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Author: Iqra Farooq ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of tree diversity and potential carbon stock of prominent agroforestry systems in Ganderbal, J&K
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Iqra Farooq; Pala, N. A.
    The present investigation “Assessment of tree diversity and potential carbon stock of prominent agroforestry systems in Ganderbal, J&K” was carried out in the Division of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Faculty of Forestry Benhama, Watlar Ganderbal, SKUAST-Kashmir, during the year 2019-2021. Homegardens, Horti-agricultural systems, Boundary plantations, Silvi-pastoral systems, Horti-silvi-pastoral systems, Horti-silvicultural systems and Horti-silvi-agricultural systems were the prominent agroforestry systems practiced in the study area. A total of 19 tree species, 20 agricultural crop species and 9 grass species were recorded. The majority of the tree species grown under agroforestry were local and multipurpose trees that were economically useful to the farmers. Populus deltoides was the most predominant species followed by Salix alba, Prunus armeniaca, Malus domestica and Robinia pseudoacacia. The majority of the tree species under agroforestry were maintained for fuelwood and fodder, and only a few species for timber. Populus deltoides, Populus nigra, Salix alba and Salix fragilis were found to be highly preferred for fuelwood, fodder and timber extraction. The average biomass (fuelwood, fodder and small timber) extraction of 297 Q/yr and potential deforestation of 156.32 Q/yr was recorded from the study area. Horti-silvi-pastoral systems and Homegardens were recorded for highest biomass extraction. The average carbon stock of 216.06 tons/ha was recorded for the study area. Homegardens were found to have highest carbon stock followed by Horti-silvi-pastoral systems. The average sequestration of 1762.33 Mg of CO2e was recorded in the study area with carbon credits of 4404 US$. On an average, a single sampled household helps to sequester 4.7 Mg carbon annually in the present study. Therefore a cluster based approach by bundling together villages in the entire Ganderbal district would result in approximately sequestering 213,196 Mg CO2e and hence would claim US$ 536,620 per annum.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on In-vitro Propagation, Mutagenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Lilium
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Iqra Farooq; Neelofar
    The experiment was conducted during 2018-2020 to arrive at an efficient protocol for successful in vitro propagation, Somatic Embryogenesis and Mutagenesis of two Lilium LA Hybrids, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville”. Two types of explants viz., Bulb Scales and Leaf segments were tried for development of protocol for in vitro propagation of bulblets. Maximum culture asepsis was recorded in cv. “Nashville” in shoot tip and leaf segment explants. Sterilization treatment combination containing Carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% 10 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% dip for 10 seconds was superior to all other treatments in recording highest per cent culture asepsis in bulb scale explant (85.41 in case of “Indian Summerset” and 89.58% in case of “Nashville) while as in leaf segment explants, sterilization treatment combination containing Carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 5 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds was superior to all other treatments. Highest survival percentage was recorded in treatment combination Carbendazim 0.02% for 20 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 5 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds in case of bulb scale explants and treatment combination Carbendazim 0.02% for 20 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 2 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds proved to be best in survival for leaf segment explants. Maximum average survival rates were observed in cv. “Nashville”. Highest culture establishment (99.9 % in tip explant and 95.82 % in base explants) in cv. “Indian Summerset” was recorded in MS media fortified with BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg L-1 in both the explants types (Base and Tip of Bulb scale). Similar combinations gave the best establishment rates of 91.66% and 95.82% in tip and base respectively in cv. “Nashville” as well. Two treatment combinations containing MS+ BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg l-1and MS+ BAP 1.50 mg L-1 + NAA 0.50 mg l-1showed initiation of bulblets in least number of days (10.5 and 11 respectively) and resulted in higher number of bulblets formed in both the cultivars. MS media supplemented with BAP 1.00 mg L-1 + NAA 2.00 mg L-1+ Sucrose 9% proved to be best for development of largest bulblet (5.91 cm and 5.28 cm in “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively). BAP 1.00 mg L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg L-1+ Sucrose 9% resulted in highest values for shoot length per culture (11.85 cm and 10.80 cm in Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively). Highest callus induction and callus weight was observed in treatment MS + BAP 1.5 mg L-1 + 2,4-D 3.0 mg L-1 in both the cultivars. Ex vitro survival of 93.75 % and 96.87% in “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” respectively was recorded on hardening media combination of perlite + vermiculite (1:1). Transverse Thin Cell Layers (tTCLs) were tried as explants for development of protocol for somatic embryogenesis in Lilium LA Hybrids, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville”. Highest survival in tTCLs were recorded in treatment combination MS+ 2, 4-D 1.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 2.0 mg l-1in both the cultivars. MS media fortified with 2, 4-D 2.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 2.0 mg l-1proved to be best for callus induction, formation of ELS, number of ELS per culture, fresh weight and survival of of ELS per culture. Highest germination percentage was observed in MS+ 2, 4-D 1.0 mg L-1 + Picloram 1.5 mg l-1. In vitro grown shoots were exposed to 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 Gy gamma irradiation at 100 Gy minute-1 keeping unirradiated shoots as control. Survival was significantly low under 30 Gy treatment as compared to the control. Radiation dose of 30 Gy delayed shoot initiation, suppressed shoot proliferation and multiplication in successive subcultures. All the rhizogenesis parameters decreased with the increase in irradiation dose from 2.5 Gy to 30 Gy. Survival in primary hardening declined with the increase in irradiation dose from 2.5 Gy to 30 Gy. Molecular characterization was conducted to study the influence of markers on polymorphism among potential Lilium mutants and parents of LA Hybrid Cultivars, “Indian Summerset” and “Nashville” using SSR markers. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of each primer was calculated and ranged from 0.61to 0.93 with an overall average of 0.71.SSR-4 primer yielded best characterization On the basis of PIC value among mutants and parents.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Digital Mapping of Soil Properties using Geostatistics and Machine Learning of District Ganderbal
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2021) Iqra Farooq; Bangroo, Dr. Shabir Ahmad
    Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) is a robust technique for the spatial prediction of soil properties both at regional and farm scale. DSM is a cost and time effective approach for soil mapping and survey over traditional soil survey methods especially in the areas of complex topography. Therefore, a study was conducted to predict soil properties of watershed “Wangath” of district Ganderbal with the objectives; to evaluate different soil properties of District Ganderbal across different land uses, to quantify spatial relationship between different soil properties with environmental variables and to quantify the spatial prediction of soil properties using advanced geostatistical methods and machine learning. Eighty three soil samples were collected, processed and analysed for selected soil properties. The 28 environmental covariates were derived from LANDSAT 8 (OLI & TIRS) and SRTM DEM. Geostatistical and machine learning methods viz., Ordinary Kriging (OK), Regression Kriging (RK) and Random Forest (RF) were used for assessing spatial distribution and variability of the soil properties with inter-comparison for their prediction capability. Soil properties varied extensively with coefficient of variation ranging from 3.32% (Ca) to 35.86% (Clay). The average pH, EC, organic carbon (OC), BD, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, TNS, SOCS of the study area were 6.79, 0.09 dS/m, 1.70%, 1.30 g/cm3, 377.30 kg/ha, 26.63 kg/ha, 266.82 kg/ha, 1199.5 mg/kg, 151.30 mg/kg, 22.4 mg/kg, 1.41mg/kg, 1.72mg/kg, 0.28Mg/ha, 26.48Mg/ha respectively. The semi-variogram analysis of OK and RK indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. Root mean square error (RMSE) and co-efficient of determination (R-square) were used for best fit model validation for OK, RK and RF. Taylor diagrams were used for the comparative assessment of the three different models. RF performed better than OK and RK with predicted values close to observed values while as OK performed better than RK. The prediction accuracy of soil properties i.e. pH, EC, OC, BD, N, P, K, sand, silt, clay, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, SOCS, TNS using Random Forest improved to 0.92, 0.96, 0.86, 0.83, 0.94, 0.88, 0.83, 0.84, 0.76, 0.94, 0.83, 0.90, 0.76, 0.83, 0.83, 0.83, 0.88, 0.90, 0.92 respectively and RMSE reduced to 0.18, 0.10, 1.03, 0.12, 34.40, 2.43, 31.23, 4.53, 3.63, 3.92, 27.43, 13.82, 2.88, 0.22, 0.30, 0.004, 0.06, 8.21, 0.03 respectively. Therefore, it may be concluded that DSM through RF could be used for accurate estimation of soil properties and for better generation of soil property maps which can act as an efficient tool for farm management and precision agriculture.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on In vitro Propagation of Petunia hybrida Vilm. cv. ‘Bravo’
    (SKUAST-K, 2017) Iqra Farooq; Qadri, Z. A.
    The experiment was conducted during 2016- 2017 to standardize the protocol for in vitro propagation of Petunia hybrida. Vilm.cv. ‘Bravo’. Different explants tried were leaf, shoot tip, nodal segment and internodal segment. Highest culture asepsis was recorded in nodal segments followed by shoot tip and leaf segments. Sterilization treatment combination containing carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% for 10 minute dip followed by ethyl alcohol 70% for 10 seconds was superior to all other treatments in recording highest per cent culture asepsis. Nodal segment explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. Treatment combination carbendazim 0.02% for 30 minutes plus mercuric chloride 0.1% dip for 5 minute followed by ethyl alcohol 70% dip for 10 seconds duration proved best in recording highest survival per cent. MS medium supplemented with IBA 0.5mg l-1 + BAP 1.5 mg l-1 recorded maximum values of establishment in shoot tip (95.82%) and nodal segments (89.57%). Highest callus induction and callus weight was observed in treatment MS + BAP 1.0 mg l-1 + 2,4-D 1.5 mg l-1. Highest callus regeneration 35.41% and 29.16% was observed in leaf segment and internodal segment respectively under the treatment MS + Kinetin 2.0 mg l-1 + IBA 0.5 mg l-1 while as the same treatment also produced highest number of shoots callus-1 i.e. 13.00 in leaf segment and 14.50 in internodal segment. Highest shoot proliferation (97.90%) along with shoot number (22.25 explant-1) and 2.70 cm shoot length was obtained under the treatment combination MS + BAP 0.50 mg l-1 + IBA 0.50 mg l-1. Highest rooting 95.82% along with highest number of roots shoot-1 (7.75) was recorded in MS medium fortified with IBA 1.00 mg l-1. Ex vitro survival of 92.50 % was recorded on hardening media combination of perlite + vermiculite (1:1).