 recorded the highest average fruit weight (115.50 g), average fruit diameter (6.30 cm) and average fruit volume (157.00 cc). Plants with double stem recorded increased yield per plant, yield per square meter (6.30, 15.36 kg respectively). Plants with single stem recorded highest average fruit weight, average fruit diameter, average fruit volume and number of seeds per fruit (105.50 g, 5.59 cm, 143 cc, 115 respectively). STH-801 tomato juice possessed higher amount of TSS and pH (5.47 0B, 6.20 respectively). The study revealed that hybrid STH-801 performed best with yield of 6.52 kg per plant and STH-801 on double stem training system was superior of all the other treatment combinationsThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Fenugreek Genotypes in Northern Transitional Tract of Karnataka(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Bhojanagouda Patil; Ramakrishna V. HegdeStudies were undertaken in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) with nine genotypes having diversified origin to assess the extent of variability, to estimate the heritability and to study the genetic diversity present among the genotypes. Based on per se performance in rabi, the genotypes DFC-2 (20.13 q/ha), DFC-1 (19.72 q/ha) and DFC-7 (19.63 q/ha) were found superior for yield. Whereas in late rabi, DFC-4 (12.90 q/ha), DFC-7 (12.28 q/ha) and DFC-3 (12.21 q/ha) recorded higher yield. Moderate to high genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for plant height, number of leaves, number of pods, 100-seed weight and yield per plant indicating wide variability with low environmental influence. The heritability was high for the characters like plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, 100-seed weight and yield per plant. Genetic advance as per cent of mean was found to be highest for plant height at 30 DAS (57.57%), number of leaves at 30 DAS (25.26%) and 100-seed weight (37.94%). In diversity study of fenugreek genotypes, three clusters were formed in rabi and two during late rabi. Among the characters studied, days to maturity and 100- seed weight contributed more to diversity. Thus these characters with wide variability and less environmental influence can be used for further improvement. Present study indicated that DFC-7 was found to perform well during both the seasons. The diversity of genotypes was independent of geographical origin of the genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Extension of Shelf-Life of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruits and Vegetative Propagation of Guava and Dhamini (Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Deepak Patel; J.C. MathadAn investigation was carried out to study the influence of post-harvest treatments with waxol (17 and 25 % nipro and citrus wax), potassium permanganate impregnated on paper shreds, potassium metabisulphite (1000 ppm) and calcium compounds (1% calcium nitrate and 2% calcium chloride) coupled with packaging in polyethylene bags of 200 gauge with 1 percent vents or wrapped with tissue paper on physico-chemical parameters, organoleptic characters and shelf-life of Sardar guava fruits under ambient conditions. The guava fruits treated with 25 per cent citrus wax and packed in polyethylene bag (200 gauge having 1% area of vents) and stored under ambient conditions had a shelf-life of 8.21 days, with lowest shrinkage index (3.00%), physiological loss in weight (3.99%) and retained highest total soluble solids (10.22%), reducing sugars (4.10%), non-reducing sugars (2.12%), total sugars (6.22%), ascorbic acid (213.37 mg/100 g of fruit) and total titratable acidity (0.665%) among the 15 treatments throughout the storage period of 10 days. Organoleptic scores for colour and appearance (4.28), texture (4.30), taste and flavour (4.38), overall acceptability (4.31) was also found to be highest in this treatment. The fruits treated with citrus wax (17%) and packed in polyethylene bag with vents had a shelflife of 7.46 days followed by 7.42 days in fruits treated with nipro wax (25%) and packed in polyethylene bags with vents. No rooting was observed in guava and dhamini soft-wood cuttings treated with IBA and NAA at the rate 1000 to 3000 ppm concentrations even under poly tunnel condition.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on Chrysanthemum Leaf Blight Caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Devaraja Odenapur; B.C. KamannaAmong the several diseases, Alternaria leaf blight is one of the most destructive foliar disease which causes heavy loss in chrysanthemum. Survey during Kharif/Rabi 2010 revealed that Alternaria leaf blight was severe in all five districts viz., Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Koppal and Belgaum. Isolation and morphological studies revealed Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler as causal organism. In cultural studies maximum growth was observed in potato dextrose agar (81.60mm), followed by Richard’s agar (78.50mm). Nutritional requirement of the pathogen were studied with different carbon and nitrogen sources. Among carbon compounds, mean dry mycelial weight of the pathogen was maximum in glucose (359.67mg), followed by sucrose (276.62mg). Among the nitrogen sources, maximum mean dry mycelial weight was observed in Asparagine (383.33mg). In pH studies maximum growth of pathogen found at 6 pH. The maximum growth was observed, when cultures were exposed to alternate cycles of 12hr light and 12hr darkness. Optimum temperature range for the growth of the pathogen was found to be between 25ºC -30ºC. The survival of pathogen in chrysanthemum crop debris was more than 183 days under in all three different conditions viz., refrigerator, glasshouse, Laboratory, Out of nine hosts range studies, sunflower and day flower produced symptoms. Among the five chrysanthemum varieties screened for their reaction to leaf blight under artificial conditions all are show the susceptible reaction. Among ten different fungicides tested in vitro, Propiconazole, Difenconazole, Penconazole and Hexaconazole at 0.1% concentrations completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata. In case of field evaluation of fungicides Hexaconazole (0.1%) effectively controlled the disease incidence and recorded very less per cent disease index (5.18) which was on par with the Difenconazole (0.1%) having a per cent disease index (5.74).ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and Combining Ability for Productivity Related Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Akshay Angadi; P.R. DharmattiThe investigation was conducted to assess the heterosis and combining ability for productivity and bacterial wilt resistance in tomato during 2009-10 in the Department of Horticulture, UAS, Dharwad. The experimental material consisted of fourteen parents including five female and nine male parents. Forty five F1 hybrids were produced in a line × tester mating design for heterosis and combining ability studies. Female parents were selected with diversity for bacterial wilt and male parents with diversity for horticultural traits. Hybrids showed significant differences for all the characters studied except pH of the fruit juice. Significant per se performance and economic heterosis in desirable direction was recorded in several crosses. The crosses DMT-1 × Arka Alok, DMT-1 × DMT-2 and DM-3 × DMT-2 expressed significant heterosis over commercial check (Ruchi) for economic characters like yield per plant and bacterial wilt resistance. When the analysis of variance for combining ability with respect to yield was looked into, it revealed that line x tester contribution was higher than that of lines and testers contribution individually. Among lines, DMT-1 was good general combiner and among testers, DMT-2 was good general combiner. Here SCA variance was greater than GCA indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. DMT-1 × Arka Alok, DMT- 1 × DMT-2 and DM-3 × DMT-2 crosses had significant SCA effects for yield per plant. DM-3 × DS-1 and DM-5 × IMP-B were suitable for processing. The present study reveals that heterosis breeding is useful for development of tomato through exploitation of non-additive gene action.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Nutrient Management Studies in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(UAS, Dharwad, 2011) Matiwos Taye; T.R. ShashidharA field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2010 in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad “H” block of Main Agricultural Research Station to evaluate the influence of integrated nutrient management practices on growth, nutrient uptake, yield and quality of potato. Totally 11 different treatments consisting of different organic and inorganic fertilizers, both alone and in combination have been tried. Among the different integrated nutrient management practices, application of 100% RDF + 25 tonnes of FYM ha-1 and 75% N through RDF + 25% N through sheep manure +25 tonnes of FYM ha-1 were significantly superior over the other treatments for all growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake parameters and economics of production. Application of 100% RDF + 25 tonnes of FYM ha-1 has resulted in higher plant height (46.33 cm), number of leaves and number of shoots (40.47 and 5.20, respectively), leaf area (113.19 cm2), leaf area index (3.79) and leaf area duration (69.48 days), higher uptake of major nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (165.28, 125.60 and 152.02 kg/ha, respectively) in potato plant. Yield attributing characters viz., yield per plant (223.33 g), mean tuber weight (65.23 g), tuber girth (14.32 cm), marketable yield (11.91 t/ha), total tuber yield (12.60 t/ha) and highest crude protein content in tuber (8.98%) was found with the application of 100% RDF + 25 tonnes of FYM ha-1 and was on par with the application of 75% N through RDF + 25% N through sheep manure + 25 tonnes of FYM ha-1. Apart from this the highest net income (Rs. 70164) and benefit cost ratio (2.46:1) was also realized with the application of 100% RDF + 25 tonnes of FYM ha- 1.