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ThesisItem Open Access Minimally Invasive Inguinal Tube Cystostomy for Management of Ovine Obstructive Urolithiasis(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Waseem-ul-Firdos; Parrah, Jala-ud-DinThe study was conducted on clinical cases of ovine obstructive urolithiasis presented to Veterinary Clinical Service Complex (VCSC), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (F.V.Sc &A.H.), Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) Shuhuma Alusteng from December 2014-December 2015. A total of 61 cases were recorded with an overall incidence of 27.11 percent. Highest occurrence of obstructive urolithiasis was found in winter and in the age group of 2-6 months. Cross bred lambs were most affected (70.83%) and all the affected lambs were uncastrated males. Most of the ovines suffering from the obstructive urolithiasis were fed diets containing rice bran, maize fodder and crushed maize. Herbal litholytic agent (Tab. cystone) was most commonly used drug in the field. The general body condition in the clinical casers of obstructive urolithiasis cases ranged from fair to dull and depressed with the common clinical signs of anuria, inappetance to anorexia, restlessness, depression, sunken eyes, reluctance to move, kicking at the ventral abdomen, encrustation at preputial hairs. Haematological values viz., Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and DLC in clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis were within the normal range for the species. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium were above the normal reference range. In ruptured urinary bladder cases, BUN and TPP were significantly higher than those in intact urinary bladder cases. Abdominocentesis was performed in standing position in the centre of the inguinal region on the right side of the body with 20 gauge 5cm, hypodermic needle. Urea nitrogen and creatinine values of peritoneal fluid were elevated than normal reference range and were significantly higher than those of plasma values. For evaluation of minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy technique, 24 clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis, 12 with intact and 12 with ruptured urinary bladders were selected. These 24 animals were randomly divided into four equal groups, A1, A2, B1 and B2. Animals of groups A1 (intact urinary bladders) and A2 (ruptured urinary bladders) were managed by conventional para median tube cystostomy and served as internal control.The animals of groups B1 (intact urinary bladders) and B2 (ruptured urinary bladders) were managed by minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy. Minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy (Groups B1 and B2) was found to be least time consuming and less traumatic than the conventional paramedian tube cystostomy (Groups A1 and A2). Postoperatively, the alterations in clinical, haematobiochemical and urinary values returned quickly and smoothly towards normalcy in the animals of groups B1 and B2 as compared to those of groups A1 and A2. Postoperative complications were found more in the animals managed by paramedian tube cystostomy as compared to the animals managed by minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic Studies on Abdominal Organs in Normal and Diseased Calves(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Nagoo, Anwar Hussain; Parrah, J.D.The present study was conducted in three phases to develop baseline data on ultrasonographic observations of abdomen organs in normal calves at different age stages. During phase I hospital incidence of surgical abdominal disorders in calves was determined. The second phase consisted of three sub phases of cadaveric, organ bath studies and real-time ultrasonographic studies on live calves. In third phase, clinical cases suspected of abdominal disorders in calves were subjected to ultrasonography for assisting the diagnosis followed by their management. Both retrospective and prospective studies revealed about 25% hospital incidence of surgical abdominal disorders in calves in Kashmir valley. Cadaveric and organ bath studies were undertaken to have deep insight into calf abdomen organ sono-anatomy. Spleen in neonatal calves could be viewed from left 6th to 11th ICS as uniformly echogenic. Liver was seen in right 5th to 11th ICS in neonatal calves. Parenchyma appeared smooth isoechogenic intercepted with portal vein branches. Gallbladder appeared pyriform depicted mostly in 9th ICS. Caudal vena cava appeared triangular and was seen at 9th to 11th ICS except in ruminating calves. Portal vein was prominent in 10 ICS. Right kidney was fairly scanned at 12th ICS. Left kidney could not be seen from left side except in neonatal calves. Rumen morphology was quite appreciable in 12th ICS; wall appeared as echoic single line. Reticulum could not be seen in neonatal calves but in preruminant calves it was fairly imaged in ventral part of 5th to 7th ICS. Omasum was better visualized in right 10 ICS as circular line in neonatal calves. Abomasum was markedly visible in 10th ICS as a fine echoic line with distinct undulating, echoic abomasal folds. Duodenum was best seen in lower 3rd portion of 12th ICS and along the oblique imaginary line as double walled ‘wheel like. Ceacum appeared thick, echogenic line or arc and spiral colon as echogenic cycloid curve. Various surgical diseases affecting different abdomen organs in calves, which were ultrasonographically diagnosed and managed medically and or surgically included: spleenomagaly, hepatic hydatid cysts, choleliths, hydronephrosis, obstructive urolithiasis, reticular abscesses, abomasal obstruction, intussusceptions, atresia coli, omphalitis.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic and radiographic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract in healthy and diseased sheep(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Mehta, Harmeet Kour; Hakim AtharThe study entitled “ultrasonographic and radiographic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract in healthy and diseased sheep” was aimed to study the gastrointestinal tract sono and radiographic anatomy in healthy pre-ruminant and ruminant sheep and to study the ultrasonographic & radiographic features of various gastrointestinal tract diseases in sheep. Normal radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy was carried out in 24 crossbred fec b sheep belonging to University farm, MRCSG, Shuhama. Wall thickness of different abdominal organs viz rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small and large intestine were significantly (p<0.05) lower in pre ruminant sheep in comparison to the ruminant sheep. Both biphasic (80%) and triphasic (20%) reticular motilities were recorded in the ruminants. Ultrasonography was found rapid imaging modality for GIT in sheep There was immediate filling of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum with contrast material (BaSo4) in pre ruminants. Filling of small intestine at 1 hour and large intestine at 4-14 hour was recorded. In ruminant sheep, filling of rumen and reticulum was immediate while filling of omasum at 30 min, abomasum at 30 min, small intestine at 60 min and large intestine at 4-14 hours was recorded. Emptying time of contrast material in pre ruminants was 24 hours while in ruminant sheep; it was 48-72 hours. Adequate visualization of different parts of the GIT on contrast radiography was observed. Nineteen clinical cases of gastrointestinal affection were recorded during the present study which included reticular abscess (n=1), reticulitis (n=1), abomasal distension (n=4), atresia of intestines (n=5), enteritis (n=6) and trauma of the gastrointestinal tract (n=2). Contrast radiography was helpful in diagnosis of different gastrointestinal affections like intestinal atresia, abomasal dilatation in sheep. Ultrasonography was useful in diagnosis of reticulitis, reticular abscess, abomasal distension, intestinal distension and thickening in ovinesThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of wound healing properties of regenerated granulation tissue of Eisenia fetida in diabetic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) model(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Imran Bashir; Makhdoomi, D.M.The present study entitled “Evaluation of wound healing properties of regenerated granulation tissue of Eisenia fetidain diabetic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) model” was undertaken to study wound healing potential of earthworm granulation tissue at marker level and oxidative response in diabetic rabbit model. Eighteen Grey Giant rabbits of both sexes, aging 10 to 12 months and weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg were used for the present study. After induction of Diabetes in rabbits, the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, I, II and III of six animals each as following. In Group I Wounds were cleaned with normal saline once daily, in Group II Wounds were treated by topical application of povidone iodine once daily until healing, While in Group III Wounds were treated by topical application of granulation tissue once daily until healing. Animals were observed for gross observation and tissue samples were collected on Day 3, 7 and 14 post wounding and include disappearance of wound, degree of inflammation, appearance of granulation tissue and presence type of exudates and granulation/healing tissue was collected and used for estimation of connective tissue parameters(hydroxyproline, hexosamine and hexuronic acid) and oxidative stress parameters (Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity SOD activity, Catalase activity, Glutathione peroxidase activity, Reduced Glutathione activity NO and LPO) and histopathology. Based on gross observation of wound which includes contraction of wound, healing percentage, degree of inflammation, degree of exudation and formation of granulation tissue, lyophilized earthworm preparation was found to be superior compared to normal saline and povidine iodine. These results indicate lyophilized earthworm preparation are effective in diabetic wound healing. Based on oxidative stress parameters which include Superoxide Dismutase, Lipid Peroxidation, Catalase, Xanthine Oxidase, and Nitrous Oxide inhibition lyophilized earthworm preparation was found to be effective in diabetic wound healing compared to normal saline and povidine iodine Connective tissue parameters (hydroxyproline, hexosamine and hexuronic acid) which are indirect markers of wound healing were found to be elevated in diabetic wound treated with lyophilized earthworm preparation compared to normal saline and povidine iodine.So it can be concluded in present study that highest degree of healing in wound was observed in group III followed by group II and group I on 3rd, 7th and 14th day post induction of wound. The healing of wound was maximum in group III at day 3rd, 7th and 14th in which lyophilized granulation tissue was used.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasound guided percutaneous self-retaining cystic catheterization in calves with obstructive urolithiasis(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Ommer Bashir; Makhdoomi, D.M.The study was conducted on 18 male cattle calves with obstructive urolithiasis presented for treatment to Division of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Division of Veterinary Clinical Service Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal husbandry (FVSc & AH), Sher -e -Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K ), distributed in three different groups A, B and C with six animals each and received percutaneous self-retaining cystic catheterizations with Foley, Malecot and Pigtail catheters respectively.The diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis was made on the basis of history, clinical examination and Ultrasonography. Rectal temperature (ᴼF), Heart rate (beats/min) and respiration rate (breaths/min) did not show statistically significant changes. The ultrasonography could facilitate to measure the volume and area of the bladder to draw a correlation with measurement drawn during pilot studies. It offered help to know the nature of calculi, place of lodgment of calculi within the urinary tract, entry of catheter into bladder and position of catheter into the urinary bladder during the procedure and during monitory period of the study. The median time for duration of procedure was 21, 9 and 11 minutes and the median time for initiation of free flow of urine was 16, 5 and 9 days in groups A, B and C respectively. On comparative basis entry of catheter through the abdominal wall into the urinary bladder was very easy in Malecot catheter, easy in Pig tail catheter and introduction of Foley catheter was difficult possible due to designing and malleability of the material. Faster return of BUN, Creatinine values towards normalcy was observed in the animals managed with Malecot and Pig tail catheters. The observations revealed Ultrasound guided percutaneous self-retaining cystic catheterization, an alternative technique to tube cystotomy in clinical cases and the animal can be discharged immediately after the procedure. Conclusions drawn from the study revealed that Ultrasound guided percutaneous self-retaining cystic catheterization with Malecot and Pig tail catheters better techniques for management of obstructive urolithiasis in calves with intact distended bladderThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Reduced Concentrations of Lignocaine Hydrochloride for Distal Paravertebral Anaesthesia in Small Ruminants(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Gayas, Mohmmad Abrar; Fazili, M.R.Ewes and does (n=31) belonging to Category I (n=13) and Category IV (n=18) pre-surgical physical health (ASA-PSC) status were pre-medicated with diazepam (0.2mg/kg, IV) and meloxicam (0.3mg/kg, IM) and injected 15 ml of either 2% or 1% lignocaine hydrochloride for achieving distal paravertebral nerve block. Category I goats were subjected to laparoscope-assisted ovum pick-up (LA-OPU) and those belonging to the Category IV (16 sheep, 2 goats) had to undergo caesarean section for relieving prolonged dystocia. Satisfactory analgesia of the flank developed in animals of both the categories injected 1% or 2% local anaesthetic. Category IV animals required significantly (p<0.05) more time (1%, 4.55±0.50min and 2%, 5.44±0.92min) than Category I (1%, 2.57±0.61min and 2%, 2.33±0.95min) goats to induce anaesthesia. In Category I goats duration of anaesthesia was 120.71±6.76min (1%) and 123.33 ± 7.03min (2%). But in Category IV animals duration of anaesthesia was significantly (p<0.05) less (1%, 87.22±4.93min and 2%, 97.77±5.78min). In these animals injected 2% local anaesthesia, significantly longer (p<0.05) P-R segment, S-T segment and P-R interval values were recorded 30 minutes after injection. The toxic symptoms related to CNS were perhaps suppressed by the preoperative use of diazepam but alterations in the ECG noticed in Category IV animals receiving 2% local anaesthetic indicate that for animals with prolonged dystocia the upper limit of the safe dose may be lesser than the healthy ones.ThesisItem Open Access Wound healing potential of Salix acmophylla in full thickness skin wound using rabbit model(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Malik, Zahid Rahim; Ansari, Md. MoinThe indigenous herbal drug preparations contribute sufficient increasing interest in wound healing alternative to conventional antiseptic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agents. As per the Unani system of medicine the leaves of willows give "cold dry" effect while the flowers display "cold wet" effect. Salix plants contain a wide variety of compounds called phytochemicals, mainly described as those compounds having medicinal properties. Scientists have identified thousands of phytochemicals, although only a small fraction has been studied closely. From the review of literature, it is clear that experimental wound healing potential for the Salix acmophylla leaves selected seems to be fewer and needs further investigation. This necessitates the exploration of this herb for its efficacy in wound healing. In present study, four full thickness excisional skin wounds (1.5×1.5 cm2), 2.5 cm apart from each other were created (dorsal spine of thoraco-lumbar region) on each of 18 rabbits (three groups having six animals) of either sex and weighing 1.8 to 2.5 kg under standard anesthetic protocol to evaluate the wound healing potential of salix acmophylla leaves ointment and their response on clinico-physiological, haemato-biochemical, kidney function test, bacterial viable count, gross and histomorphological parameters. The total number of wounds evaluated in the study were 72 and thus each treatment groups was evaluated on 24 rabbits. The experimental study was conducted in three groups (I, II and III). Group I animals were treated with sterile normal saline solution (negative control). Groups II and III rabbits were dressed topically with thin layer of 5% povidone iodine and 5% salix acmophylla leaves ointment, respectively. Povidone iodine treated wounds were used as positive control. Rabbits were evaluated for change in rectal tempereature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), total erythrocyte Count (TEC), differential leukocytic count (DLC), hemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), glucose, albumin, total protein (TP), creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), wound size, percentage healig, total bacterial count level, photographic evaluation, gross and histomorpholigical examination. No physiological side effects and other complications were observed in any group. The salient observations of the photographic observation suggest that all the excisional wounds aseptically created were almost equidimensional on day ‘0’ (immediately after surgery). It was interesting to note on day 7 after post-wounding that there was appreciable reduction in size of wound treated with salix and povidone iodine as compared to control groups. Furthermore, complete filling of the wound with granulation tissue without scab and demonstrable wound contraction was noticed in salix on day 14 post-wounding than povidone iodine and normal saline solution groups. Complete epithelialization and closure of salix and povidone iodine treated wouds could be distinguished on day 21 and percentage healing 100.00% and 95.66% respectively were observed, whereas in normal saline solution complete healing was noticed in only 61.00% of wounds. Grossly, wounds treated with 5%, salix acmophylla leaves ointment significantly accelerated the rate of wound healing compared to wounds treated with sterile normal saline solution or dressed with povidone iodine ointment. Histological analysis of healed wounds confirmed the gross observations. Wounds dressed with 5%, salix acmophylla leaves ointment showed markedly less scar width at the wound enclosure with large amounts of fibroblasts proliferation, more mature and densely packed collagen and angiogenesis compared to wounds dressed with sterile normal saline solution. Overall results indicated that wounds dressed with salix acmophylla leaves ointment (group III) showed considerable signs of full thickness skin wound healing and significantly (p<0.05) healed earlier in 17.83 days followed by povidone iodine treated wounds (group II) in 19.00 days than wounds dressed with sterile normal saline solution (group I) in 20.83 days. These results strongly document the beneficial and significant effects of salix acmophylla leaves ointment for the acceleration of wound healing in rabbits.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of pinhole castration technique in ponies(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Mir, Mohd Younus; Fazili, M.R.Present study was aimed to evaluate pinhole castration technique in adult male ponies and compare it with bilateral orchiectomy. Eighteen adult intact ponies were divided into three equal groups (T1, T2 and T3). The animals of Group T1 and Group T2 were subjected to pinhole castration using silk and chromic catgut respectively. In these animals, one testis was subjected to single ligation of spermatic cord and contralateral to double ligation. The animal of Group T3 were subjected to conventional bilateral orchiectomy. Clinical, haematological, and biochemical examinations, dimensions of testes and scrotum (Group T1 and Group T2), pain, time of operation, and cost of surgery were assessed. The testes in animals of Group T1 and Group T2 were recovered on day 41 post ligation. The recovered testes from animals of all the groups were subjected to gross and histopathological examination. The serum testosterone level elevated significantly after administration of hCG in both pinhole groups but not in Group T3 animals. Severe gross pathological changes such as oedema, haemorrhages, and necrosis were noticed in double ligated testes. Histopathological changes ranged from degeneration of germinal epithelium to complete necrosis of testicular parenchyma. Double ligated testes where silk was used were more severely affected. In testes with single ligated spermatic cord less severe gross and histopathological alterations were detected. Some areas of the normal testicular tissue were also noticed on histopathological examination. Postoperative pain and cost of operation was higher in group T3 compared to Group T1 and Group T2 ponies. From the study it was concluded that double ligation of spermatic cord using silk is minimally invasive, cost effective and less painful and an effective method of castration in ponies. However strict asepsis during the procedure is mandatory. Bilateral double ligation of spermatic cord using silk should be recommended only after persistent reduction of testosterone level in ponies is established.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Evaluation of Perivascular and Perineural Ultrasound Guided Brachial Plexus Block in Calves(SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Shah, Rafiq Ahmad; Makhdoomi, Dil MohamadThirty six young cross bred calves irrespective of sex, scheduled for the brachial plexus, perineural and perivascular blockade with and without isoflupredone acetate in conventional manner and under ultrasound and colour Doppler guidance formed the subjects of the study with the objectives to identify the space/window most feasible and alternative site for localization of brachial plexus and subsequent blockade, to ascertain the possible dose variation and effect of local anesthetic with and without ultrasound guidance, to record Sonographic visualization of distribution of local anesthetic around the plexus, around individual nerve and vessels and to compare the perineural, perivascular brachial plexus blockade using Color Doppler. The materials used in the study included Xylocaine hydrochloride 2% and Isoflupredone acetate.The animals in group A were given perineural injection 20 ml, 2% Xylocaine hydrochloride, ,the animals of group B were given perineural injection of 18 ml 2% Xylocaine hydrochloride and 2ml (4mg) Isoflupredone acetate under ultrasound guidance. Group C and D were given conventional brachial plexus block using 20 ml, 2% Xylocine hydrochloride, however group D received 2ml (4mg) isoflupredone acetate in addition to local anaestheic.The animals of groups E and F received ultrasound guided perivascular brachial plexus block using 20 ml, 2% xylocine hydrochloride in Group E and 18 ml 2% Xylocaine hydrochloride and 2ml (4mg) isoflupredone acetate in group F animals respectively.The assessment of anaestheisia was done by detecting sensory and motor block by using pin prick tests and grading of the anaesthetic effect was done using standard procedure. The data was subjected to statistical analysis by Dunken’s multiple comparision test using SPSS package and the results were drawn. In group A the onset of sensory block for radial and ulnar nerve was achieved at 15 minutes, the duration lasted for 150 minutes and for median and musculocutaneous nerve the onset of anaesthesia was 20 minutes and duration lasted for 145 minutes, however the onset and duration of motor block was 15 and 150 minutes. In group B animals the onset of sensory block of all the four nerves under study was 15 minutes and duration lasted for 150 minutes. Comparing with the animals of group A, the duration of anaesthesia was significantly (p<0.05) higher and dose required for the anaesthesia was lower in the animals of group B. The onset of sensory blockade for radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous was 30,20,20 and 20 minutes respectively.The duration of anaesthetic effect was 90 minutes for radial and 100 minutes each for rest nerves.When compared with the results of group C and D, there were no significant variations in onset of anaesthesia, however the duration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group D animals.There were no significant variations in the motor block in the animal of groups C and D, in both the groups the onset was seen at 15 minutes and the duration lasted for 145 minutes.The onset of sensory block for radial and ulnar nerves in the animals of group E was 15 minutes and the effect lasted for 105 minutes. For the median nerve the onset was observed at 20 minutes and for musculocutaneous nerve the effect was seen at 30 minutes.The duration of anaesthesia for radial, ulnar and median nerve remained for 105 minutes and for musculocutaneous nerve the effect remained for 90 minutes. In group F animals which received injection 4 mg isoflupredone acetate, the onset of all the four nerves under study was 15 minutes and duration lasted for 120 minutes in radial and ulnar nerve and 105 and 90 minutes for median and musculocutaneous nerves respectively. Comparing with the animals of group E, the duration of anaestheisa was prolonged significantly in the animls of group F. The onset of sensory and motor blockade in ultra sound guided nerve block was earlier than in conventional one. The onset of motor blockade for groups A and B was same (15 min), however the duration of motor blockade in animals of group B was prolonged (165 min). For groups C and D, the onset of motor blockade for groups C and D was 20 min and duration of motor block was for 145 minutes. In groups E and F, the onset of motor block was 15 minutes with duration of anaesthetic effect lasted 150 minutes. It is concluded that the identified ultrasound scanning window allowed a feasible and accurate access to brachial plexus in the calves and significantly shortened the onset and prolonged the block duration and decreased the dose of anaesthesia when compared with traditional brachial plexus block. Moreover with the advent of ultrasound technology, there is a marked improvement in the success rate, shorter onset time and reduction in the volume required for successful block with 100% accuracy and no complications or side effects.
