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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Different Methods of Supplementation of Horticultural Plant Extracts on Growth and Development of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-11) Mekali, Jayashree; Patil, G.M.The studies on the evaluation of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural plant extracts on mulberry silkworm growth and development, evaluation of different modes of supplementation of effective plant extract in commercial rearing and integrated supplementation of growth promoters, minerals and nutrients in silkworm rearing to enhance cocoon production was carried out in sericulture laboratory, Department of Agriculture Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-16. Among different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 7.5 %) of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural plant extracts supplementation 7.5 per cent coffee extract were significantly improved larval, cocoon, pupal and shell weight (35.96, 18.54, 14.83 and 3.71g) followed by sunflower seed extract and black tea extract. Reduced larval duration was observed in coffee extract (170.68 h) followed by sunflower seeds (171.67 h) and black tea extract (172.15 h). Whereas, the highest larval duration was recorded in water control (186.22 h) and absolute control (186.94 h). Coffee extract supplementation increased the effective rate of rearing (87.70 %) by reducing the disease incidence (12.30 %). Results obtained on four different mode of supplementation, dip method of supplementation performed better than the other mode of supplementation, larval weight (39.05 g), ERR (92.00 %) and silk productivity (5.66 cg/day). In the integrated supplementation, larval weight was maximum in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract (37.94 g) and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent (37.58 g). Maximum cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell ratio and cocoon yield were recorded in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent. Integrated sumplementation improved the effective rate of rearing 92.50 per cent by reducing the disease incidence 7.67 per cent in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of Lac Insect, Kerria lacca Kerr (Lacciferidae: Homoptera) and Feasibility of Cultivation of Lac on Flemingia semialata roxb. for Uttara Kannada District(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2017-11) Shivaleela I.U.; JavaregowdaStudies on lac insect infesting forest tree species and agricultural crops, biology of lac insect, cultivation of lac insect on Flemingia semialata and its natural enemies on different host plants and evaluation of insecticides molecules on survival of lac insect crawlers were conducted at the College of Forestry, Sirsi and at Agricultural Research Station, Malagi during 2014-2017. Banyan tree, jambe, tamarind and tur recorded highest settlement and lowest mortality of Kerria lacca as host plants out of thirty hosts. Emergence of crawlers started immediately after eggs hatching from the female cell and continued up to 35 to 40 days. The newly formed male adults were creamy white with a pair of wings, legs, and well developed eyes. Male adult longevity was only 4 to 5 days. The female was brownish colored. The abdomen of female lac insect had well developed ovisac and wingless lived for 50- 65 days. Female laid eggs under lac encrustation coating. Duration of first instar crawler varied from 25 to 30, second instar 20-24 and third instars 59 to 68 days. Yield of stick /brood lac was 619.20 g/plant and scraped lac was 481.33 g/plant in kharif season. In rabi season, stick /brood lac was 566.53 g/plant and scraped lac was 407.94 g/plant. Predators like, Eublemma amabilis, Pseudohypatopa pulvarea and Chrysopa sp, parasitoid, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae were recorded on the brood lac of F. semialata and Calliandra calothyrus host plants. Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l recorded the highest number of survival of lac insect followed by flubendiamide 40 SC @ 0.2 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l and fipronil 5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l and these treatments were on par with UTC-1 (with water dipping) and UTC-2 (without water dipping). With proper management lac cultivation on F. semialata is feasible in Uttara Kannada District.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Gut Bacteria on Susceptibility of Economically Important Lepidopteran Pests to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki Berliner and Synthetic Insecticides(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Gadad, Hanamant S.; Vastrad, A.S.The present study was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology to study the gut bacteria diversity and their influence on susceptibility of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki Berliner and synthetic insecticides against economically important lepidopteran pests. Diversity of gut bacteria was studied by selecting field collected and laboratory reared larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results on gut bacteria diversity analysis of field and laboratory reared larval population of S. litura and H. armigera revealed that field population of both the test insects showed higher Shannon’s diversity index (H’ index) compared to laboratory reared larval population. The influence of gut bacterial on susceptibility of economically important lepidopteran pests against insecticides was studied by calculating LC50 values of test insecticides. The results on gut bacteria influence on susceptibility of field and lab larval population of lepidopteran pests viz., S. litura, H. armigera, Plutella xylostella (L.) and Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) against B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki revealed that irrespective of test insects both field and lab larval population were found to be less susceptible where gut bacteria were eliminated, whereas larval population where the gut bacteria were retained without antibiotic treatment found more susceptible. Similarly, the influence of gut bacteria on synthetic insecticides susceptibility was studied by selecting three commonly used insecticides viz., indoxacarb 15.8 EC, flubendiamide 480 SC and chlorpyrifos 20 EC. Bioassay results shown that antibiotic treated test insect larvae were more susceptible to all the test insecticides compared to control larval population without antibiotic treatment. These results indicates that gut bacterial community differs with the field collected and laboratory reared larval population in the test insects and it also indicates that bacteria residing in the gut of lepidopteran larvae play certain role in the insecticide susceptibility.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the Pest Complex and Integrated Management of Pod Borer Complex in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Abhilasha C.R.; ShekharappaStudies on the population dynamics of pea pests in different dates of sowing, estimation of crop loss due to the incidence of sucking pests and pod borer complex, screening of varieties against key pests and management of sucking pests and pod borers were undertaken during kharif 2014 and 2015 at the Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The crop sown during Is fortnight of June recorded least incidence of all insect pests including pod borers. The least flower (22.66 %), pod (33.86 %) and seed damage (35.15 %) were recorded on the crop sown during Ist fortnight of June. The highest avoidable loss (59.07 %), pod yield (39.82 q/ha) and per cent increase in yield over control was (144.58 %) recorded in fully protected plots treated with flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.5 ml/l and carbofuran 3 G @ 12 kg/acre. The avoidable loss due to the sucking pest was 27.18 per cent. From among 15 varieties least thrips population was observed on Arka Sampoorna (1.10/ three leaves) followed by Arka Ajit (1.13 thrips/ three leaves). Against leaf miner, Arka Sampoorna, Arka Karthika, Arka Ajit and GS-10 were found to be moderately resistant with infestation index of 0.36, 0.39, 0.45 and 0.47, respectively. Arka Sampoorna and Arka Ajit were found to be resistant to pod borers with least per cent pod damage of 16.56 per cent and 17.08 per cent, respectively. Studies on management of sucking pest revealed that acetamprid 20 SP 1 g/l and NSKE 5 % was effective against thrips, leaf hopper and leaf miner. Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.5 ml/l and among biopesticides NSKE 5 % was effective against pod borer complex viz., Helicoverpa armigera, Cydia nigricana, Lampodies bioeticus and Spodoptera exigua in pea.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Comparative Biology and Management of Shoot Weevil, Alcidodes Affaber Aurivillius in Bt Cotton(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2015-07) Halikatti, Ganesha; Patil, S.B.Studies on comparative biology and management of shoot weevil, Alcidodes affaber Aurivillius in Bt cotton revealed that, among the different hosts (MRC-7351, DCH 32 and okra) used for comparative biological studies, okra was found to be the most preferred host for growth and development. There was no much variation between Bt and non Bt cotton as for as biological parameters were concerned. Among Bt cotton genotypes, Neeraja, Cash, Bunny and Brahma were found to be promising hybrids by registering lower incidence of shoot weevil. On the contrary, Bt hybrids, Shalimar and MRC-7351 were found to be susceptible lines by recording higher shoot weevil incidence as compared to rest of the genotypes. Moisture percentage and total sugars were positively correlated with shoot weevil infestation. The infestation was negatively correlated with tannin and total phenol content. Whereas, gossypol had no influence on infestation. Further, investigations on optimization of spray schedule for shoot weevil management in Bt cotton revealed the superiority of profenophos 50 EC @ 2.0 mL/L at 30 DAS and 45 DAS by recording significantly lower incidence of shoot weevil, higher seed cotton yield and benefit cost ratio. From the GC-EAD analysis, the compounds 1-Octanol, (E)-3-Dodecene and 3-Ethyl-undecane were identified from male abdomen; 1-Octadecene was identified from male thorax; 4-Ethyl-1-octanol and Heptadecane were identified from female abdomen and Octanal, (2r)-2-amino-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid and Ethyl benzoyl pyruvate were identified from female thorax. Shoot weevil adults found to diapause within the cotton stalks during summer and emerged after the receipt of summer showers (May-June) and infested summer sown (April-May) okra and early sown cotton crop.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF PADDY AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-06) GIRISH, V. P.; BALIKAI, R. A.Studies on impact of weather parameters on insect pests of paddy and their management were under taken at the ARS, Sirsi (Uttara Kannada district); Department of Agricultural Entomology and Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, UAS, Dharwad during 2013-15. The prediction model developed for paddy hoppers [Y= -11.094+3.561(sunshine hours)] can forecast hopper population at 4 weeks before upto 53.50 per cent accuracy. Forecasting model developed for yellow stem borer [Y= 0.013+0.059 (rainfall)] can forecast at one week prior with accuracy of 58.60 per cent. Similarly, prediction model developed for ear head bug [Y= 127.327-5.706 (Tmin.) -0.181 (rainfall)] can predict its population at four week lead time with accuracy of 57.60 per cent. Twenty nine genotypes exhibited multiple pest resistance to three pests (leaf folder, stem borer and ear head bug); 37 genotypes to two pests (stem borer and ear head bug); three genotypes to two pests (leaf folder and stem borer) and one genotype to two pests (leaf folder and ear head bug). Genotypes, GGV-0501, Siri-1253, Antarsali, MGD-105 and Prasanna recorded highest grain yield in addition to resistance to three pests. There was non-significant positive correlation between leaf folder, stem borer and ear head bug incidence and biochemical constituent like nitrogen; and negative correlation with phosphorous, potash, silica, zinc and total phenol. Mandya population of BPH formed a distinct cluster being genetically more diverse compared to other locations population. Raichur and Koppal populations showed highest similarity value of 0.76 degree. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.25 g/l, flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.1 ml/l and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/l were found very effective against leaf folder and recorded highest grain yield and benefit cost ratio, whereas fipronil 5 SC @ 2 ml/l, chlorfenapyr 2 SC @ 2 ml/l, thiachloprid 240 SC @ 0.25 ml/l proved excellent against yellow stem borer. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l and malathion 5 D @ 20 kg/ha were effective against earhead bug. Buprofezin 25 SC @1.0 ml/l and acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/l proved very effective against paddy hoppers.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SCALE INSECT, Hemilecanium imbricans (Green) (Coccidae : Homoptera) ON MANGO(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-06) PRAKASH; PATIL, R. R.Studies on Bio-ecology and management of scale insect, Hemilecanium imbricans (Green) (Coccidae: Homoptera) on mango indicated lower incidence of H.imbricans initially during the months of October to December but gradually increased and peaked at the end of the April-May. Among the four villages surveyed the infestation was higher in Navalur and Kelageri villages of Dharwad district. Incidence of H. imbricans was more in Dharwad and Gadag districts as compared to Belagavi and Haveri. Along with H. imbricans another eight species of scale insects were recorded on mango during survey period. Further, H. imbricans was recorded on five new host plants other than mango. Natural enemies like, Mallada desjardinsi (Navas), Chilocorous nigritus (Fabricius), Eublemma amabilis (Moore) and an unidentified lepidopteran caterpillar were recorded on H.imbricans. The freshly laid egg of H.imbricans was light pink in colour and oval shaped. The incubation period ranged from 30 to 36 days. First instar, second, third and fourth nymphal instars varied from 28 to 32, 36 to 42, 38 to 45 days and 43 to 48 days respectively. In male an extra life stage was noticed as prepuapal stage. The prepupal period varied from 8 to 11 days. Irrespective of the instars buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.25 ml/l, chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l, acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/l, lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.5 ml/l, profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/l, and dichlorvos 76 EC @ 1 ml/l were most effective in managing H. imbricans under both laboratory and field conditions. However, the first instar (crawlers) was most susceptible to all the insecticide treatments both under laboratory and field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access RESISTANCE STATUS AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Spodoptera litura (Fab.) AND INFLUENCE OF INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS ON INSECT PESTS IN SOYBEAN(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2015-05) KIRAN GANDHI, B.; PATIL, R. H.Investigation on genetic diversity, insecticide usage pattern, biochemical basis of resistance, field resistance of Spodoptera litura and effect of intercropping system on incidence of major insect pests in soybean was carried out at Institute of Agriculture Biotechnology (IABT) and Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), UAS, Dharwad during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for genetic diversity of S. litura larval population revealed, populations from Hyderabad and Indore, shared 100 per cent similarity, Pune and Parbhani showed 90 per cent similarity, Adilabad and Hyderabad and Adilabad and Indore showed 83 per cent similarity, Dharwad and Belagavi showed 72 per cent similarity. The lowest genetic similarity value was observed between Dharwad and Parbhani populations (46%). Fourteen different insecticides were used by the farmers from various regions for management of lepidopteran insect pests in soybean. Insecticides number used by the farmers differed with region, in Parbhani-9, Adilabad and Hyderabad-8, Dharwad and Belagavi-7 and Indore-5. Prolonged and continuous usage of organophosphates, carbamates and pyrathriods insecticides in soybean ecosystem resulted in increased activity of Car a- and b- esterase and acetyl cholinesterase activity and elevated LC50 values, specified development of field resistance in S. litura. Intercropping system, soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) reduced the populations of soybean defoliators (leaf folder, tobacco caterpillar, green semilooper), whereas soybean + cotton (2:1) was more favorable for increase in natural enemies i.e., chrysopids, cadavars infestation by N. rileyi and high incidence of predatory bugs.ThesisItem Open Access INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Bacillus thuringiensis, ACTINOMYCETES AND Serratia marcescens ON Plutella xylostella L. AND Spodoptera litura F.(2015-06) SRUJANA, YEDDULA; HUGAR, P. S.Investigations were carried out to explore the insecticidal activity in Bacillus thuringiensis, actinomycetes and Serratia marcescens bacteria against the Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera litura. Out of the 50 B. thuringiensis isolates tested DBT-388 and DBT-772 recorded 92.00 and 86.00 per cent mortality against P. xylostella, respectively in laboratory. AIM-213(A) registered 38.00 per cent per cent mortality of S. litura larvae. Twelve promising isolates which registered more than 75.00 per cent mortality were screened to know the spectrum of cry genes present in them. Cry1 gene was amplified in eleven, cry2 in eight, whereas cry8 and cry9 in three and six isolates, respectively. Cry20 was not amplified in any of the isolates. Among 95 isolates of actinomycetes, AUDT-240 and AUDT-258 reduced the larval load of P. xylostella by 92.00 and 86.00 per cent respectively in in vitro conditions. Highest mortality of 80.00 per cent was recorded by AUDT-280 against S. litura larvae. Insecticidal compounds reported through the GC-MS studies in AUDT-240 isolate are methyl formate, transp- mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol and 3,9-epoxy-p-mentha-1,8 (10) diene, whereas compounds from AUDT-258 were methyl formate and 3-furanmethanol. In case of S. marcescens, no significant mortality was observed in P. xylostella. In case S. litura mortality was not registered. In AUDS-33, AUDS-111, AUDS-96, AUDS-141 and AUDS-170 isolates of S. marcescens, ChiA and chiC genes were present. chiB gene was present in four isolates, except AUDS-111. Water based flowable formulation from promising isolates, two each of Bt DBT-388, DBT-772; and actinomycetes viz., AUDT-240 and AUDT-258 along with HD-1 were evaluated in green house. In first season DBT-388 caused highest mortality of 94.00 per cent followed by AUDT-240 (91%), DBT-772 (88%), HD-1 (85%) and AUDT-258 (84%). In second season caused highest mortality of was given by DBT-388 (95%) followed by AUDT-240 (90%), DBT-772 (86%), HD-1 (85%) and AUDT-258 (82%).
