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Open Access
Influence of Seed Hardening and Foliar Nutrition on Drought Tolerance in Bt-Cotton
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Amit Ashok Bijjur; K.N. Pawar
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2010-2011 to study the effect of seed hardening and foliar spray with agro-chemicals on Bt-cotton under rainfed condition at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of fourteen treatments viz., five seed hardening treatments (CaCl2, CCC, KNO3, ZnSO4 and water soaking) and four foliar spray (CaCl2, CCC, KNO3 and ZnSO4) and other four were the combination of seed treatment and foliar spray of the above mentioned agro-chemicals. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The plant height increased significantly from 60 DAS due to seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and their was a decreased number of days for 50 per cent squaring, 50 per cent flowering and 50 per cent boll opening as compared to control. Seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% recorded significantly more total dry matter and Leaf area index. The pre-sowing seed hardening and foliar spray techniques significantly increased AGR, CGR, RGR, NAR and SLW at all the intervals as compared to other treatments. The seed treatment with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% recorded significantly higher photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll content and relative water content as compared to other treatments. There was significant decrease in proline content and transpiration rate due to various treatments. The seed cotton yield and yield components viz., yield (2276 kg/ha), boll weight (5.12 g/boll) and number of bolls per plant (28.00) showed significantly higher values due to seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% as compared to control. It is concluded that, seed hardening with CaCl2 at 2% and foliar spray at 0.5% followed by seed hardening and foliar spray with ZnSO4 at 0.5% is more effective and economical in increasing the yield in Bt-cotton.
Open Access
Influence of Growth Regulators on Growth Physiology, Yield and Components in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Roopa B. Patil; C.M. Nawalagatti
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2011 at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS) University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the effect of plant growth regulators on growth physiology, yield and yield components in onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes. The experiment consists of nine treatments viz., The foliar spray of chlormequat chloride at four levels (500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm), two levels of mepiquat chloride (750 and 1500 ppm), two levels of triacontanol (1000 and 2000 ppm) and control. The onion genotypes used in the study are Nasik red and Arka kalyan. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The foliar spray of these chemicals were taken at 40 DAS and 60 DAS. The results of the experiment reveled that, the plant height was increased with the application of triacontanol (1000 and 2000 ppm) as compared to control. While, it was significantly decreased with the application of mepiquat chloride followed by chlormequat chloride in both the genotypes. Among the treatments, chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm has increased significantly number of leaves at all the stages except at harvest stage. The growth parameters viz., LAI, LAD, AGR, RGR, NAR, CGR, BMD had significantly higher values with the application of 1000 and 1250 ppm chlromequat chloride. It was noticed that, the total dry matter content (TDM) has been significantly increased in the treatment of chlormequat chloride (1000 and 1250 ppm) as compared to other treatments. The same treatment also significantly enhanced the biochemical parameters viz., Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll and nitrate reductase. Similarly bulb yield was significantly higher with the application of chlormequat chloride (1000 ppm) as compared to other treatments and the lowest yield was obtained in control. The increase in bulb yield was due to increase in bulb length and bulb diameter. Among the genotypes Arka kalyan was found more superior than Nasik red with the respect to all the characters. From the study, it is inferred that the application of chlormequat chloride @ 1000 ppm is found to be more economic.
Open Access
Effect of Organics on Growth and Morpho-physiological Characters in Maize (Zea mays l.)
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Vidya V. Choudhari; B.B. Channappa Gouda
A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 2010- 11 to study the effect of organics on growth, morpho-physiological characters, biochemical parameters, yield and yield attributes of maize. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with 14 treatments replicated thrice. Treatments include different organic sources viz., FYM, vemicompost, sheep manure and poultry manure alone and combinations with inorganic sources were compared with control. The morpho-physiological characters viz., total dry matter production, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and physiological parameters like leaf area index and leaf area duration were significantly higher with treatment poultry manure + 100% RDF at all the growth stages. While, the lowest morpho-physiological characters were observed in control. The growth indices like AGR CGR and NAR were significantly higher in the treatment poultry manure + 100% RDF, followed by sheep manure + 100% RDF at all the growth stages. While, lower growth indices were recorded in control. The biochemical parameters like chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen content and nitrate reductase activity was higher in poultry manure + 100% RDF compared to other treatments. Significantly the higher grain yield of maize (90.2 q ha-1) was recorded in treatment poultry manure + 100% RDF followed by sheep manure + 100% RDF compared to other treatments. While, lowest yield was recorded in control. Similarly, higher harvest index, test weight and shelling percentage was recorded in poultry manure + 100% RDF, followed by sheep manure + 100% RDF and FYM + 100% RDF. The lowest yield and yield parameter was recorded in control. Different treatments had significant influence on economics. Significantly the highest B:C ratio (2.69) was recorded in RDF alone, followed by poultry manure + 100% RDF (2.55) and sheep manure + 100% RDF (2.38).
Open Access
Effect of Temperature Regimes on Productivity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Manjunath B. Kulkarni; V.P. Chimmad
A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2011-2012 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to assess productivity in chickpea. The experiment consisted of chickpea genotype, Annigeri-1 and eight temperature regimes (dates of sowing) laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with three replications. The crop was sown at weekly intervals (standard weeks) starting from 39th week to 46th week. Among the sowing dates, 43rd, 44th and 42nd week recorded significantly higher seed yield when compared to 45th and 46th standard weeks. Significantly higher plant height and number of branches were recorded in eighth dates of sowing. The number of days for flower initiation, 50% per cent flowering and pod initiation increased up to 42nd weeks of sowing and then decreased. It is evident that the higher dry matter and its distribution along with higher leaf area LAI, SLW, LAD, AGR, CGR, RGR and NAR values was observed in 42nd standard week (29th October ), 43rd standard week (29th October ) and 44th standard week (5th November), when compared to other dates of sowing. This is attributed to lower GDD values (1388-1433 degree days) and lower accumulated Tmin values (14.2 -15.10C) and an optimum of Tmax values around 290C. Further, November dates of sowing recorded significantly higher yield (28.54 q ha-1) and harvest index (48.67%). The sowing dates 39th standard week (1st Oct), 40th standard week (8th Oct) recorded significantly higher chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. However, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b was significantly higher under 3rd week of October to 1st week of November month sowing dates. It is also confirmed that the Tmax and Tmin temperatures played a major role in enhancing the yield in chickpea which is independent of sowing dates.
Open Access
Effect of Temperature Regimes on Post Anthesis Period in Rabi Sorghum Genotypes
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Shravanakumar H.; V.P. Chimmad
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2010-11 at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to assess the effect of temperature regimes on morpho-phenological, physiological, biochemical parameters, yield and yield components in rabi sorghum genotypes. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations laid out in split-plot design having three replications with four temperature regimes, September II FN, October I FN, October II FN and November I FN and four rabi sorghum genotypes (M35-1, E36-1, DSV4 and RSLG-262). The genotypes DSV-4 and RSLG-262 took more days for 50% flowering and maturity whereas, M-35-1 required more days for grain filling. Genotypes E-36-1 and RSLG- 262 recorded higher SPAD meter reading and chlorophyll content at all the stages. All the growth parameters (LA, LAI, TDM and its distribution, AGR, RGR, CGR and NAR) recorded higher values under October I FN, October II FN and November I FN temperature regimes and thereby resulting in higher yields. Though, RSLG-262 and M-35-1 are non stay green type but they recorded comparable yields with stay green genotypes. The grain yield ranged from 628 to 2423 kg ha-1 was noticed in different temperature regimes. The lowest (628 kg ha-1) grain yield was obtained under September II FN sowing, whereas highest yield (2423 kg ha-1) was under October II FN sowing temperature regime. These higher yields, were attributed to increased Tmax and decreased Tmin for 50% flowering and also for maturity. The GDD values for 50% flowering and maturity increased resulting higher yield. The regression also showed significant association for yield and GDD values for 50% flowering and maturity. Among the genotypes DSV-4 and RSLG-262 recorded significantly higher grain yield, irrespective of temperature regimes.
Open Access
Effect of Fly Ash on Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits and Yield in Groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)]
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Vijayakumar C. Melavanki; M.B. Doddamani
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2011 to study the effect of fly ash on growth, physiological and biochemical traits and yield in groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments consisting different combinations of fly ash with inorganic fertilizers, FYM, Gypsum, Zn, Fe and Borax. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth and development parameters i.e., plant height, number of branches, leaf area and total dry matter were significantly highest with T7 (40 t of fly ash/ha along with Recommended dose of NPK (RD NPK) and 50% gypsum, Zn and Fe) at all growth stages. Chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity were also significantly higher with the application of T7 (40 t of fly ash/ha along with RD NPK and 50% gypsum, Zn and Fe) Among the different combination of Fly ash application T7 (40 t of fly ash/ha along with RD NPK and 50% gypsum, Zn and Fe) recorded significantly higher pods per plant (41.17), 100 kernel weight (43.26 g), shelling percentage (76.35%), yield per plant (18.74 g), higher pod yield (3617.4 kg ha-1) and harvest index (42.34 %) compared to other treatments. However, T7 was on par with T10 (RDNPK 40 t fly ash/ha + 25% RD gypsum +25% RD Zn + 25% RD Fe) followed by T6 (RDNPK 30 t fly ash/ha + 50% RD gypsum +50% RD Zn + 50% RD Fe). Similar trend was also recorded with oil content, germination per cent and seedling vigour index. Application of T7 (40 t of fly ash/ha along with RD NPK and 50% gypsum, Zn and Fe) recorded significantly higher oil content (51.17%), germination (90.5 %) and seedling vigour index (2212) compared to Bhoochetana (T11). It could be inferred from the study that fly ash @ 40 t/ha along with RD NPK and 50% gypsum, Zn and Fe can increase the yield in groundnut.
Open Access
Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Resistance to Purple Seed Stain of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Anitha; U.V. Mummigatti
Investigations comprised of laboratory, field and pot experiments to elucidate physiological and biochemical basis of resistance to Purple Seed Stain (PSS) disease in soybean conducted at UAS, Dharwad during kharif-2011. Recording of purple seed stain incidence taluk wise in northern Karnataka revealed that Chikkodi recorded maximum PSS severity with 7.24 per cent followed by Bailhongal (6.29%). Badal Ankalagi village of Bailhongal taluk recorded highest incidence of 12.93%. Thus the disease incidence varies with weather conditions and agronomic practice. Glass house and in vitro studies on PGPR and ISR elicitors revealed that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 1000 ppm showed more resistance to PSS disease and recorded highest peroxidase activity. Field screening of 50 germplasm lines to PSS showed that 14 lines as highly resistant, 9 resistant, 9 moderately resistant, 8 susceptible and 10 lines as highly susceptible. Correlation study between disease susceptibility and bio-physiological parameters indicated that there was positive correlation between chlorophyll and RWC (r = 0.035), while chlorophyll and RWC were negatively correlated (r=-0.117 and r=-0.035, respectively) with disease severity. Seed germination study of seed priming with bioagents and fungicides under lab condition indicated significantly maximum germination per cent in seeds primed with combifungicide carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% @ 0.2% (99%) followed by carbendazim @ 0.2% (94%). Whereas, field performance of the primed seeds indicated that Bacillus subtilis @ 0.6% recorded significantly higher seed yield (3221 kg ha-1) followed by captan 70% WP + hexaconazole 5% EC @ 0.2% (3116 kg ha-1) and carbendazim 25% + mancozeb 50 WS @ 0.2% (3083 kg ha-1). Thus, it may be concluded that priming of soybean seeds with the combifungicides viz, captan 70% WP + hexaconazole 5% EC @ 0.2%, carbendazim 25% + mancozeb 50% WS @ 0.2% or with bioinoculant Bacillus subtilis @ 0.6% controlled PSS disease substantially.
Open Access
Assessment of Physiological Efficiency in Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Hybrids
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Biradar Banasidha Madanna; K.N. Pawar
A field experiment was conducted during 2011-12 under rainfed condition at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad to assess the physiological efficiency in Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrid. The experiment consisted of five Bt hybrids and their non Bt counterparts comprising ten treatments and laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Among the genotypes JK-Durga Bt hybrid produced significantly higher seed cotton yield (3032 kg/ha) followed by MRC-7351 Bt (2915 kg/ha) and least was recorded by MRC-7301 non-Bt (2223 kg/ha). Further, JK-Durga Bt recorded significantly high boll weight, boll number as compared to other genotypes. In general Bt genotypes recorded more boll weight and more boll number as compared to their non-Bt counterparts. Significantly more total nitrogen content in leaves, stem and bolls was recorded by JK-Durga Bt genotype at 140 DAS as compared to other genotypes. Significantly more photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, relative water content and chlorophyll content was recorded in JK-Durga Bt followed by MRC- 7351 Bt at 110 DAS as compared to other genotypes, while at 140 DAS non-Bt genotypes recorded more photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content than their Bt counterparts. Genotypes differed significantly in their growth pattern, morphological and phonological characters. Non-Bt hybrids recorded more plant height, LAI and SLW compared to their Bt counter parts at 140 DAS indicating more vegetative growth in non-Bt genotypes. The number of days taken for 50 per cent squaring, 50 per cent flowering, 50 per cent boll opening, was significantly less in Bt genotypes compared to their non-Bt counter parts. In general, Bt cotton hybrids are physiologically more efficient than non-Bt counterparts.
Open Access
Effect of Heat Stress on Growth, Physiology and Productivity in Different Wheat Species
(UAS, Dharwad, 2012) Renuka S. Herakal; D.I. Jirali
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2011-12 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to evaluate the effect of heat stress on growth, physiology and productivity in different wheat species under normal irrigated conditions. The experiment consisted of 12 genotypes (UAS-320, NIAW-1415, NIAW-34, HI-1571, DWR-1006, UAS-415, UAS-428, UAS-439, DDK-1025, DDK-1029, MACS-2971 and HW-1098) belonging to cultivated species viz., Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum and Triticum dicoccum and were laid out in a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications. The different temperature regimes were maintained by manipulating the date of sowing. Significant differences were observed in morphological, growth, physiological, biochemical, yield and yield parameters with different temperature regimes. Among the treatments, low temperature regime exhibited superiority over high temperature regime, while giving a better response to most of the yield contributing characters such as more number of branches, more number of nodes, more leaf area, more TDM, higher percentage of dry matter partitioning into economically useful parts, higher AGR, CGR, SLW, LAI, LAD, BMD, higher photosynthetic rate, higher chlorophyll content, higher chlorophyll stability index, maximum membrane thermostability, higher canopy temperature, higher heat stress index, higher protein content and higher b-carotene content ultimately resulting into more number of spikes, more spike length and weight and 1000- grain weight, thus resulting in higher grain yield. The grain yield was found positively and significantly correlated with chlorophyll stability index, canopy temperature, membrane thermo stability index, wax deposition, relative water content, and 1000- grain weight. The genotypes UAS- 439, UAS-415 and UAS-428 performed better both in low and high temperature regimes, thus indicating their use in breeding the wheat genotypes for tolerance to heat stress.

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