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Author: Uzma Rashid ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Status and Management of Angular Leaf Spot of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Uzma Rashid; Wani, Tanveer Ahmad
    Angular leaf spot of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is assuming the status of major disease in Kashmir. So the present study was conducted on status and management of angular leaf spot of beans in kharif season during 2017-18. An extensive survey conducted in three districts of Kashmir valley viz., Budgam, Baramulla and Kulgam revealed that disease was prevalent in all the three districts with overall mean disease incidence of 42.44 and 27.62 per cent on leaves and pods, respectively and overall mean disease intensity of 25.30 and 13.46 per cent on leaves and pods, respectively. The maximum disease incidence on leaves (59.20%) and pods (38.76%) and intensity on leaves (30.94%) and pods (18.14%) was observed in district Baramulla and minimum disease incidence on leaves (30.40%) and pods (18.62%) and intensity on leaves (20.07%) and pods (9.63%) was observed in district Kulgam. In the earlier stages of disease development, typical angular light brown lesions were seen on trifoliate leaves with synnemata of pathogen emerging out from the abaxial surface of leaves. The lesions then enlarged to cover larger areas of leaves resulting in premature defoliation. Maximum disease development in the field was observed during first fortnight of August. The spots on leaves attained maximum size of 2 cm and spots on pods attained the maximum size of 2.25 cm. Based on morpho-cultural characteristics, the pathogen associated with the disease was identified as Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris. On host the pathogen showed branched, septate and smooth hyphae, measuring 3.5-4.7 µm in diameter and olivaceous brown in colour. The conidiophores were synnematous, filliform, septate which bear obclavate conidia. The average size of conidiophores was 3.5 x 135.5 μm and that of conidia 6.1 x 34.4 μm. On culture colonies formed by the pathogen were slow growing, initially light greyish and finally become black. The hyphae were irregularly branched, sub-hyaline, septate having diameter 3.1-4.0 µm. The conidiophores were synnematous, septate and branched which bear cylindrical to obclavate conidia. The average size of conidiophores was 3.3 x 131 μm and that of conidia 4.2 x 30.8 μm. Among the various systemic fungicides tested in vitro Carbendazim 50 WP proved best followed by Tebuconazole 25 WP and Myclobutanil 10 WP showing 97.41 per cent, 88.14 per cent and 81.95 per cent mean inhibition of spore germination of P. griseola, respectively. Among non-systemic fungicides Mancozeb 75 WP proved best with 86.62 per cent mean inhibition of spore germination of pathogen. Disease management in the field with most effective fungicides evaluated in vitro showed that seed treatment with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 0.1 per cent followed by three foliar sprays at 15 days interval with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 0.05 per cent effectively managed the disease. Seed treatment along with foliar sprays with Carbendazim 50 WP gave lowest disease incidence and intensity of 9.48 per cent and 3.62 per cent, respectively on leaves and showed highest pod yield of 102.08 q ha-1. While as, control plot without any seed treatment and any foliar spray showed highest disease incidence and intensity of 52.13 per cent and 26.22 per cent, respectively on leaves with lowest pod yield of 72.7 q ha-1.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of Cement Dust on Soil Health in Khrew Industrial Area of Kashmir
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Uzma Rashid; Sofi, Dr. Khurshid Ahmad
    The present study entitled “Impact of cement dust on soil health in Khrew industrial area of Kashmir” was conducted to assess the effect of cement dust pollution on physical, chemical & biological properties of soil. Three cement industries (Max, Arco and JK) were selected for the purpose and a total of 100 composite soil samples were collected from different distances around the cement plants and analyzed. On the basis of soil textural classification the different soils of the study area belonged to five textural classes viz. silt loam (29%), silty clay loam (28%), clay loam (25%), loam (16%) and silty clay (2%). Soil pH ranged from 6.92-8.77, 6.90-8.75 and 6.95-8.80, with mean values of 8.10, 8.11 and 8.13 around Max, Arco and JK cement factories, respectively. The soils were slightly to moderately alkaline in nature. The average values of EC of soils were 0.17, 0.17 and 0.19 dSm-1, at Max, Arco and Jk cement industries respectively. The per cent organic carbon content of soils of Max, Arco and JK cement plants ranged from 0.22 to 1.22, 0.23-1.14 and 0.21-1.10, respectively. The organic carbon content was lower towards the polluted sites i.e. closer to cement plants. Available N content at Max, Arco and JK cement plants varied from 80.44-128.80, 82.00-130.00 and 78.14-122.32 mg kg-1, respectively whereas, available P content of soils ranged from 6.68-12.38, 6.72-12.51 and 6.65-12.22 mg kg-1 respectively. The data revealed that available K content of soils varied from 80.16-128.72, 78.87-126.87 and 80.92-130.14 mg kg-1, in the soils of Max, Arco and JK cement factories, respectively, whereas, available Ca content varied from 1172.00-2150.00, 1161.00-2147.00 and 1182.00-2153.00 mg kg-1, around Max, Arco and JK cement industries, respectively. In general available N. P and S showed an increasing trend, whereas, Ca, Mg and K indicated a decreasing trend with increase in distance away from the cement plants. The average values of available Fe content of soils around Max, Arco and JK cement plants were recorded to be 21.95, 21.87 and 21.83 mg kg-1, respectively, whereas, available Cu content were 1.56, 1.56 and 1.53 mg kg-1, respectively around the three cement industries. Available Mn content ranged from 12.21-14.35, 12.21-14.35 and 12.19-14.33 mg kg-1, and available Zn content of soils varied from 0.92-1.77, 0.95-1.80 and 0.90-1.72 mg kg-1, around Max, Arco and JK cement factories, respectively. The Pb content of soils around the Max, Arco and JK cement industries varied from 0.100-0.191, 0.104-.193 and 0.098-.019 mg kg-1, with average values of 0.14, 0.14 and 0.137 mg kg-1, respectively and Cd content of soils ranged from 0.012-0.037, 0.013-0.037 and 0.01-0.037 mg kg-1, with mean values of 0.03, 0.026 and 0.026 mg kg-1 around Max, Arco and JK cement plants, respectively. In general available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content showed an increasing trend, whereas, Pb and Cd content of soils indicated a decreasing trend with increase in distance away from the cement plants. Total bacterial population (106cfu/g soil) of soils around Max, Arco and JK cement plants ranged from 12.4-67.00, 12.55-69.94 and 12.00-65.14,whereas total fungal population (105cfu/g soil) varied from 4.12-41.00, 4.66-43.64 and 3.16-40.00, and total actinomycete population from 1.82-35.00, 2.00-37.86 and 1.90-33.00, respectively around the soils of three cement plants. Total microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of soils of Max, Arco and JK cement plants ranged from 200.00-800.00, 220.33-822.34 and 190.40-780.12 ug g-1, respectively. Soil pH showed significant and negative correlation with N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, while significant and positive correlation with available Ca and Mg. Organic carbon content of soils showed positive and significant correlation with available N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Soil CaCO3 content in all sampling sites showed significant negative correlation with N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, and significant and positive correlation with available Ca and Mg, whereas, clay content showed positive and non-significant correlation with available N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, however, it showed negative and non-significant correlation with available Ca, Mg and K content.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices by the Rice growers of Baramulla District of Jammu and Kashmir
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Uzma Rashid; Muzaffar Ahmad, Prof. Sheikh
    Keeping in view the importance of adoption of integrated nutrient management practices inincreasing yields of rice crop, a study entitled “Adoption of Integrated nutrient management (INM) practices by the Rice growers of Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir” was undertaken in 2016. A sample of 160 farmers was drawn from eight randomly selected villages of 04 randomly selected blocks (out of 26 blocks) of Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir through Stratified random technique proportional to size. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (63.75%) were having formal schooling of below 6 years. The size of holding of the majority of the respondents (41.88%) was below 4 kanals. So far as annual income is concerned majority (36.88%) were having 3,25,000-5,82,000.The extension contact scores of majority of the respondents (47.50%) were below 19-27. The age (in years) of the majority of the respondents (50%) was between 50 to 64. The findings revealed that none of the respondents had applied the recommended dose/s of Urea, DAP and MOP in nursery. Further, almost 60 per cent respondents had applied chemical fertilizers at the recommended time in rice nursery. So far as application of recommended dose/s of FYM, Urea, DAP, MOP and ZnSO4 in rice crop is concerned, the study revealed that none of the respondents had applied the recommended doses of SKUAST-Kashmir. Majority of the respondents (58.13%, 42.40% and 52.50%) applied 75-100 per cent of recommended dose of Urea, DAP and MOP respectively at last puddling. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (51.25 % and 40.62%) had applied 75-100 per cent of 1st and 2nd top dressing of urea in the rice crop. It was further noticed that only 36.88 per cent respondents applied ZnSo4 in rice crop and out of which majority of the respondents (45.77%) applied 50-75 per cent recommended dose. The data revealed that majority of the respondents (54.38%, 70.00% and 58.75%) applied Urea, DAP and MOP at the recommended time. So far as 1st and 2nd top dressing of Urea is concerned it was pointed out that almost half of the respondents applied at the right time in the rice crop. The constraints as expressed by the respondents in the adoption of integrated nutrient management practices were: Inadequate capital for purchase of manures and chemical fertilizers (45.00%), non-availability of fertilizers at the time of sowing and transplanting of rice (53.12 and 43.12%) and lack of awareness about recommendations of SKUAST-Kashmir with respect to manures and chemical fertilizers (89.37%).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Transfer of Technology Among the Farmers of North Kashmir, J&K State
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2021) Uzma Rashid; Sheikh, Prof (Dr.) Muzaffar Ahmad
    Keeping in view the importance of “Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Transfer of Technology among the farmers of North Kashmir, J&K State” the research was carried out in all the three (03) districts of North Kashmir (Baramulla, Kupwara and Bandipora) in the state of J&K. Out of a list of 11855 farmers who were directly connected to Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), State Development Departments, SKUAST - Kashmir Agromet Field Unit and receiving updates via Farmer Portal, a sample of 350 farmers was selected through Stratified Random Sampling proportional to size from each district with the condition that the selected respondents had atleast utilised two ICT tools during 2020. A well-structured interview schedule was prepared keeping in mind the objectives of the study. It was pretested in a non- sampled area and minor refinements were made to perfect the schedule. Personal interviews were used to gather data, which was analysed using appropriate statistical tools/tests. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (53.43% and 50.00%) had formal schooling of below 6 years and operational holdings of below 6 kanals. Further, majority of the respondents (65.71% and 47.43%) had extension contact scores below 18 and were below 41 years. The findings with respect to annual income and experience in farming revealed that the majority of respondents (52.57% and 43.43%) had annual income below 3, 49, 107 and having 21-38 years of farming experience. The data further revealed that the majority of the respondents (63.43%) had 7 to 13 years of experience using ICT tools and majority of respondents (50.29% and 44.00%) were in procession of 4 and above ICT tools and had attended one training. So far as knowledge of ICT tools is concerned it was found that the majority of respondents (42.43%) had good knowledge (scores of 6-10) using (radio, television, newspaper and CD/ DVD player) as ICT tools. Further the data revealed that almost an equal number of respondents (40 and 43) had good and poor knowledge (score/s below 6 and 6 - 9) of bulletins, and internet facilities (mobile phones, GPRS, desktop, laptop, tablets, Wi - Fi, broadband etc as ICT tools for getting information. Almost an equal percentage of respondents (39.71 and 37.72) had unfavourable and neutral attitude toward ICT tools. Further it was observed that only 22.57 per cent had a highly favourable attitude toward ICT tools. More than 90 per cent respondents have perceived radio and television (ICT tool for changing attitude and improved skill) as a good information source in transfer of agricultural technology. 58.86 per cent respondents have perceived that bulletins help in consolidating and communicating innovative agriculture information. The findings further revealed that 57.43 per cent respondents have perceived public addressing system (ICT tool) for transfer of agriculture technology in making learning experience more concrete and realistic. Majority of the respondents (60.29%) fully adopt the Agriculture related information by using CD/DVD’s, mobile/ smart phones, computers, tablets, laptops by availing internet facility provided by stakeholders through GPRS, Wi- Fi and broadband. Most significant constraints faced by the respondents in the utilization of ICT tools was high cost of ICT gadgets like smart phones, computers etc expressed by 31.71 per cent respondents, due to unavoidable circumstances in J&K State mobile and internet facility is snapped frequently (expressed by 31.14%) and lack of sufficient skills in usage of ICT tools ( expressed by 29.14%).The findings revealed positively and significant correlation between the socio-personnel traits (education, operational holding, extension contacts, experience in farming, experience in ICT tools, training/s undergone and possession of ICT tools with knowledge and attitude towards ICT tools. Further, gross annual income had no significant correlation with knowledge about ICT tools.