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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Effect of Fungicides in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] During Storage and Seed Treatment(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Biradar, Rajashree; Jirali, D.I.ThesisItem Open Access Drought Tolerance Studies in hirsutum Cotton Genotypes(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-10) Megha B.R.; Mummigatti, U.V.Experiment with 20 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes planned for screening for water stress tolerance. Initially, laboratory screening for seed germination and seedling growth under different osmotic stress (using Polyethylene glycol-6000 solution) and seedling growth under different soil moisture levels (grown in polybags) were conducted during 2014-15 at ARS, Dharwad. The osmotic screening was done using PEG-6000 with different osmotic potentials viz., 0 MPa (control), -1.47 MPa (10 %) and -3.49 Mpa (20 %) and polybag growth study was conducted in rain out shelter with different field capacities moisture levels viz., 100, 50 and 25 per cent. Observations on germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root to shoot ratio, leaf proline and chlorophyll content were measured. From these studies, ten genotypes viz., BS-37, BS-39, ARBH-1352, GBHV-182, PH-1060, SCS-1062, TCH-1777, GSHV-169 and AKH-09-5 were identified as drought tolerant. These ten identified genotypes along with two checks (RAH-100 and LRA-5166) were subjected for field performance for two seasons. The selected 12 cotton genotypes were further evaluated in field condition during kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 under rainfed and need based irrigated (flowering and boll development) conditions. Observations on morpho-physiological, phenological, biochemical, yield and yield components were recorded. The pooled data of two years was analyzed under split plot design. Significantly higher seed cotton yield was recorded under rainfed condition as compared to irrigated condition. Mainly relative water content (-10.55), cell membrane stability (15.61 %), specific leaf weight (-4.52 %), excised leaf water loss (16.48 %), stomatal frequency (16.72 %), trichome density (-29.91 %), chlorophyll (7.41 %), proline (-75.00) and phenol (-9.61) content which indicates the tolerance of these genotypes to water stress condition . Based on the criteria of least per cent reduction in maximum number of parameters, five cotton genotypes GSHV-169, BS-37, BS-39, AKH-09-5, ARBH-1352 were identified as more tolerant to water stress.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological Characterization of Rice Genotypes for Zinc Efficiency (ZE)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Dore, Venkatesh; Koti, R.V.A pot and field experiments were conducted during kharif 2013 and 2014 at ARS, Mugad, UAS, Dharwad, to characterize the rice genotypes for zinc efficiency on physiological basis. Field experiments were comprised of 20 genotypes in combination with three treatments viz., control; soil application of ZnSO4 (20 kg ha-1) and foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at 50 per cent flowering. Similarly, pot experiment consisted of same genotypes with and without Zn. The hydroponic experiment was also conducted with Zn deficient and sufficient condition at the Department of Crop Physiology, UAS Dharwad, during 2015. Pooled data of the field experiments revealed that soil application of ZnSO4 significantly increased morph-physiological, biochemical and yield of rice genotypes. Whereas foliar application of ZnSO4 significantly increased shoot and grain Zn content. Interaction effects were non-significant. Among the genotypes, Dambersali and Koorigenellu had significantly higher shoot and seed zinc content in both the field and pot experiments. The genotype Dambersali maintained significantly higher shoot Zn content in hydroponics also. Ambemohar-2, Budda, Halga and Champakali on yield basis. Whereas, Kalanamak, Kempunellu and Laldodki on drymatter basis were found Zn efficient. Significantly higher root length, root dry matter, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates were recorded with additional and higher zinc in pot and hydroponics, respectively. Addition of Zn resulted in significantly higher enzymes activities in hydroponics. Among the genotypes Koorigenellu and Ambemohar-2 recorded significantly higher super oxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity in hydroponics. Soil application of zinc increased the grain yield in field. Among the genotypes, MTU-1001 recorded the highest grain yield of 5,175 kg ha-1 with grain Zn content of 15.8 ppm, whereas Koorigenellu recoded yield of 2,753 kg ha-1 with highest seed Zn of 28.3 ppm. Thus, there was negative relation existed between yield and seed Zn content.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HETEROSIS IN COTTON (G. hirsutum L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-06) PATIL, SOMASHEKHARGOUDA; PATIL, B. C.A field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 under rainfed condition at Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad to study the physiological basis of heterosis in cotton (G. hirsutum L.). The experiment consisted of 30 cotton hybrids and their 23 parents and one check hybrid laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The hybrid, RGR x SG-4 recorded significantly higher yield (2185 kg ha-1) followed by Robust x RGR 1 (1887 kg ha-1), while the leat was recorded by SG x SG-3 (1166 kg ha-1). Among the parents, RAH-97 recorded significantly higher yield (1589 kg ha-1). All hybrids recorded positive significant heterosis for yield over mid-parent. All hybrids recorded positive significant heterosis for yield and yield components viz., number of bolls per plant, boll weight and harvest index. The highest heterosis for yield was recorded by the hybrid RGR x SG-2 (89.5%) followed by the hybrid Robust x SG-2 (75.2%) while, least was recorded by the hybrid Compact x Robust-1 (12.9%). The hybrid RGR x SG-4 recorded significantly more Total dry mtter (205 g plant-1), SPAD value (54.9), Chlorophyll content (1.285 mg g-1 of fresh weight), photosynthtic rate (24.2 μ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1), leaf area (148 dm2 plant-1) and stomatal conductance (0.31 μ mol CO2 m-2 sec-1). However, the extent of heterosis was heighest in RGR x SG-2 for these parameters. The seed cotton yield was significantly positively correlated with number of bolls per plant (r= 0.875), boll weight (r= 0.815), total dry matter (r= 0.727), SPAD values (r= 0.823), leaf area (r= 0.720), photosynthtic rate (r= 0.629) and stomatal conductance (r= 719). These physiological parameters lead to potential hybrid that has complementation between the hybrids.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF VACUUM PACKAGING ON SEED PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN DIFFERENT FIELD CROPS(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-12) MUKESH KUMAR MEENA; Dr. M. B. CHETTIInvestigations were carried out to study the influence of vacuum packaging on Seed physiology and quality in different field crops viz., onion, cotton, soybean and groundnut in the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from October, 2010 to June, 2012.The research study including two experiments consisted of six treatments to each and combinations of treatments that involved packing of seeds with different packaging materials such as vacuum packed bag, gunny, high density polythene, aluminium and cloth bags and storage at room temperature (25ºC ± 2ºC) as well as cold storage (4ºC ± 1ºC) for a period of 18 months. The result of the observations recorded at bi-monthly intervals revealed that the seeds stored in vacuum packed bags maintained the seed quality with least deterioration compared to gunny and high density polythene (HDPE) bags for soybean and groundnut and aluminium and cloth bags for onion and cotton upto 18 months of storage. The seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, root length, shoot length, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, mean daily germination and mean germination time were very high in vacuum packaging treatments compared to gunny bags and HDPE bags for soybean and groundnut while it was lower in aluminium and cloth bags for onion and cotton throughout the storage period of 18 months under both ambient and cold storage. The electrical conductivity and mean germination time values were lesser in vacuum packed seeds compared to gunny, HDPE, aluminium and cloth bags seeds. Different seed physiological parameters such as mineral content (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) and mobilization efficiency values were decreased with advancement in storage period and higher in vacuum packed seeds than gunny, HDPE, cloth and aluminium bags. The rate of absorbance of moisture was more in gunny, cloth and HDPE bags, while aluminium and vacuum packed bags seeds maintained constant moisture content. The activities of enzymes viz., -amylase, lipase and protease less in vacuum packed bags compared to aluminium, HDPE, gunny and cloth bags in all four crop seeds. Among the storage conditions, cold storage recorded better seed quality, physiological and biochemical parameters over room temperature, irrespective of storage containers throughout the storage period of 18 months.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIATION FOR PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE AND PUE, BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HIGHER PUE AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.)(University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, 2014-06) SAVITA F. HULLUR; Dr. R.V. KOTIField and pot experiments were conducted at College of Agriculture, Dharwad to screen the Soybean genotypes and to assess the genetic variability for P uptake, P content and Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) along with morphological and physiological changes under P limiting condition. A laboratory experiment was conducted in selected genotypes to know the biochemical reasons for high P uptake and high PUE. The results of the field experiment revealed that shoot length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight decreased in P limited condition. Whereas root length and root to shoot ratio increased significantly and is one of the adaptive mechanisms to overcome the P deficiency in the vertisol. Leaf P and P uptake was reduced in P limiting condition and PUE increased in P limiting condition (- P). P limitation caused 17% decrease in seed yield. The phosphorus efficiency (relative value) of dry weight of the genotypes between –P and +P was identified as good indicator of the P efficiency genotypes. Bi-plot analysis of relative values (PE) of shoot dry weight against yield and PUE showed that the genotypes Gujarath Soybean-1, TAMS-38, TAMS-9821 Pusa-24, VL Soya-59, J 30 14-1 and J 20 47-18 were not only P efficient but also high seed yielder. Grain yield, PUE and P uptake exhibited high GCV, PCV and high heritability with high genetic advance over a mean under both P conditions. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and WUE were decreased in -P condition. The soybean genotypes Shivalik followed by SL-296 and CO-3 were found to have high photosynthetic rate in P limiting condition. The root secretion of both citric acid and oxalic acid was maximum in the genotypes MACS-58, Shivalik and VL-Soya-59 under -P condition. The acid phosphatase activity was higher in -‘P’ condition and is an indication of ‘P’ sufficiency or deficiency in soybean. The genotypes viz., Pusa-24, TAMS-38, TAMS-9821, VL Soya -59, J 30 14-1 and J 20 47-18 were identified as phosphorus efficient with high PUE, dry matter and yield. The soybean genotypes ADT-1, CO-3, Bragg and JS-75-06 were identified for better root traits like higher root length, root dry weight, root to shoot length and root to shoot dry weight ratio.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials(UAS Dharwad, 2013) D. Saida Naik; M. B. ChettiInvestigations were undertaken to study the physiological and biochemical changes during long term storage of paddy and rice under different packaging materials at the Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad over a period of 18 months from February, 2011 to August, 2013. The research study consisted of two experiments with eight treatments comprising packing of seeds with different packaging materials viz., vacuum packed, , polythene, cloth and gunny bags stored at room temperature (25±2º C) and cold storage (4±1º C) for a period of 18 months. The observations recorded at bi-monthly intervals revealed that the seeds stored in vacuum packed bags maintained the quality with least deterioration compared to gunny and cloth bags. The seed quality parameters viz., germination per cent, root length, shoot length, total seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index, mean daily germination and mobilization efficiency were very high in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny bags throughout the storage period of 18 months under both ambient and cold storage. Electrical conductivity values were lowest in vacuum packed bags compared to polythene, gunny and cloth bags. The rate of absorbance of moisture content was more in gunny and cloth bags, while vacuum packed bags maintained constant moisture content. The activities of enzymes viz., a- amylase, lipase, protease and peroxidase were slightly less in vacuum packed bags compared to gunny and cloth bags in both paddy and rice grains. Mineral contents viz., copper, zinc, iron and manganese decreased with advancement in storage period and higher in vacuum packed seeds over all other treatments in both paddy and rice grains. Among the storage conditions, cold storage recorded better seed quality, physiological and biochemical parameters over room temperature, irrespective of the storage containers throughout the storage period of 18 months.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp) on post harvest physiology and physico-chemical changes in alphonso mango (mangifera indica l.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Arun Vasant Mane; M. B. ChettiInvestigation were carried out to find out the influence of 1-MCP (1- methylcyclopropene) on physical, physiological and physico-chemical changes and ripening behaviour in Alphonso mango (Mangifera indica L.) during 2011 and 2012 at the Department of Agril.Botany, College of Agriculture, Dr.BSKKV, Dapoli. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations comprising 4 concentrations of 1-MCP and 4 storage conditions. Results revealed that fruits ripened early under ambient condition without 1-MCP treatment. Fruits under cold storage with 2000 ppb of 1-MCP exhibited significantly longer retention of green colour, firm texture and slow rate of loss in physiological weight, thereby delaying ripening compared to ambient condition. Total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars increased and vitamin-A, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased rapidly until 14 DAT (days after treatment) under control and 21 days under cold storage with 2000 ppb of 1-MCP. There was a gradual rise in ethylene production till 14 DAT followed by decline at 21 DAT under ambient condition. The rate of fruit respiration was significantly higher under ambient condition compared to other treatments and the lowest was recorded in cold storage with 1-MCP (2000 ppb). Cold storage with 1-MCP showed gradual increase in total carotenoids till the end of storage period as against rapid increase under ambient condition. Ambient condition recorded maximum number of spongy affected fruits and the lowest was noticed with higher concentration of 1-MCP (2000 ppb) in cold storage. There was a constant degradation of chlorophyll under ambient condition throughout the study period; while, cold storage with 2000 ppb 1-MCP maintained significantly higher values till 26 DAT. The present findings clearly establish that cold storage with 1-MCP @ 2000 ppb holds a great potential in delaying fruit ripening ultimately prolonging the post harvest storage and shelf life by 10 – 12 days.ThesisItem Open Access Identifying drought tolerant cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) genotypes by physiological and molecular approaches(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Babu A. G.; B. C. PatilA field experiment was conducted during 2011-12 for the evaluation drought tolerance using thirty Gossypium, hirsutum L. genotypes in RBD design at ARS Dharwad and ARS Annigeri. Ten best (CPD-750, Sahana, ARB-9701, CNH-120MB, GIHV-218, BS- 279, RAH-101, GJHV-477, F-2228 and KH-155) and two least (L-761 and LH-2076) performed genotypes were selected from these experiments based on drought tolerant physiological traits viz. SLW, water potential, SPAD values, gas exchange parameters and yield. Simultaneously 600 cotton germplasms lines were also evaluated for drought tolerance by physiological traits at ARS Dharwad. Based on the SPAD, SLW and gas exchange parameters 24 germplasm lines were showed significantly on par for the most of the physiological traits. During 2012-13, the selected twelve genotypes were evaluated for performance under different concentrations of PEG-6000 osmotic solutions at germination stage by slanting glass plate technique. The germination %, shoot length, seedling vigour index and shoot vigour index decreased as the PEG 6000 concentration increase from 0% to 27% in all genotypes, while the root length and root: shoot ratio increased. These genotypes were further evaluated at rain out shelter for drought tolerance by morphological, physiological, biophysical, biochemical, root architecture (length, volume and lateral roots) yield, yield components and fibre properties. The genotypes viz. CPD-750, Sahana, ARB-9701, CNH- 120MB, GIHV-218, and BS-279 were found relatively drought tolerant. Further these twelve genotypes were studied for genetic diversity study using 79 cotton specific RAPD molecular markers. There was 79.56 per cent genetic polymorphism/diversity. The primers OPI 4 and OLIGO 652 amplified 800 bp and 400 bp respectively were specific to relatively drought tolerant genotypes. The dendrogram revealed that the primers were able to group the genotypes in to three major clusters. From the overall present investigation, the genotypes viz. CPD-750, Sahana, ARB-9701, CNH-120MB, GIHV-218, BS-279 and RAH-101 were identified as drought tolerant lines.
