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ThesisItem Open Access Seed Source Variation For Fruit, Seed, Seedling And Camptothecin, an Anti-Cancer Drug, In Pyrenacantha volubilis(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-07) Ramachandran, Arjun; R. VasudevaP. volubilis is a dioecious, undomesticated woody liana of the east and southern coasts of India, that has very high anti-cancer alkaloid content viz. camptothecin (CPT) in its seeds. There are hardly any reports regarding the seed source variations for fruit/ seed / biomass traits and CPT content in this species. Nineteen seed sources of P. volubilis belonging to five broad bioclimatic zones, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, were identified. Fruits of Kizhoor source were superior with respect to fruit and seed traits viz., fruit length (16.24 mm), fruit width (10.49 mm), fruit weight (1.12 g), seed length (12.86 mm), pulp weight (0.95 g), pulp: fruit ratio (0.85) and test weight (17.15 g). The best performing seed source for germination characteristics was Pazhaiyasivaram (70 % germination percentage and 80 % germination capacity). Seedlings obtained from Villiampakkam source were better for ground diameter (2.99 mm), number of leaves (24) and number of branches (2.95). Mangalam seed source was superior in terms of stem dry weight (1.01 g) and shoot dry weight (2.51 g); Villiampakkam source was better with regard to leaf dry weight (1.64 g) and Kizhoor source was best in terms of dry root: dry shoot ratio (0.88). Fruit, seed, seedling growth and sturdiness parameters showed higher heritability. Calculated genetic gain was very high for fruit weight, pulp weight and pulp: fruit ratio and was low for seedling quality index, dry root weight and petiole diameter. Seed source 'Otteri' was superior in terms of camptothecin accumulation in roots and stems (0.16 % and 0.12 % respectively); while maximum camptothecin is accumulated in seeds by the Puthupattu seed source (1.0%). In general, clinal variations showed that southern populations were found to have larger fruits, seeds, greater pulp yield and higher accumulation of camptothecin in the stems compared to the northern populations. Northern populations were found to be better for germination percentage, ground diameter, shoot length, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, root CPT and whole seed CPT content. These patterns are very important for further selections and domestication.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Characterization, Pre-Sowing Treatments and Nutrient Management on Seed Quality of Pyrenacantha volubilis Wight.(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Pownitha K.V.; Hunje, RaviPyrenacantha volubilis is an undomesticated plant from family Icacinaceae. It has been recently brought to limelight as rich sources of camptothecine an anti-cancer drug. Even is a potential species with a huge industrial demand for future domestication and also management for highest production technology, no attempts have been made to develop technology till date. Keeping these beneficial advantages preliminary studies on morphological characterization, pre-sowing treatments and nutrient management experiment was carried out in the College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2016-17 in Completely Randomised Design. The plant is a liana, dioecious, spiral alternative phyllotaxy, green colour inflorescence. Fruit is infructescence (1-5 fruit), drupe, ovoid shape, orange colour and dimension is 15.16 × 11.02 mm. Di-cotyledon seeds with minute pores in endocarp shows papillae structures in seed coat (tegmen) it holds the seed firmly. Variations in fruits and seed parameters were also documented. Fresh and six months stored seeds showed 100 and 50 per cent viability respectively in Tetrazolium test. Among seven pre-sowing treatments GA3 100 ppm enhanced the germination (77.30%) and vigour index (2189) over control (12% and 198). 15 fertilizers treatments were taken among them application of FYM 20 g with bio-fertilizers 5 g/plant with potting mixture (2:1:0) recorded highest plant height (119 cm), dry biomass (6.45 g/plant) and camptothecine content (31%) over the control. But application of DAP 0.5 g with organic 20 g and bio-fertilizers 5 g/plant showed highest leaves (24.17), leaf area (248.04 cm2), collar diameter (3.18 mm) and root length (38.30 cm). GA3 is the best dormancy breaking treatment, combination of farmyard manure with bio-fertilizers are the best to improve the growth, biomass and camptothecine.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Leaf Spot Disease and Screening for Clonal Resistance in Nothapodytes nimmoniana: an Anti-Cancer Drug Yielding Tree(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-06) Shwetha V.R.; Hegde, Gurudatt M.Nothapodytes nimmoniana is one of high camptothecin (CPT) yielding tree. Though the incidence of fungal leaf spot disease has been reported, except the recordance of the disease there was no systematic work carried out on various aspects of the leaf spot disease of N. nimmoniana. The pathogen associated with the leaf spot disease of N. nimmoniana was isolated and identified as Cylindrosporium mappiae. To prove its pathogenicity different inoculation methods were followed, among all the methods swabbing, brushing, sticking above surface and sticking below surface methods were proved to be effective in symptom expression. For the first time screening of the forty four clones of N. nimmoniana against leaf spot disease was carried out in the clonal orchard of College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2015 and 2016. The clones Px and O from Pune and Mahabaleshwara respectively were moderately resistant to Cylindrosporium leaf spot disease. After two years of screening it was found that two clones were moderately resistant, 7 clones were susceptible and 35 clones were highly susceptible to Cylindrosporium leaf spot disease. Biochemical contents viz. reducing sugars and phenols was estimated in all the clones. The strong association between disease and estimated biochemical contents in the clones was recorded. The management of the disease was carried out under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Among the different fungitoxicants used Trichoderma harzianum IOF strain has recorded growth inhibition of 99.81 per cent, Azadiractha indica (98.40%), Tebuconazole 250 EC (99.63%), Trifloxistrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50%, 75% WC (100%), Hexaconazole 4% + Zineb 68%, 72% WP (96.30%) and Hexaconazole 5% + Captan 70%, 75% WP (98.92%) were found effective under in vitro conditions. Similarly, the combi product Trifloxistrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 50%, 75% WP has recorded the lowest disease index of 44.23 per cent and found effective under in vivo conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization and Nursery Performance of Half-Sib Progenies of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Against Leaf Blight Caused by Fusicladium pongamiae (Syd. & P.Syd.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Lochan S.R.; Suryanarayana V.The investigation was carried out at College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2015-16 on the characterization and nursery performance of half-sib progenies of Pongamia pinnata (L.) against leaf blight caused by Fusicladium pongamiae. Thirty half sib progenies (HSP’s) sources of four clonal plantations of Pongamia in Karnataka differed significantly for pod and seed traits. Fusicladium blight symptoms were clustered black dot sized eruptions on the ventral surface, leaf blighting, premature defoliation and burnt appearance of foliage. Among different inoculation techniques, moistened petriplate incubated cellophane attachment method proved best for large scale screening of HSP’S of Pongamia against Fusicladium blight. Of 30 HSP’s screened against Fusicladium blight, one HSP (NC-1) showed moderately resistant reaction, 27 HSP’s with, moderately susceptible reaction and 2 HSP’s (H-128 and H-88) with susceptible reaction. In periodical per cent disease index (PDI) estimates over 6 months H-128 showed highest (28.14%) and lowest by NC-1 (11.05%). Likewise, in post inoculated HSP’s differed significantly for growth and biomass parameters. Among them NC-01 recorded highest mean values for height (51.95 cm), collar diameter (7.82 mm), fresh (104 g) and dry weight (35 g) of biomass and least value for defoliation (9.25 %). For phenol content also among selected HSP’s, NC-1 showed highest phenol content of 9.20 mg/g of leaf extract. Whereas, H-128 and H-88 shown least phenol content (4.40 and 3.80 mg/g of leaf extract) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Pre-Sowing Treatments, Nutrient Management and Storage Behavior on Seed and Seedling Quality in Flemingia semialata Roxb.(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Rajak, Kameshwar Kumar; Hunje, RaviAn experiment was conducted at College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2015-16, to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on seeds, effect of storage conditions on seed quality and Integrated Nutrient Management in quality seedling production of Flemingia semialata. Seeds scarified with concentrated sulphuric acid for one minute recorded significantly higher germination 76.25 per cent, germination rate (7.32), mean daily germination (2.72), total seedling length (18.12 cm) and seedling vigour index (1380.74). In poly house significantly higher field emergence 73.00 per cent and germination rate (2.90), mean daily germination (2.60), total seedling length (15.56 cm) and seedling vigour index (1135.88), followed by seeds treated with KNO3 0.2% for 12 hours. Among the integrated nutrient management treatment constituting common potting media (soil: sand: FYM of 2:1:1) along with Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (10 g) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (5 g) + NPK (2 g) influenced the growth parameters viz., seedling height, collar diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of the plants significantly and considered to be best compare to other treatments followed by treatment constituting AM + PSB + NPK (19:19:19) 1g/plant. The seeds stored in four different containers and kept under two storage condition showed progressive decline in seed quality parameters with the advancing storage period. On an average the germination percentage recorded at the beginning and end of storage period was 70.00 % and 52.08 % respectively. Seed stored in cloth bag kept in cold storage was found to be better seed container for storing seeds with relatively more viability.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Clonal Variation for Gall Midge, Asphondylia pongamiae Mani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Infestation in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-11) Kabber, Usha Raju; JavaregowdaPongamia pinnata, oil producing tree legume, popularly known as ‘Karanja’ or ‘Honge’ which is widely occurring non-edible oil tree in India. Oil derived from the seed is a very good ‘bio-fuel’. Fifty three insect pests have been listed in P. pinnata which includes six species of gall inducers. The leaf gall inducing insect affect the growth of plants by reducing the leaf area available for photosynthesis. Aspondylia pongamiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) which has been identified to induce flower and leaf galls on P. pinnata. These gall inducers adversely affect the quality of leaves of pongamia in turn reducing its economic utility. Experiments were conducted at the College of Forestry, Sirsi, during 2014-15. Among the eleven clones evaluated, four clones, Hariharapura, Sathenahalli, Muddanahalli and Baragaru were found to be Moderately Resistant (MR) in both open and polyhouse conditions. The growth performance of different pongamia clones as measured through plant height and collar diameter did not significantly vary due to infestation of gall midge. The difference in increases or decrease in growth parameter may be not due to gall midge infestation alone but may be due to phenotypic and genotypic variation among the pongamia clones because of their superior characters over the local seedling. Among the four biochemical traits estimated, total phenol and potassium content in leaves did not show significant difference in infested and healthy leaves. However the clones which were moderately resistant had increased nitrogen content and reduced total soluble sugar under infested leaves than healthy leaves. Reduction in total sugar and increased nitrogen content in leaves could be a mechanism to resist the infestation of gall midge in P. pinnata.ThesisItem Open Access Assembling, Characterization and Validation of Farmers’ Identified Unique Aromatic Wild Pickle Mango Types in the Central Western Ghats(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-09) Naik, Gajanan Shivanand; Vasudeva, R.The Wild Pickle Mangoes (WPM) are special type of genetic resources found along the riverine habitats of Central Western Ghats (CWG), that show unique effervescent aroma and highly preferred for pickle making by the communities. Because of their unique aroma, size and keeping quality, the WPM are in much demand by the farming community as well as by the pickle industry. As a result, farmers of CWG are interested in bringing these genetic resources under cultivation; however, there are very few attempts to domesticate WPM. Thus, the study was aimed to characterize and validate farmers’ varieties in three bio climatic zones of Uttara Kannada district and assembling these varieties in field gene bank. In the study 82 farmers' varieties were identified and characterized adopting standard IPGRI descriptors. About 66 were of the ‘whole fruit pickle’ types and 16 were of the ‘sliced fruit pickle’ types. Coastal region showed higher proprotion of sliced fruit types. Fruit shape showed large variation while that of leaf shape recorded the least; one new type of fruit shape ‘cashew nut’ was coined and introduced to the IPGRI descriptors. The relationship between fruit weight and amount of latex was significant among ‘whole fruit pickle’ types (r=0.332); while that between keeping quality and skin thickness was also strong in ‘whole fruit pickle’ (r=0.247). Fruit size, shape, aroma, quantity of latex, skin thickness, fruit bearing habit and flesh colour/brittleness after one year of keeping in brine solution were the important traits for the selection of elite varieties. Farmers' varieties viz. ‘Dandeli gerappe’, ‘Koralkatta jeerige’, ‘Manjushri heerijeni’, ‘Adderi jeerige’, ‘Bandipal haldota’, ‘Banate appe’ and ‘Haldota’ were identified to be the top. Selected 53 unique wild pickle mango varieties were conserved by establishing a field gene bank at ARS, Malagi, (UAS, Dharwad) with three ramets each were planted.ThesisItem Open Access Seed Source Performance and Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Fruit, Seed and Seedling Growth of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. in Uttara Kannada District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-08) Uma A.; Shivanna, H.Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.), a member of the family Anacardiaceae, is an important tree with good medicinal properties. The kernels are economically important part. With this point of view the present study was carried out in College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2014-2015. The study was laid out by following CRD (completely randomized design) design, with five treatments (seed source) and four replications. The fruit from Sirsi seed source was found to perform better with respect to fruit length (12.90 mm), width (12.91 mm) and weight (1.51 g). A seed of Mundgod source was found to be superior for seed length (10.89 mm), seed width (10.0 mm), seed thickness (7.25 mm) seed weight (0.79 g) and seed setting per cent (61.16%) and least seed coat thickness (0.80 mm) was noticed. However Honnavar and Kumta seed source recorded lower value for fruit and seed parameters. Maximum seed germination (61.16 %) was recorded in Mundgod seed source. Seedling height (6.50, 13.80 and 33.60 mm) was recorded maximum in Mundgod seed source at 30, 180 and 360 days after germination respectively. Similar trend was recorded for collar diameter and number of leaves. The highest seedling biomass, shoot length and root length was recorded in Mundgod seed source. GCV was maximum in seedling height at 360 days after germination (20.63 %). Broad sense heritability (H2) was highest in 180 days old seedling (0.73). GA (genetic advance) as per cent of mean in height was highest (8.06) in 360 days old seedling. The PCV and GCV of collar diameter showed highest in 30 days old seedlings (45.56 and 26.31 % respectively). Thus Mundgod seed source were found to be most promising with respect to seed and seedling traits. This seed source needs to be conserved and sampled for further improvement work.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Seedling Growth of Different Tree Species(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Garwal, Magan; Shivanna, H.These experiments were conducted to study the influence of four Rhizobium strain and combination with AM fungus on seedlings of five leguminous species (Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck) in the Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry, Sirsi, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, during 2014-15. Experimental result recorded that seedling inoculated with SRG3+AM showed significantly higher plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves/leaflets, number of nodule and their fresh and dry weight followed by SRG2+AM in Pongamia pinnata, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck . Least was recorded in control. Dual inoculated seedling showed better result than single inoculation either AM or Rhizobium strain. In Casuarina equisetifolia SF1+AM showed significantly higher in all the physical parameter followed by SF3+AM as compare to single inoculated or control. Seedling biomasses on the basis of dry weight and root and shoot nitrogen was highest in SRG3+ AM in species (Pongamia pinnata, Dalbergia sissoo, Sesbania grandiflora and Albizia lebbeck). In C. equisetifolia SF1+AM showed highest biomass and nitrogen percentage in root and shoot. Similarly nitrogenase activity was higher in SRG3+AM compared to single inoculation of either Rhizobium strain or AM and least in control. In C. equisetifolia SF1+AM showed highest NR activities. Bio-inoculants are a substance which contains living micro-organisms and is known to help in expansion of the root system, better growth and nitrogen fixation. Microsymbionts can promote the growth of a crop species by allowing them to uptake nutrients that would normally be unavailable to the plant. Therefore, the selection of suitable rhizobial strains is most importance as it may help to promote the growth and increase potential yields.
