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ThesisItem Open Access Present Nutrient Status and Water Quality of Dal Lake (Kashmir)(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Mahvish Manzoor; Khan, Junaid NThe present study was conducted in deducing an overview of the present condition of Dal lake water body of J&K state of India in terms of its water quality by means of some vital parameter viz. pH, TDS, EC, DO, nitrates and phosphate content. The sample collection was done for two seasons i.e. summer and winter for the year 2014 and 2015. The data collection was done from 2009 onwards with data for other years compiled from lakes and waterways division (LAWDA).The winter months were classified from January to mid April and summer months from May to August. Sample collection was done throughout these months. The laboratory analysis of vital parameters like pH, TDS, EC, DO, nitrates and phosphates was done by standard methods. The statistical analysis of the experimental data shows an overall increasing trend and significant variation in the nitrates and phosphate content, Decreasing trend was found in pH, which presumes that the acidity of lake is in increase, but within the spectrum of the basicity with actually value approaching towards nuetrality; TDS and EC point towards a rather positive condition yet which proves to be a farce when overall parameters are reviewed. The dissolved oxygen content showed an increasing trend due to the fact that the sample collection sites were well aerated sites and hence this parameter proved to be a defunct in deduction of results for obtaining the overall scenario in the lake. The linear trend line shows 10% decrease of pH in winters whereas it shows 4.4% decrease of pH in summers. The linear trend line shows 6.7% of increase in nitrate content in winters and it shows a slight decrease in summers. The linear trend line shows 7% of increase in dissolved oxygen in winters where as it shows uniform trend in summers. Overall this study indicated towards the excessive discharge of agricultural wastes as well as sewage into the water which is deteriorating its quality hence immediate conservation measures are needed to be implemented in all the high risk zones before the condition reaches the state of extinction.ThesisItem Open Access Simulation of Moisture Dynamics under Protected Conditions of Temperate Region(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Naqash, Taroob Bashir; Kumar, RohitashwPresent study was conducted to simulate the moisture dynamics under protected condition on Pea crop. Field experiment was conducted at SKUAST-K, Shalimar during November 2014 to June 2015. Modelling of soil water flow under cropped conditions inside polyhouse requires description of water uptake by plant roots. The mathematical model is formulated to investigate the moisture depletion by plant under protected condition. The non-linear mathematical model in-cooperates the spatial and temporal variation of root density distribution and root depth. The governing partial differentiation flow equation coupled with plant water uptake function is solved numerically by the implicit finite difference method using Picard iteration scheme. Using the numerical model and secondary data, percentage soil moisture extraction and soil moisture status for root zone are simulated under protected cultivation. The reference evapotranspiration model was used to determine crop evapotranspiration. The total value of crop evapotranspiration inside polyhouse for whole crop period is 372.45mm.The maximum value of crop evapotranspiration has been recorded on 21st May (141 Julian Day) as 3.89mm/day. The values of crop evapotranspiration, transpiration and evaporation have been used directly to estimate the moisture uptake inside polyhouse and values recorded during the entire crop period are as 3.89 mm/day, 3.51 mm/day and 0.38 mm/day, respectively on May 21st (141 Julian Day). The moisture depletion inside polyhouse was simulated using formulated model. In the upper part of the root zone where root density is high, moisture depletes very fast. Maximum moisture depletion was seen in the month of May inside polyhouse. In this month, temperature increased tremendously and the crop have most active period for development inside polyhouse. Numerical model predicted soil moisture parameters which emphasize the utility of root water uptake models across temperate region.ThesisItem Open Access GenerationofTime Series Autoregressive Modelfor Predictionof Rainfalland Runoffin Dachigam Catchment(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Sheikh, Umar; Khan, Junaid N.The present study was conducted with the prime objective to generate a stochastic time series model, capable of predicting rainfall and annual stream flow in Dachigam catchment.Dachigam is located 22 kilometres from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Latitude 34Ā° 7'-34Ā° 3' N, Longitude 74Ā° 4'-74Ā° 5' E, altitude 1690-4300m. It covers an area of 141 km2. The rainfall and stream flow data of the catchment from the year 1993-2013 was collected and used for the generation of model. Autoregressive (AR) models of orders,1 and 2 were used for annual stream flow series and different parameters were estimated by the general recursive formula. The goodness of fit and adequacy of models were tested by Box-pierce portmanteau test, Akaike Information Criterion and by comparison of historical and simulated graphs. The AIC value for rainfall AR (1) model (234.81) and for runoff AR(1) model (326.35) is less then rainfall AR (2) model (241.06) and runoff AR (2) model (356.31) which is satisfying the selection criteria. The mean forecast error is also very less in case of rainfall and runoff AR (1) model. On the basis of the statistical test,Akaike Information Criterion the AR (1) models with estimate model parameters can be used efficiently for the future predictions in DachigamCatchment. Thegraphical representation between historical and generated correlogram has also proved that there is a very close agreement between both rainfall and runoff.The coefficient of determination R2for rainfall AR(1) model is 0.93 and for runoff AR(1) model is 0.98.The comparison between the measured and simulated rainfall and runoff by AR (1) model clearly shows that the generated model can be used efficiently for the prediction of rainfall and runoff in Dachigam Catchment,which can benefit the farmers and research workers for water harvesting, ground water recharge, flood control and development of their water management strategiesThesisItem Open Access Irrigation Scheduling and Moisture Movement under different Irrigation Regimes in Drip Irrigated Apple(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Shazia Rashid; Khan, Junaid N.The potential evapotranspiration for ten years (2005-2014) was calculated by Penman Monteith model for high density Apple (Var. Super chief Sandidge) orchard at University farm by using climatic data obtained from Division of Agronomy, SKUAST-Kashmir. The basal crop coefficient values recommended by FAO for temperate climatic conditions were used for local agro-climatic conditions to calculate potential evapotranspiration (PET) in high density Apple crop. The daily water requirement from January-March and October-December was low due to low evaporation rate and more rainy days. The water requirement of the plants was suffixed by effective rainfall observed during the period. Irrigation schedule chart was obtained from daily PET in the apple crop. The maximum volume of water was applied during the months of June and July. HYDRUS 1D software was used for observing the moisture movement and root water uptake of Apple crop. It was found that maximum soil moisture is available under 100 per cent potential evapotranspiration irrigation regime than soil moisture under 80 per cent and 60 per cent PET irrigation regimes. The volumetric water content was found to be maximum upto 32 cm of root depth, its value was exponentially decreasing upto 56 cm of root depth and remained constant upto 80 cm of root depth.ThesisItem Open Access IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MODELLING OF SNOWMELT RUNOFF OF THE LIDDER RIVER CATCHMENT(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Saika Manzoor; Kumar, RohitashwThe present study was conducted on āImplications of climate change and modelling of snowmelt runoff of the Lidder River Catchmentā. Rainfall and snow is a great water resource. The Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM), a simple degree-day model, has been applied around the world under different climatic regions to evaluate the hydrological effects of climate change. The current study encompasses the use of SRM to simulate stream flows in Lidder river catchment. The model was run basin wide. Moderate resolution imaging satellite (MODIS) daily snow product MOD10A2 was used to map snow cover for the hydrological years (October-September) for the year 2009-2014. After analyzing the available meteorological and field data, input parameters were obtained to feed the model. SRM uses accuracy criteria, namely, the coefficient of determination R2 and volume difference Dv, from the measured river discharge data and the simulated discharge. SRM Model was calibrated for 2009ā10 and validated for 2010ā11. The SRM results for the years 2009-10 to 2013-14 show that the coefficient of determination (R2) is equal to 0.96, 0.92, 0.95, 0.90 and 0.94, respectively, while the volume difference (Dv) is equal to 11.7,-10.1, -11.8, 1.96 and 8.6, respectively with an average coefficient of 0.93 R2 and average seasonal volume difference Dv of 0.07%. The climate change run was carried out depicting three varying climate change scenarios i.e. a) a +20 % increase in precipitation b) a +2ļ°C rise in temperature and c) an increase in +2Ā°C temperature along with 20% increase in precipitation. The simulated results for scenario ābā show an increase of flow discharge by 53%. Whereas, there was 37% and 67% increment in discharge simulated for scenarios āaā and ācā respectively. It was evident from scenario ācā that the increase in discharge was increased due to the rise in temperature and its impact on the snow cover. Keeping in view the values of R2 and Dv for the melting season simulations, it is concluded that SRM model can be used for simulation, assessment of climate change impacts, flood forecasts and water resource management in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access Morphometry and land cover based multi-criteria analysis for assessing the soil erosion susceptibility of Micro Wate-rsheds of Chandanwari Watershed of Lidder Catchment(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Malik, Mohd Ayoub; Pandit, Bashir A.Complex mountainous environments such as Himalayas are highly susceptibility to natural hazards particular those that are triggered by the action of water such as floods, soil erosion, mass movements and siltation of the hydro-electric power dams. Among all the natural hazards, soil erosion is the most implicit and the devastating hazard affecting the life and property of the millions of people living in these regions. The present study makes an attempt to prioritize micro watersheds based on morphometric parameters and land use/land cover using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Chandanwari watershed of Lidder catchment falling in the western Himalaya. Various morphometric parameters, namely linear parameters and shape parameters have been determined using Survey of India (SOI) toposheets at 1:50,000 scale for each micro watershed and assigned ranks on the basis of value/relationship so as to arrive at a computed value for a final ranking of the micro watersheds. The analysis has revealed that the total number as well as total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. Hortonās laws of stream numbers and stream lengths also hold good. Land use/land cover map of the micro-watersheds was carried out using multi-temporal data of IRS LISS III of 2013. Results of prioritization of micro watersheds based on morphometry analysis show that micro watersheds CMW7, CMW12, CMW13 and CMW14 fall under very high priority group i.e., they are highly susceptible to erosion whereas results of LC analysis reveal that CMW6, CMW7 and CMW8 micro watersheds are highly susceptible to erosion. Furthermore A detailed prioritization map for the susceptible micro watersheds based on the combined role of land cover and morphometry is finally presented. Besides, maps identifying the susceptible micro watersheds based on morphometry and land cover only are also presented. The prioritized watersheds are in dire need of management and planning so that the problem of environment degradation in them can be addressed.ThesisItem Open Access QUANTIFICATION OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD USING SWAT MODEL IN THE WATERSHED OF DAL CATCHMENT(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Tabasum Rasool; Kumar, RohitashwSoil erosion by water has been recognized universally as a serious and continuous environmental problem. In India, around 34 percent of the total geographical land is affected by water erosion only. Consequently, the need to quantify the amount of runoff and sediment has become essential for implementation of conservation efforts at the watershed scale. The present study was undertaken to quantify the sediment yield in the watershed (1E1C2) of Dal Catchment using the SWAT model to estimate the sediment and runoff yield under different land use conditions, to identify the vulnerable area and to adopt best management practices throughout the watershed. Watershed slope, land-use and soil map were generated using GIS technique. The model parameters were calibrated using the available data on monthly runoff, sediment yield, and land-use area information. Further model was validated using observed data. The statistical measures were determined to evaluate the performance of the model. The runoff calibration resulted Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (ENS) and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.86 and 0.97, respectively. The validation statistical analysis of ENS and R2 was 0.83 and 0.97, respectively. The sediment calibration and validation were carried out, and the ENS and (R2) were 0.81and 0.93 respectively for calibration period, and 0.75 and 0.98, respectively for validation. The modeled values showed reasonably good agreement with observed values of runoff and sediment yield. After model validation the Runoff and sediment simulation was carried out for 6 years (2006- 2011), the rainfall was maximum during 2006 resulting maximum runoff and sediment of 193mm and 72 t/ha/year, respectively and the rainfall was minimum for year 2007 resulting minimum runoff and sediment of 110mm and 50 t/ha/year, respectively. The study revealed that the SWAT model is an effective tool for studying the hydrological and soil erosion processes in watershed having scarce data and model is capable for predicting and simulation runoff and sediment yields.