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ThesisItem Open Access Use of ampicillin-sulbactam as regional limb perfusion (RLP) for treatment of foot infections in sheep(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Qureshi, Beenish; Fazili, M.R.Adult sheep (n=24) of either sex (female 18, male 6) brought from nearby (within 11kms) villages for treatment of acute lameness with involvement of single foot only were included in this study. The fore-limbs (75%), right feet (62.5%) and lateral claws (58.3%) were involved in majority of the animals. The lesions were present in the coronary area, interdigital skin, heels and sole. Pastern swelling, hyperaemia, alopecia, overgrown hooves, moist/discharging and contaminated lacerations were detected at presentation. All the animals were provided conventional local treatment of the affected foot along with systemic analgesic (Inj. Nimsulide, 2.0 mg/kg, IM) daily for three days. They were randomly and equally (n = 8 sheep/group) allotted to one of the three groups T1, T2 and T3. Animals of Group T1 were additionally given ampicillin-sulbactum (2.5 mg/kg, 3.0 ml, OD) as Regional Limb Perfusion (RLP) for three days. Group T2 received ampicillin-sulbactam (10.0 mg/kg, 3.0 ml, OD) intravenously (IV) for three days. Sheep belonging to Group T3 (control) were administered no antibiotic. The infusion set tubing (as tourniquet for 30 min.) and the cephalic/saphenous veins were used satisfactorily for RLP. Within three days of treatment the lameness subsided and the local foot lesions showed substantial improvement in all the sheep belonging to Group T1 and Group T2 and also in three animals of Group T3. Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone showed high sensitivity pattern against the microbial organisms present in the swabbed material from most of the foot lesions. From the results of this study it is concluded that in sheep with foot infections a) parenteral antibiotic therapy is mandatory for successful treatment, b) RLP is an easy, simple and less expensive alternate technique of antibiotic administration and c) ampicillin-sulbactam at 2.5 mg/kg as RLP is safe and as effective as its use at 10.0 mg/kg by IV route.ThesisItem Open Access Clinical Studies on Obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle(2009) Parrah, Jala-ud-din; Syed, Sajjad HussainA study was conducted on 30 clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis, with intact and ruptured urinary bladders 15 each, to compare the efficacy of various diagnostic and surgical techniques, and to know the composition of urinary calculi. An overall occurrence of 15.79 percent obstructive urolithiasis in cattle was recorded at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex (TVCSC) of SKUAST- K, Shuhama. Highest occurrence of obstructive urolithiasis was found in winter and in the age group of 3 – 6 months. Cross bred calves were most affected (70%) and all the affected calves were uncastrated males. Most of the calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis were fed on diets containing wheat bran, commercial cattle feed, rice bran and rice straw. Herbal litholytic agent (Tab. Cystone) was the most commonly used drug in the field. The general condition and demeanour in the clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis ranged from fair to recumbency with the common clinical signs of anuria, inappetance to anorexia, restlessness, depression, sunken eyes, reluctance to move, kicking at the ventral abdomen, tendency to rectal prolapse, concretion encrustation at prepucial hairs. Haematological values, viz., Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC in clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis were within the normal range for the species. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, inorganic phosphorus were above the normal reference range, while as calcium was lower than the normal reference range. In ruptured urinary bladder cases, BUN, TPP, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium were significantly higher than those in intact urinary bladder cases; however calcium was significantly higher in intact urinary bladder cases than in ruptured urinary bladder cases. Abdominocentesis in left lateral recumbency at slightly dorsal and caudal to the umbilicus with 20 gauge 5cm. hypodermic needle, was found easy to perform, simple, reliable and quick. Urea nitrogen and creatinine values of peritoneal fluid were elevated than the normal reference range and were significantly higher than those of plasma values. Peritoneal fluid neutrophil, monocyte/mesothelial cells were highly increased than the normal range. In intact urinary bladder cases, neutrophils were mature and nondegenerate, while in ruptured urinary bladder cases both neutrophils and monocytes were highly vacuolated with more number of mesothelial cells. Radiography with 100 mAs and 100 kVp X – ray machine was not found useful in the diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis in calves. Ultrasound examination could help in diagnosis of cystitis, ruptured bladder, uroperitoneum, urocystoliths, erosion of cystic wall, urethritis, urourethrolith and urethral rupture. Tube cystostomy with Foley’s catheter (Group AII) was least time consuming as compared to Tube cystostomy with simple polyvinyl chloride catheter (Group AI) and Cystotomy with indwelling urethral catheterization (Group B). Postoperatively, the alterations in clinical, haematobiochemical and urinary values returned quickly and smoothly towards normalcy in the animals of group AII as compared to those of groups AI and B. The blockade of Foleys catheter was more frequent as compared to polyvinyl chloride tube cystostomy catheter. The overall success rate was least in group B. Cystic lumen and neck jointly was the commonest site of calculi retrieval followed by distal sigmoid flexure of urethra. In 90% cases struvite was the only component of the urinary calculi. It was inferred from the study that all concentrate feeding with limited and too cold water supply especially during winter was responsible for urolithiasis in calves. Hence the disease can be prevented to a large extent by proper feeding and management of the animals especially of young ones.
