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Author: Dar, Zahoor Ahmad ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic analysis and antibiogram of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from farm animals in Kashmir valley
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2015) Dar, Zahoor Ahmad; Wani, Shakil Ahmad
    Diarrhoea caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) leads to heavy losses of farmers in terms of calf mortality and morbidity. 50% of diarrhoea among young ones are caused by E. coli. Among various intestinal pathogenic types of E .coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is known to cause severe diarrhoea in animals especially neonates. The current study was aimed to determine the prevalence , genetic analysis and antibiogram of ETEC in Kashmir valley.A total of 155 fecal samples were collected from different farms of the valley like Govt. Sheep Breeding Farm, Dachigam, Mountain Livestock Research Institute (MLRI), Mansbal, Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goats (MRCSG), Shuhama and from private owners. All the faecal samples after collection were inoculated in nutient broth. The samples were analysed for the presence of ETEC by using specific media like EMB agar and by PCR assay using primers for heat stable (est) and heat labile elt genes. Out of the 155 samples, 21 (13.54%) samples revealed the presence of ETEC. The maximum positive isolates of ETEC (10 out of 21) were present in calves and lambs of 2 weeks of age. Virulence gene est was detected in 13.54% of samples, contrarily virulence elt gene was not detected in any sample. In this study, antimicrobial sensitivity test of ETEC isolates showed that resistance was most commonly observed to amoxicillin/ampicillin and cefoperazone (95%) followed by tetracycline (76.19%), Nalidixic acid (66.66%), Streptomycin (52.38%). Whereas no resistance was shown to enrofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Ectomycorrhizae and Various Levels of Phosphorus on Growth and Biomass and Nutrient Uptake of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb) Under Nursery Conditions
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2006) Dar, Zahoor Ahmad; Khan, M.A.
    To analyse the effect of ectomycorrhizae and various levels of phosphorus on growth, biomass and nutrient uptake by Cedrus deodara (Roxb ex lamb), a pot experiment was carried out during 2005-2006. The experiment included 15 treatment combinations of three ectomycorrhizal inoculants (Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus granulatus and Laccaria laccata), control (no inoculant) and three levels of phosphorus (no phosphorus, 50 mg P2O5 plant-1, 75 mg P2O5 plant-1). The treatment combinations were tested under completely randomised design with three replications. All the plant growth characters viz., plant height, root length, collar diameter and plant biomass responded significantly to inoculation of ectomycorrhizae, application of forest litter and various levels of phosphorus. Among the ectomycorrhizae, inoculation of Pisolithus tinctorius proved most beneficial for all growth parameters followed by Laccaria laccata and Suillus granulatus. A similar trend with respect to ectomycorrhizal root colonization and nutrient status of plants i.e. total plant nitrogen and phosphorus was observed. Ectomycorrhizal inoculants also proved instrumental in increasing N, P and K of soil with maximum value in response to Pisolithus tinctorius. There was also a significant decrease in pH of soil with the inoculation of ectomycorrhizal inoculants. However, the decrease in soil pH due to various phosphorus doses was not significant. The values recorded for the ectomycorrhizal inoculants i.e. Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccaria laccata with respect to soil pH, N and K were at par. There was also a significant increase in total viable bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes due to various phosphorus doses and inoculation of ectomycorrhizae with maximum value in response to Pisolithus tinctorius. The treatment combination of Pisolithus tinctorius alongwith phosphorus dose of 75 mg/plant proved to be the best treatment for all the studied characteristics. However, the values recorded for this treatment combination in case of soil potassium and pH were at par with the treatment combination of Laccaria laccata alongwith the same phosphorus dose. Therefore, the role of ectomycorrhizae in the development and growth of forestry merits adequate attention in view of their promising scope.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies in relation to floral biology and variability for economic traits in wild ecotypes of Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Bioss. Fedts)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2010) Dar, Zahoor Ahmad; Zeerak, N A
    Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Boiss.) is a perennial aromatic and medicinal umbellifer. It belongs to the family Apiaceae. Its aromatic fruits are commercially known as Kala Zeera and are used as a spice to add flavour to the dishes, delicacies and bakery, besides being used in perfumery and in the preparation of ayurvedic medicines. In J&K state it is confined to the hilly areas of Gurez, Keran, Machil, Tangdar, Kargil, Paddar, Pulwama and Char-e-Sharief. The crop mostly grows in the wild under natural conditions and the steps are yet to be taken to domesticate this high priced commodity. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic differences for all the characters under study. The estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variances revealed that environmental variances were smaller in magnitude than the corresponding genotypic variances except for plant height and tertiary branches plant-1 suggesting that most of the variation was genetic in nature. Phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating that all these characters had interacted with the environment. The present investigation revealed high heritability (b.s) for almost all the traits which were taken into consideration. High heritability (b.s) estimates for various characters have also been reported by Puschmann et al. (1992), Pank and Quilitzsch (1996) in Caraway (carum carvi L.) and Kapila et al. (1997) in Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Boiss).In the present investigation, the most important character as seed yield m-2 exhibited positive significant correlation with plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, umbel diameter of primary and secondary umbels , seeds in primary and secondary umbels,1000-seed weight , tuber size and tuber weight. It showed significant negative correlation with number of secondary and tertiary branches plant-1. Oil content extracted at 80 per cent and at full maturity stages revealed that seeds harvested at 80 per cent maturity have higher oil content as compared to seeds harvested at full maturity. It was evident that although Char-e-Sharief ecotype was rich in essential oil content as compared to Gurez and Drass ecotypes, but was inferior with respect to constituents imparting flavour (i.e., cuminaldehyde and p-mentha-1, 4-dien 7al). Cytological studies revealed that Black Caraway is a diploid species with 2n=14 chromosomes which is in conformity with findings of. Sheidai et al. (1996).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies in relation to floral biology and variability for economic traits in wild ecotypes of Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Bioss. Fedts)
    (2010) Dar, Zahoor Ahmad; Zeerak, N.A
    Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Boiss.) is a perennial aromatic and medicinal umbellifer. It belongs to the family Apiaceae. Its aromatic fruits are commercially known as Kala Zeera and are used as a spice to add flavour to the dishes, delicacies and bakery, besides being used in perfumery and in the preparation of ayurvedic medicines. In J&K state it is confined to the hilly areas of Gurez, Keran, Machil, Tangdar, Kargil, Paddar, Pulwama and Char-e-Sharief. The crop mostly grows in the wild under natural conditions and the steps are yet to be taken to domesticate this high priced commodity. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotypic differences for all the characters under study. The estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variances revealed that environmental variances were smaller in magnitude than the corresponding genotypic variances except for plant height and tertiary branches plant-1 suggesting that most of the variation was genetic in nature. Phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation indicating that all these characters had interacted with the environment. The present investigation revealed high heritability (b.s) for almost all the traits which were taken into consideration. High heritability (b.s) estimates for various characters have also been reported by Puschmann et al. (1992), Pank and Quilitzsch (1996) in Caraway (carum carvi L.) and Kapila et al. (1997) in Black Caraway (Bunium persicum Boiss).In the present investigation, the most important character as seed yield m-2 exhibited positive significant correlation with plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, umbel diameter of primary and secondary umbels , seeds in primary and secondary umbels,1000-seed weight , tuber size and tuber weight. It showed significant negative correlation with number of secondary and tertiary branches plant-1. Oil content extracted at 80 per cent and at full maturity stages revealed that seeds harvested at 80 per cent maturity have higher oil content as compared to seeds harvested at full maturity. It was evident that although Char-e-Sharief ecotype was rich in essential oil content as compared to Gurez and Drass ecotypes, but was inferior with respect to constituents imparting flavour (i.e., cuminaldehyde and p-mentha-1, 4-dien 7al). Cytological studies revealed that Black Caraway is a diploid species with 2n=14 chromosomes which is in conformity with findings of. Sheidai et al. (1996).