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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Bacteriological Qualities of Fish and Fish Products with Special Reference to Pseudomonas aeruginosa(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Bhat, Tariq Ahmad; Syed Akram HussainThe present investigation was carried out to study the total bacterial load and contamination level of some selected raw fish like Schizothorax, Common carp and Rohu including some fish products like fish kabab, dry fish and smoked fish with P. aeruginosa and resistance pattern of this organism to common antibiotics in-vitro. In the study, the Schizothorax spp., were found more contaminated with the micro organism with the maximum average bacterial count of 7.839 log10 cfu/g in intestines and minimum in the muscles of 7.716 log10 cfu/g). In Common carp and Rohu also bacterial load were found more in the intestines, 7.829 log10 cfu/g) and 7.789 log10 cfu/g respectively than other organs like gills, skin and muscles Among the fish products fish kabab were found heavily contaminated (7.484 log10 cfu/g) than smoked fish (7.483 log10 cfu/g) and dry fish (7.458 log10 cfu/g). A total of 28 isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered with highest number from Schizothorax spp.(14) and lowest from Rohu (06). Two (02) isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from fish kabab. No P. aeruginosa could be recovered from dry and smoked fish. Among the different organs, intestine samples were found heavily infected than other organs with 100% in Schizothorax spp. 60% in common carps and 40.0% in Rahu fish. The average Pseudomonas count was found maximum in gills (6.778 log10 cfu/g) in Schizothorax spp. while in Common carp and Rohu fish, pseudomonas count were found more in intestines with 6.851 log10 cfu/g and 6.602 log10 cfu/g respectively. Among the fish products, only fish kabab were found contaminated with pseudomonas organisms with an average of 4.089 log10 cfu/g . In the present study, all 30 Pseudomonas isolates were found positive containing the oprL gene specific for P. areuginosa of 504 bp. The isolates were found complete resistance (100%) to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Penicillin and sensitive to Ofloxacin (90.0%), Colistin sulphate (83.33%) and Norfloxacin (80.0%).ThesisItem Open Access Heavy Metal Accumulation and Enzyme Assay in Pine Forest Along Roadside of Sonamarg(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Bhat, Tariq Ahmad; Bhat, Dr. Javeed Iqbal AhmadPresent study was carried out during the year 2017-18 to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, plant and their effect on soil enzymatic activity and pigments of pine needles along Sonamarg highway as influenced by vehicular pollution. Three sites were selected, each comprising of disturbed and undisturbed areas. The soil at all the sites falls in the sandy loam class. Results revealed significant decrease in moisture content, organic carbon, available nitrogen, potassium, enzyme activity, increase in pH and available phosphorus in disturbed area as compared to the undisturbed area. Autumn season showed significant increase in pH, available phosphorus and decrease in organic carbon, available nitrogen and potassium as compared to the spring season. Levels of Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd in soil were found significantly higher at disturbed areas compared to undisturbed ones. Soil analysis for heavy metals revealed that Zn has the highest level followed by Ni, Pb, Cu and Cd with mean values of 4.045, 1.753, 1.283, 1.124 and 0.093 ppm respectively. Enzyme activity in the soil was higher in spring season as compared to autumn. Available nitrogen, potassium and chlorophyll content of pine needles showed significant decline at disturbed area as compared to undisturbed ones. Higher chlorophyll content was reported in pine needles in spring season as compared to autumn including both disturbed as well as undisturbed areas. Analysis of pine needles for heavy metal accumulation revealed that zinc has the highest content followed by nickel, lead, copper and cadmium with mean values of 3.727, 1.343, 0.943, 0.485 and 0.071 ppm respectively at disturbed areas as compared to undisturbed ones. Moreover autumn season showed higher accumulation of heavy metals along the roadside than the spring season.ThesisItem Open Access Response of onion cv. Yellow Globe to different levels of zinc and boron under temperate conditions(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Bhat, Tariq Ahmad; Chattoo, Dr. M. A.An investigation was performed at the experimental field of SKUAST-K during Rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17 to find out the effect of different levels of zinc and boron on growth, yield and quality of onion. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications comprising of two factors with four levels of each viz., Zinc (Z), Z0 (control or no zinc), Z1 (2.500 kg Zn ha-1), Z2 (5.00 kg Zn ha-1) and Z3 (7.500 kg Zn ha-1) and Boron (B), B0 (control or no boron), B1 (0.500 kg B ha-1), B2 (1.000 kg B ha-1) and B3 (1.500 kg B ha-1). The observations were recorded on growth, yield and quality from 10 randomly selected plants of each treatment. Pooled analysis revealed, Z3 has registered significantly maximum values for plant height (66.07 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (10.61) and leaf length (41.36cm). Similarly application of boron @ B3 (1.500 kg ha-1) has recorded significantly maximum values for plant height (64.67 cm), No of leaves plant-1 (10.38) and leaf length (41.08 cm). Interaction of zinc and boron proved superior as compared to sole applications of zinc and boron with respect to growth parameters of onion. Pooled analysis revealed that treatment combination Z3B3 (7.500 kg Zn + 1.500 kg B ha-1) has recorded maximum values for plant height (69.18 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (11.64) and leaf length (42.32 cm) respectively. Pooled analysis revealed that zinc @ 7.500 kg ha-1 (Z3) has recorded maximum values for polar diameter (6.31cm), equatorial diameter (6.32 cm), average bulb weight (82.64 g) and total bulb yield (275.50 q ha-1), marketable yield percent (94.24 %), total marketable yield (259.78 q ha-1) followed by Z2 (5.000 kg ha-1). Lower value (1.13 cm) for neck thickness was registered with Z3 treatment. Similarly application of boron @ 1.500 kg ha-1 (B3) recorded maximum values for polar diameter (5.95 cm), equatorial diameter (6.14 cm), average bulb weight (81.15 g), average bulb yield per plot (10.70 kg), total bulb yield (270.29 q ha-1), marketable yield percent (93.82 % ) and total marketable yield (253.79 q ha-1). In case of neck thickness lowest value (1.07cm) was observed with B3 treatment. Combination of Z3B3 (7.500 kg Zn + 1.500 kg B ha-1 ) have recorded significantly maximum values of polar diameter (6.74 cm), equatorial diameter (7.12 cm), average bulb weight (86.18 g), average bulb yield plot-1 ( 11.38 kg) total bulb yield (287.29 q ha-1), marketable yield percent (96.34), marketable bulb yield (276.76 q ha-1). Significantly lower value (1.07cm) for neck thickness was registered with Z3B3 treatment combination. Pooled analysis revealed that the maximum values for quality traits like protein content (12.83 percent), vitamin C content (13.78 mg 100-1g), T.S.S (13.11 oBrix), pyruvic acid (8.11 μmol g-1) dry matter content (15.21 percent) and besides significantly lower values of physiological weight loss (13.62 percent), sprouting (7.75 percent) and rotting (7.61 percent) were recorded with Z3 (7.500 kg Zn ha-1) respectively treatment followed by Z2 (5.000 kg Zn ha-1). Significantly maximum values of quality traits like protein content (12.31 percent), Vitamin C content (13.16 mg100-1g), T.S.S (13.18 oBrix), pyruvic acid content (7.64 μmol g-1), dry matter content (15.01 percent) and besides significantly lower values of physiological weight loss (13.37 percent), sprouting (8.54 percent) and rotting (8.71 percent) were recorded with B3 (1.500 kg ha-1) followed by B2 (1.000 kg ha-1) treatment. Conjugation of 7.500 kg Zn ha-1 +1.500 kg B ha-1 recorded maximum values of quality traits like protein content (13.21 percent), vitamin C content (14.79 mg 100-1g), T.S.S (13.89 oBrix), pyruvic acid (8.52 μmol g-1), dry matter content (15.78 percent) and significantly lower values for physiological weight loss (11.01 percent), sprouting (6.32 percent) and rotting (7.22 percent) followed by Z3B2 treatment. Uptake of nutrients viz., N, K, S, B and Zn were found increasing with application of zinc and boron. Pooled analysis showed that application of zinc @ Z3 (7.500 kg Zn ha-1) has recorded significantly maximum values for uptake of nitrogen (107.98 kg ha-1), potassium (62.17 kg ha-1), sulphur (22.48 kg ha-1), boron (114.48 g ha-1) and zinc (162.53 g ha-1) followed by Z2 treatment @ 5.000 kg ha-1 but low value for phosphorus uptake (12.59 kg ha-1). Similarly, application of boron @1.500 kg ha-1 recorded significantly maximum values for uptake of nitrogen (103.96 kg ha-1), potassium (59.19 kg ha-1), sulphur (21.35 kg ha-1), boron (113.48 g ha-1) and zinc (167.97 g ha-1) but least value for phosphorus uptake (12.91 kg ha-1). Among conjugation Z3B3 (7.500 kg Zn + 1.000 kg B ha-1) recorded significantly maximum values for uptake of nitrogen (113.93 kg ha-1), potassium (67.17 kg ha-1), boron (125.58 g ha-1) and zinc (184.01 g ha-1). Further, it was observed that available N, K, S, Zn and B increased with increasing levels of zinc and boron. Pooled analysis revealed that application of zinc @ 7.500 kg ha-1 (Z3) recorded maximum available nitrogen (294.72 kg ha-1), potassium (165.31 kg ha-1), sulphur (29.29 kg ha-1), boron (0.65 mg kg-1) and zinc (1.01 mg kg-1) but significantly lower value of available phosphorus (14.29 kg ha-1). Similarly, boron (@1.500 kg B ha-1) treatment recorded maximum available nitrogen (293.96 kg ha-1), potassium (164.35 kg ha-1), sulphur (28.61 kg ha-1), boron (0.71 mg kg-1) and zinc (0.90 mg kg-1) but significantly lower value for available phosphorus (14.82 kg ha-1). Combined application of zinc @ 7.500 kg ha-1 and boron @ 1.500 kg ha-1 have recorded maximum values for soil available nitrogen (296.54 kg ha-1), potassium (168.77 kg ha-1) and sulphur (30.47 kg ha-1) and significantly lower value for available phosphorus (14.03 kg ha-1) followed by Z3B2 treatment. Post harvest economics of production of onion revealed that highest cost of cultivation (Rs. 1,18,095), maximum gross returns (Rs. 3,32,114), maximum net returns (Rs. 2,14,087) and maximum benefit cost ratio (2.81) was registered with Z3B3 treatment followed by Z3B2 treatment (2.73) while lowest gross returns (Rs. 2,57,512), lowest net returns (Rs. 1,42,736) and minimum benefit cost ratio (2.24) was recorded with control treatment (B0Z0).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of organic sources and pruning patterns on growth, yield and quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) cv. Shalimar hybrid-2 under protected conditions(SKUAST Kashmir, 2014) Bhat, Tariq Ahmad; Kouser ParveenAn investigation was conducted in the plastic greenhouse at experimental field of the Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-Kashmir) during Kharif season 2013 to find out the most suitable organic source and pruning pattern for optimum growth, yield and quality of sweet pepper in Kashmir valley against four different nutrient treatments (S1 :Farmyard manure @ 2.5 kg m-2, S2: Vermicompost @ 0.5 kg m-2, S3: Sheep manure @ 1.65 kg m-2 and S4: Recommended fertilizer dose (20 t FYM + NPK @ 120:90:60 kg ha-1) under two pruning levels P1 : One shoot and P2: three shoot. The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. Data with regards to main effect revealed that organic manures through vermicompost (S2) resulted in maximum plant height (117.18 cm) and leaf area index. In case of pruning the maximum plant height (119.18 cm), fruit width, fruit length, average fruit weight and A and B grade fruits were obtained with plants pruned to one shoot (P1), in contrast to the minimum plant height (111.95 cm), fruit width, fruit length, average fruit weight and A and B grade fruits by pruning level (P2) with three shoots. Most of the yield parameters also recorded higher values due to vermicompost (S2), the maximum flower number plant-1, fruit number plant-1, fruit yield plant-1 (2.77 kg) and total fruit yield (10. 25 kg m-2) while in case of pruning the maximum flower number plant-1, fruit number plant-1, fruit yield plant-1 (2.44 kg) and total fruit yield (8.92 kg m-2) was observed in plants pruned to three shoots. The lowest number of days to first, flower, fruit set and harvest was observed with recommended dose of fertilizer through NPK in contrast to the maximum number of days to first flower, fruit set and harvest observed with vermicompost. The lowest number of days, to first flower, to first fruit set and to first harvest was observed with pruning of plants to one shoot while the maximum number of days to first flower, fruit set and harvest were observed with pruning of plants to three shoots. The individual effect of S2 and P2 resulted in better quality of sweet pepper fruits in terms of vitamin C and dry matter. In terms of soil properties, sheep manure was found best source for highest available potassium and organic carbon (%). Application of Vermicompost resulted in highest available Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The highest soil pH and EC was recorded by application of recommended dose of fertilizers while the lowest pH was recorded by the application of sheep manure. With regards to relative economics of different treatments the highest net returns (22,324/-) and benefit cost ratio (2.87) was found in vermicompost with plants pruned to three shoots.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Bacterial Blight of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Kashmir(SKUAST-K, 2012) Bhat, Tariq Ahmad; Bhat, Nazir AhmadBacterial blight is one of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). An extensive survey conducted during 2010 revealed that common bacterial blight was prevalent in all bean growing areas of Kashmir with incidence and intensity ranging from 38.55 to 47.69 per cent and 15.05 to 23.84 per cent, respectively. The highest disease incidence of 42.72 per cent and intensity of 23.80 per cent was observed in district Srinagar and the least incidence and intensity of 39.89 per cent and 17.69 per cent was observed in district Bandipora. Symptomatic expression of the disease was recorded on leaves, pods, stem, petioles and seeds. Disease initially manifested as minute water-soaked spots on underside of the leaves which gradually enlarged. Coalescing of enlarged spots resulted in brown necrotic patches. The symptoms on pods initially appeared as small water-soaked spots which later enlarged into reddish brown spots and were slightly sunken with raised edges. Symptoms on stem and petiole were initially reddish brown spots, which enlarged along their length in the form of longitudinal streaks. In case of severe infection the streaks girdled the stem. Irregular blotches of various sizes were observed on diseased seed. Such seeds were smaller and appeared dull. The causal bacterium isolated from diseased leaf samples was identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli on the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical and pathogenic characters. Host range studies of the bacterium revealed that it successfully infected mung bean, pea, cowpea, lentil, soybean, moth bean, snap bean and lima bean under conditions of artificial inoculation. Infected seeds could harbour the pathogen beyond the next sowing season. The viability of pathogen on infected seeds decreased with time. Out of forty one bean genotypes screened against the pathogen under conditions of artificial inoculation, two were categorised as resistant, two as moderately resistant, 21 as moderately susceptible, whereas 13 genotypes were found susceptible and only three genotypes were highly susceptible.
