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2014 - 201661
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Subject: Agricultural Entomology × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2014 ×
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Now showing 1 - 9 of 61
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of Different Methods of Supplementation of Horticultural Plant Extracts on Growth and Development of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-11) Mekali, Jayashree; Patil, G.M.
    The studies on the evaluation of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural plant extracts on mulberry silkworm growth and development, evaluation of different modes of supplementation of effective plant extract in commercial rearing and integrated supplementation of growth promoters, minerals and nutrients in silkworm rearing to enhance cocoon production was carried out in sericulture laboratory, Department of Agriculture Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-16. Among different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 7.5 %) of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural plant extracts supplementation 7.5 per cent coffee extract were significantly improved larval, cocoon, pupal and shell weight (35.96, 18.54, 14.83 and 3.71g) followed by sunflower seed extract and black tea extract. Reduced larval duration was observed in coffee extract (170.68 h) followed by sunflower seeds (171.67 h) and black tea extract (172.15 h). Whereas, the highest larval duration was recorded in water control (186.22 h) and absolute control (186.94 h). Coffee extract supplementation increased the effective rate of rearing (87.70 %) by reducing the disease incidence (12.30 %). Results obtained on four different mode of supplementation, dip method of supplementation performed better than the other mode of supplementation, larval weight (39.05 g), ERR (92.00 %) and silk productivity (5.66 cg/day). In the integrated supplementation, larval weight was maximum in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract (37.94 g) and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent (37.58 g). Maximum cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell ratio and cocoon yield were recorded in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent. Integrated sumplementation improved the effective rate of rearing 92.50 per cent by reducing the disease incidence 7.67 per cent in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee extract.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Crop Loss Estimation and Management of Safflower Aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald)
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-09) Gurunath, M.B.; Balikai, R.A.
    The study was carried out at the Agriculture Research Station, Annigeri during rabi 2015-16. Among different spray formulations, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l (150 g/ha), acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.2 g/l (100 g/ha) and imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.50 ml/l (250 ml/ha) were very effective in reducing the aphid population after first and second sprays and recorded significantly highest seed yield of 12.47, 12.15 and 11.84 q/ha, respectively with highest B: C ratio of 2.26, 2.14 and 2.05, respectively. The seeds treated with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5 g/kg seeds and imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml/kg seeds recorded significantly lowest aphid population which were superior over other seed treatments and recorded higher seed yield of 9.67 and 9.38 q/ha, respectively with highest B: C ratio of 1.95 and 1.89, respectively. Five safflower varieties were screened for their reaction to the safflower aphid under field conditions. The variety A-1, showed least number of aphids on 5 cm apical twig per plant (83.20) followed by A-300 (86.35) and A-2 (92.20) with foliage drying grade 3 belonging to moderately tolerant category. Whereas, PBNS-12 and non-spiny Nari-6 were found to be the most susceptible by recording maximum number of aphids (103.45 and 119.50 respectively). Crop loss estimation studies revealed that, the yield was highest in A-1 (10.80 q/ha) followed by A-300 (10.41 q/ha) and A-2 (9.33 q/ha), while lowest in PBNS -12 (8.81 q/ha) and Nari-6 (8.52 q/ha) under protected condition. In unprotected condition the yield was highest in A-1 (7.73 q/ha) followed by A-300 (7.14 q/ha) and A-2 (6.96 q/ha) lowest in PBNS -12 (6.56 q/ha) and Nari-6 (6.224 q/ha). Biochemical analysis of safflower varieties revealed that presence of higher amount of total amino acids, low amount of reducing sugars, total sugars and total phenols may be responsible for the susceptibility to the aphids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Bioecology and Management of Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Gelechiidae:Lepidoptera)
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-08) Kusanal, Suvasini D.; Shekharappa
    Fixed plot survey indicated no incidence of leaf miner, Tuta absoluta at 21 DAS during kharif 2015. Pest incidence started at 28 DAS (0.80 larvae per plant) which gradually increased to 1.60 larvae per plant at 35 DAS and reached peak (7.40 larvae per plant) at 105 DAS. The leaf damage started at 28 DAS (0.60 mined leaves plant-1) and reached peak (5.20 mined leaves plant) at 91 DAS. The fruit damage was 2.12 % at 77 DAS and maximum (6.06 % plant-1) at 91 DAS. However, in rabi 2015, the pest noticed at 21 DAS (0.60 larvae plant-1) and reached peak (7.80 larvae plant-1) at 105 DAS. The leaf damage was mined leaves plant-1 at 21 DAS and maximum (5.18 mined leaves plant-1) at 84 DAS. The fruit damage ranged from 3.46 to 6.84 % at 77 to 105 DAS. The roving survey carried out during kharif 2015 revealed maximum larvae, mined leaves and per cent fruit damage per plant were recorded highest in Dharwad (2.61, 2.68 and 2.17) followed by Belgavi (1.09, 1.27,1.18) and lowest in Bagalkote district (0.28, 0.37 and 0.83), respectivelly. The same trend was observed during rabi 2015. The laboratory study on biology of T. absoluta on tomato revealed egg, larval, and pupal period of 3.80 + 0.79, 13.8 + 1.96 and 6.50 + 1.08 days, respectively. The mean fecundity and total life cycle was 136.8 + 13.86 and 24.1 + 2.15, respectively. In vitro evaluation of biopesticides revealed that Metarrhizium anisopliae (108 cfu g-1) @ 2.0 g l-1 was significantly superior over other treatments recorded 46.67, 66.3, and 73.33 per cent mortality followed by Beauveria bassiana (108 cfu g-1 ) @ 2 g l-1 (32.33, 43.30 and 46.67) per cent mortality at 4, 6 and 8 days after treatment, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Effect of Different Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Greater Wax Moth (Galleria melonella L.) and Their Safety to Honey Bees
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-08) Vikram V.M.; Sattagi, H.N.
    Investigations on effect of different entomopathogenic fungi viz., Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Nomuraea rileyi against greater wax moth (Galleria melonella L.) and their safety to honey bees were carried out in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad during 2015-16. Among the different formulations of fungal entomopathogens tested against G. melonalla, oil based formulation of B. bassiana containing 1 x 108 cfu/ml recorded the highest larval mortality of 90.00 per cent with LT50 value of 5.75 days followed by M. anisopliae (76.66 %) and N. rileyi (50.00 %) with LT50 value of 6.65 and 10.10 days respectively, at 10 days after treatment (DAT). Similarly, among the wettable powder (WP) formulation, B. bassiana containing 1 x 108 cfu/g recorded the highest larval mortality of 80.00 per cent with LT50 value of 5.33 days followed by M. anisopliae (66.66 %) and N. rileyi (43.33 %) with LT50 value of 7.34 and 15.98 days respectively, at 10 DAT. The different formulations of fungal entomopathogens were also evaluated for their safety to honey bee adults. Oil based formulation of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and N. rileyi at 1 x 108 cfu/ml recorded a mortality of less than 10.00 per cent. Whereas, WP formulation of these entomopathogens at 1 x 108 cfu/g proved 100 per cent safe to adult honey bees. Among the WP formulations of different fungal entomopathogens tested against infested honey combs, B. bassiana at 1 x 108 cfu/g recorded the highest larval mortality of G. melonella 68.00 per cent with least LT50 value of 12.97 days.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on Soil Arthropods in Soybean Under Different Farming Systems
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-08) Shashidhara K.B.; Patil, R.K.
    Study on abundance and diversity of soil arthropods in soybean under different farming systems was conducted in two locations at MARS, UAS, Dharwad and Guddadhoolikatti (Kalaghatagi) during kharif season 2015-16. The results of the findings indicated that organic farming system recorded significantly higher population of meso-arthropods with 40.46 and 29.74 per 100 g of soil in organic farming system followed by integrated farming system with 27.46 and 21.53 per 100 g of soil and least in conventional farming system with 12.99 and 17.85 per 100 g of soil at Guddadhoolikatti and Dharwad, respectively. Significantly higher population of macro-arthropods was recorded in organic farming system with 67.33 and 54.06 per 5 pitfall traps and it was followed by integrated farming system with 27.36 and 28.78 per 5 pitfall traps and least was observed in conventional farming systems with 19.56 and 18.72 per 5 pitfall traps at Guddadhoolikatti and Dharwad respectively. The diversity of soil fauna as indicated by Shannon’s diversity index was more in organic farming. Among Guddadhoolikatti and Dharwad Shannon’s diversity index was more in Guddadhoolikatti (0.60) compared to Dharwad (0.57). Relative abundance of soil meso-arthropods indicated that 70 per cent of the total fauna was dominated by mites and collembolans and remaining others contributed 30 per cent only. Among the macro-arthropods nearly 50 per cent of scarabids and remaining 50 per cent of the total soil macro fauna covered by other macro orthropods irrespective of locations and farming systems. Soil arthropods population had significantly positive correlation with soil chemical parameters like organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium. However, soil pH had negative correlation with abundance of soil arthropods. Higher dehydrogenase activity was observed under organic farming system followed by integrated farming system and least in conventional farming system.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Role of Gut Bacteria on Susceptibility of Economically Important Lepidopteran Pests to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki Berliner and Synthetic Insecticides
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Gadad, Hanamant S.; Vastrad, A.S.
    The present study was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology to study the gut bacteria diversity and their influence on susceptibility of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki Berliner and synthetic insecticides against economically important lepidopteran pests. Diversity of gut bacteria was studied by selecting field collected and laboratory reared larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results on gut bacteria diversity analysis of field and laboratory reared larval population of S. litura and H. armigera revealed that field population of both the test insects showed higher Shannon’s diversity index (H’ index) compared to laboratory reared larval population. The influence of gut bacterial on susceptibility of economically important lepidopteran pests against insecticides was studied by calculating LC50 values of test insecticides. The results on gut bacteria influence on susceptibility of field and lab larval population of lepidopteran pests viz., S. litura, H. armigera, Plutella xylostella (L.) and Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) against B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki revealed that irrespective of test insects both field and lab larval population were found to be less susceptible where gut bacteria were eliminated, whereas larval population where the gut bacteria were retained without antibiotic treatment found more susceptible. Similarly, the influence of gut bacteria on synthetic insecticides susceptibility was studied by selecting three commonly used insecticides viz., indoxacarb 15.8 EC, flubendiamide 480 SC and chlorpyrifos 20 EC. Bioassay results shown that antibiotic treated test insect larvae were more susceptible to all the test insecticides compared to control larval population without antibiotic treatment. These results indicates that gut bacterial community differs with the field collected and laboratory reared larval population in the test insects and it also indicates that bacteria residing in the gut of lepidopteran larvae play certain role in the insecticide susceptibility.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Green Nanoparticles on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Bombyx mori (Linnaeus)
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Naik, Indrakumar; Patil, R.R.
    Though synthetic nanoparticles are being exploited in management of some of the major field crop pests and storage pests. Since plant extracts are ecofriendly and easily available can be an economic and efficient alternative for the large scale synthesis of synthetic and other chemical insecticides. Hence the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of green silver and copper nanoparticles on Spodoptera litura and Bombyx mori. Soybean seed, neem leaves and yellow oleander seeds were used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Among the three methods followed method B (Sunlight exposure method) was effective in synthesis of stable AgNPs. The UV-Vis absorption peak was recorded between 425-435 nm. The particle size of synthesized nanoparticles was below 100 nm and spherical in shape. The insecticide treatment Emamectin benzoate 5 SG was significantly superior to all other treatments with cent per cent mortality within 24 HAT. Among the different green nanoparticles bioassayed against 5th and 6th instar larvae of S. litura the cumulative per cent mortality and deformity was highest (94.00 %) in Carrissa carandas AgNPs and was significantly superior to all other treatments including precursors and the plant extracts alone. This was followed by Glycine max AgNPs with 73.24 per cent mortality. Extrafoliation of G. max AgNPs on 4th and 5th instar larvae of PM x CSR2 and FC1 x FC2 resulted in higher food consumption, food utilization, approximate digestibility and lowest antifeedant activity. While, lower food consumption, food utilization, approximate digestibility and highest antifeedant activity recorded in C. carandas AgNPs. Though extrafoliation of G. max AgNPs improved the larval, pupal growth and economic traits of cocoons than control, 6.6 per cent of pupal deformity was also recorded.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Changing Scenario of Shorthorned Grasshopper Diversity in Agriculture and Forest Ecosystems in Dharwad
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) B. Raghavender; Vastrad, A.S.
    Survey conducted to study the diversity of grasshopper in different ecosystems revealed the presence of 42 species grasshoppers in agriculture and forest ecosystems. Of the 42 species identified, six species belonged to family Pyrgomorphidae and 36 species belonged to Acrididae. Aularches miliaris miliaris (Linnaeus), Aiolopus simulatrix (Savigny), Chelobora crassa, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) and Oxya nitidula (Walker) were reported for the first time from Dharwad region. Neorthacris acuticeps nilgirensis (I. Bolivar), Gelastorhinus semipictus (Walker), Diabolocatantops pulchellus, Epistarus sinetyi (I.Bolivar), Eucoptacrella ceylonica Kirby, Tylotropidius varicornis (Walker), Leva cruciata I. Boliver, Leptacris sp., Heteropternis respondens (Walker), Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall), Oxyrrhepes obtusa De Hann and Truxalis indica (I. Boliver) were recorded during 1985-86 were not encountered during 2015-16. Diversity studies indicated that agriculture ecosystem was more diverse than forest ecosystem both during 2015-16 and 1985-86. Species similarity between agriculture and forest ecosystem was less during 2015-16 compared to 1985-86. Acrididae was more diverse than Pyrgomorphidae in agriculture and forest ecosystem both during 2015-16 and 1985-86. Among all the subfamilies of Acrididae, Oediopodinae showed maximum relative abundance followed by Catantopinae (2015-16) and Hemiacridinae and Cyrtacanthacridinae (1985-86) in agriculture ecosystem. In forest ecosystem, Catantopinae showed maximum relative abundance followed by Oediopodinae (2015-16) and Oediopodinae, Hemiacridinae and Catantopinae were most relatively abundant during 1985-86 compared to other subfamily of Acrididae Seasonal incidence of grasshopper revealed that population build up started after the onset of monsoon showers and the adults were abundant during post monsoon period (July-November). In Dharwad, grasshopper population was minimum during April and maximum during September. In Prabhunagar, grasshopper population was minimum during May and maximum during September. Diversity study during different seasons showed rainy season was more diverse followed by winter and summer season.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Formulations of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokın
    (University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-07) Ganganalli, Sharanabasappa M.; Patil, R.K.
    Investigation on development of formulations of entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae were carried out at the Entomology laboratory, Institute of Organic Farming (IOF), UAS, Dharwad during 2015-16. Three oil based formulations viz., rice bran oil, rice bran oil (60%) + corn oil (40%) and olive oil and wettable powder formulation of L. lecanii were developed and evaluated against sucking pests like aphids, mealybug, whiteflies and mite. Similarly in case of M. anisopliae granular and wettable powder formulation and three oil based formulations viz., rice bran oil, rice bran oil (60%) + corn oil (40%) and olive oil formulations of M. anisopliae were developed and evaluated against rhinoceros grubs. Among the oil based formulations of L. lecanii, rice bran oil (60%) + corn oil (40%) formulation found more effective by recording least LC50 values against sucking pests viz., corn aphid (0.182 x106 cfu/ml), grape vine mealybugs (0.560 x 106 cfu/ml), cotton thrips (0.591 x 106 cfu/ml) and spiraling whitefly (0.942 x 106 cfu/ml) whereas, olive oil formulation found more effective against soybean mite (0.674 x 106 cfu/ml). Granular formulation of M. anisopliae found more effective by recording least LC50 value of 0.441 x 108 cfu / g against rhinoceros grub followed by wettable powder formulation (0.684 x 108cfu/g). Based on the median lethal time (LT50), rice bran oil (60%) + corn oil (40%) formulation which has taken less time to kills 50 per cent test population of spiralling whitefly (55.59 h) followed by mealybug (56.21 h), thrips (61.73 h) and corn aphids (66.81 h) @ 3 x 106 cfu / ml. Similarly, granualar formulation @ 5 x 108 cfu / g recorded lower LT50 value of 162.88 h against rhinoceros grubs. Shelf life of oil based formulation of was studied under refrigerated and ambient temperature conditions for six months. The result revealed that rice bran oil (60%) + corn oil (40%) formulation recorded higher colony forming units (cfu) of 5.0 x 106 cfu / ml under refrigerated condition and 3.0 x 106 cfu / ml under ambient condition compared to initial count 13 x 106 cfu / ml under both the condition. Granular formulation of M. anisopliae recorded 8.0 x 107 cfu/g under refrigerated condition and 3.0 x 107 cfu/g under ambient condition after six months of storage compared to initial spore load of 21 x 107 cfu/g of granules.