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ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-hematobiochemical and Therapeutic Trial Studies on Calf Enteritis(SKUAST Kashmir, 2010) Munshi, Nassarullah; Muzaffar ShaheenIn this study, an investigation was undertaken on the clinical, hematobiochemical, electrocardiographic and therapeutic aspects of calf enteritis up to three months of age under field conditions. Enteritis was found to be highly prevalent among calves during first month of life (77.77%) under the field conditions. The clinical signs associated with enteritis ranged from a more acute, profuse and watery diarrhea (55.5%) to a softer, pasty and scant type of diarrhea (44.5 %).The faeces were blood tinged in more than half (55.5%) of the calves. A prolonged skin fold time (6.75±1.63 sec.) and capillary refill time (3.50± 0.37 sec.) was recorded in enteric calves. A significant increase in Packed Cell Volume (40.05± 1.80%) and Total Erythrocyte Count (10.45 ± 0.50 x 106/µl) was also recorded. Hypoglycaemia (48.6 ± 9.90 mg/dL) and hyperkalemia (6.22 ± 0.20 mEq/L) were the other significant biochemical findings in this study. Significant electrocardiographic findings, indicative of a deranged cardiovascular function in diarrheic calves, included sinus bradycardia, decreased P wave amplitude, widening of the P wave and QRS complex, tall spiked T waves and an inversion of the T-wave. Hypovolaemia, hyperkalemia and hypoglycemia were recorded to have a significant effect on B-A lead ECG tracing with respect to P-duration (increased), QRS complex (widened), ST segment (shortened) and T-duration (prolonged).On the basis of ECG study prognosis of treatment was favorable in 77.7 % cases of enteritis, while it was unfavorable in 22% cases. In the treatment of calf enteritis, the percentage efficacy of a conventional combination therapy of Neomycin and probiotics and a nonconventional combination of probiotics and antioxidants was same (83.33%). A probiotic-antioxidant combination therapy due to its added advantage of improvement in nonspecific resistance, non development of drug resistance and avoidance of antibiotic drug residues in animal tissues was highly recommended in the treatment of calf enteritis.ThesisItem Open Access Anthelmintic Efficacy of Some Indigenous Medicinal Plants Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Calves(SKUAST Kashmir, 2012) Shahjahan Alam; Sarkar, T. K.The increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistant strains of helminths, drug residues in animal products and high cost of conventional anthelmintics has created an interest in studying medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. Artemisia absinthium Linn. (Tethwan), Artemisia maritima Linn (Moorin), Acorus calamus Linn (Vai), Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Kutki), Nepeta cataria Linn (Gandh-soi) etc as a vermifuge in addition to its other livestock uses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous extracts (CAE) and crude ethanolic extracts (CEE) of the aerial parts of A. absinthium, Artemisia maritima Linn (Moorin), Acorus calamus Linn (Vai), Nepeta cataria Linn and Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth in comparison to Closantel against the gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of calves. To fulfill the objectives, the worm motility inhibition assay was utilized in order to investigate the direct effects of plant extracts on the survival of the adult Haemonchus contortus under in vitro conditions and faecal egg count reduction test to investigate the effects on faecal egg output of GI nematodes under in vivo conditions. Significant anthelmintic effects of CAE and CEE on live adult Haemonchus contortus worms (P < 0.05) were observed in terms of the paralysis and/or death of the worms at different hours post-treatment (PT), however, CEE were more efficacious than CAE. Dosage had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on the anthelmintic efficacy of selected indigenous medicinal plants in in vitro test. The oral administration of the extracts in calves was associated with significant reduction in faecal egg output by the GI nematodes. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in vivo anthelmintic efficacy among crude ethanolic extract of A. absinthium, crude powder of A. absinthium and crude ethanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth as compared to the reference drug-closantel and demonstrated faecal egg count reduction (FECR) was 84.06%, 81.94% and 83.37% respectively in calves at 250mg kg(-1) body weight on day 21 Post treatment. The better activity of CEE can be attributed to the greater concentration of alcohol soluble active anthelmintic principle/s and more rapid transcuticular absorption of the CEE into the body of the worms when compared with the CAE. The results of the present study suggest that crude powder A. absinthium is a cost effective and promising alternative to the commercially available anthelmintics for the treatment of GI nematodes of calves.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, hamatobiochemical changes and therapeutic management of gastrointestinal nematodosis in sheep(SKUAST Kashmir, 2011) Malik, Ab. Raqeeb; Sheikh, G.N.A survey on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in sheep reared in organised and unorganised areas of Srinagar and Ganderbal districts of Kashmir valley for a period of nearly one year from September 2010 to July 2011. A total of 1200 faecal samples were examined of which 925 (77.08%) were found positive for one or other gastrointestinal nematode parasite and was higher in unorganised farms (80.00%) as compared to organised farms (73.33%). Season wise prevalence during summer, spring, winter and autumn was 83.00, 81.00, 73.00 and 71.33% respectively, being highest in summer and lowest in autumn. Prevalence of 84.88% was recorded in adult (6-12 months) and 72.72% in young sheep (1-6 months). Sex-wise the prevalence in male was 78.60% and in female sheep was 76.00%. Based on coproculture, the prevalence of different genera of GIN parasites was : Haemonchus spp. (59.75%), Trichostrongylus spp. (36.91%), Ostertagia spp. (36.66%), Nematodirus spp. (19.33%), Bunostomum spp. (17.08%), Oesophagostomum spp. (15.66%), Trichuris spp. (12.66%) and Marshallagia spp. (6.16%). The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) showed highest efficacy against Ivermectin (91.93%) followed by fenbendazole (89.09%), closantel (59.25%) and Artemesia (69.23%).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Rumen Dysfunction in Sheep and its Therapeutic Management with special reference to Prebiotic and Probiotic Therapy(SKUAST Kashmir, 2012) Shah, Ovais Shabir; Muzaffar ShaheenA study was undertaken to eluciate the prevalence of different ruminal disorders in sheep under different managemental practices in Kashmir. The prevalence of ruminal disorders was higher in un-organised sheep farming (35.33 %) than in organised farming (24.29 %). Among the ruminal disorders prevalene of simple indigestion was highest (18.04 %) followed by acidosis (9.02 %). Heart rate and respiratory rate was significantly increased in acidosis, alkalosis and bloat .Rectal temperature was significantly decreased in acidosis and significantly increased in alkalosis, pH of rumen liqour was significantly decreased in acidosis and bloat while as significantly increased in alkalosis. Rumen motility was significantly decreased in acidosis, alkalosis, bloat and simple indisgestion. The time taken for Sedimentation activity test (SAT) and Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT) was significantly increased in acidosis, alkalosis, simple indigestion and bloat. Hydrogen ion concentration expressed in negative logarithm (pH) of urine was significantly decreased in acidosis. Haemato-biochemical study revealed that blood pH was significant decreased in acidosis and bloat . Haemoglobulin (Hb g/%) significantly increased in acidosis and bloat, Packed Cell Volume (PCV) significantly increased in acidosis, Total Erythrocyte Count (T.E.C) significantly increased in acidosis. Serum sodium (Na+) was significantly increased in acidosis, serum potassium (K+) significantly decreased in acidosis and significantly increased in alkalosis, serum calcium (Ca2+) was significantly decreased in acidosis and bloat, serum inorganic phosphorus (P) was significantly increased in acidosis.Therapeutic study revealed that the combination of probiotics and rumenotorics was highly effective with 100% therapeutic efficacy in 3 days, followed by combination of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics) with 100% therapeutic efficacy in 4 days.ThesisItem Open Access A Study on the Prevalence and Therapeutic Management of Colibacillosis in Lambs(SKUAST Kashmir, 2011) Nuzhat Hassan; Sheikh, G.N.Studies on prevalence of colibacillosis in lambs under different organizational setup and seasons were conducted during August, 2010 to June, 2011. The season wise prevalence was 92.10, 91.76, 84.31 and 59.45 per cent during autumn, winter, spring and summer, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 85.33 per cent. Prevalence was higher (92.42%) in un-organized farms as compared to organized farms (71.56%). Age-wise percent prevalence of infection in lambs of 0-1, 3-4 and > 4 weeks age groups was 96.00,87.50 and 73.33 per cent, respectively, being higher in 0-1 week age group as compared to older lambs. Principal serotypes of E. coli recovered were O20 (10.09 %) , O11 (8.25%), O123, O84 and O22 (7.33% each), O107 (5.50%), O89 and O92 (3.66% each), O69 and O5 (2.75% each), O157, O15,O36, O159 and O60 (1.83% each). Serogroups O26, O23, O17, O157, O153 and O5 with established zoonotic importance were among those recovered from diarrhoeic lambs. The clinical signs associated with colibacillosis ranged from acute and mild profuse diarrhoea, weakness, dehydration, tachycardia, increased temperature, increased respiration rate, increased heart rate. Prolonged skin fold time (Avr.4.3 sec) and capillary refill time (Avr.3.50 sec) was recorded in affected lambs. In-vitro drug sensitivity pattern indicated that most identified serotypes were highly sensitive to four antibacterials, viz. Gentamicin (61.33%), ciprofloxacin (60%), neomycin (54.6%) and co- trimoxazole (50.6%). Tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and cefmetazole were moderately sensitive. Trimethoprim and penicillin had variable pattern, while as, the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and oxacillin. Haematological indices recorded viz, Hb, PCV, TLC, DLC, TLC, revealed significant increase in packed cell volume, total leucocyte count, lymphocyte and neutrophil percentage, whereas, serum glucose, protein and serum albumin/ globulin levels showed declining trend. The therapeutic efficacy of four highly sensitive in-vitro drugs viz, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, neomycin and co-trimoxazole was evaluated. Gentamicin @ 4mg/kg body weight and Ciprofloxacin @ 4mg/kg body weight were 100 per cent effective, whereas, Neomycin @10mg/kg body weight was 83.35 per cent effective and co-trimoxazole @ 15-30 mg/kg body weight was 66.8 per cent effective by day 6th (144 hours) post treatment. Treatment regimen used in four different groups of clinical cases of colibacillosis indicated gentamicin and ciprofloxacin most effective drugs followed by neomycin and co-trimoxazole which was comparable with their in-vitro efficacy.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, Bacterial Isolations and Therapeutic Management of Respiratory Diseases of Lambs(SKUAST Kashmir, 2012) Khusheeba Munir; Sarkar, T.K.A study was carried on lambs showing clinical picture of respiratory diseases under organized and unorganized intensive rearing system. The parameters studied included disease prevalence, bacterial isolations, hemato-biochemical changes, in vitro sensitivity tests, biochemical tests along with therapeutic and prophylactic aspects of respiratory diseases of lambs. Respiratory diseases showed a retrospective prevalence rate of 19.68% and a prospective prevalence rate of 16.85% under intensive managemental conditions. Retrospective mortality rate was highest (28.81%) due to respiratory diseases. The disease was found to be more (62.5%) in lambs than in adults (37.5%) during retrospective studies. Retrospective mortality rate due to respiratory ailments was also higher (74.5%) in lambs than in adults (25.49%). Clinically, the lambs suffering from respiratory diseases presented nasal discharges (89.30%) which were unilateral in 76.3%, ocular discharges (41.32%), inspiratory dyspnea (80.34%), crackles (42.19%), increased respiratory rate (86.99%), pulse rate (84.97%) and temperature (77.16%). A significantly higher value of neutrophils (31.62 ± 0.39 per cent) was observed in lambs with respiratory affections as compared to normal healthy lambs (26.42 ± 0.38 per cent). Lymphocytes also showed a significantly higher value (58.52 ± 0.28 per cent) in diseased lambs as compared to healthy lambs (49.47 ± 0.33 per cent). Serum glucose, protein and albumin showed significant decrease in the diseased lambs and consequent increase in their values post treatment. The bacteria isolated from the clinically affected lambs in their decreasing order of percentage included Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., Bordetella spp., Actinomyces spp. and Actinobacillus spp. In in vitro drug sensitivity test, bacterial isolates were highly susceptible to Tetracycline (93.93%), Ciprofloxacin (85.26%), Erythromycin (59.82%), Gentamicin (54.04%), Enrofloxacin (33.23%), moderately sensitive to Ampicillin (60.11%), Ceftiofur (89.01%), Amoxycillin (66.67%), Oxytetracycline (50%) and Chlortetracycline (43.06%). Treatment with Erythromycin and Gentamicin was found to be more effective than Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin. Prophylactic management with Vitamin E and Selenium improved weight gains and decreased incidence of diseases and mortality rates in lambs than the lambs that were not given any prophylaxis.ThesisItem Open Access Geopattern of Mineral Profile in Dairy Cattle: Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Therapeutic Study(SKUAST Kashmir, 2010) Bhat, Mohd Saleem; Muzaffar ShaheenA study was conducted on the mineral status of soil-forage-serum and effect of serum minerals on haematological and biochemical values, mineral deficiency diseases and efficacy of mineral replacement therapy in cattle of hilly and plain areas of Alusteng, Ganderbal of Kashmir Valley. The soil of these areas showed an overall average prevalence of 32.5, 2.5, 27.5, 60, 55 and 65 per cent deficiency of Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn, respectively. The prevalence of deficiency of soil Mg, Cu, Fe and Mn was higher in hills (35, 55, 65 and 90%, respectively) than in plains (30, 0, 45 and 40%, respectively) where as Zn deficiency was same (60%) in both areas. Ca deficiency was not observed in soil. The forage showed an overall average prevalence of 10, 35, 50, 57.5 and 27.5 per cent deficiency of Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively with higher prevalence in forage of hilly (20, 30, 95, 95 and 45%, respectively) compared to that of plain area (0, 40, 5, 20 and 10, respectively). Mg and Fe deficiency was not observed. In dairy cattle of hilly area weak body condition (55%), dry and rough faded coats (50%), loss of body hair (45%), low milk yield (40%) and anoestrus/repeat breeding (30%) were the most commonly observed problems. Dry and rough faded coats (40%) was the most commonly observed problem followed by pale external mucous membranes (30%) and low milk yield (20%) in cattle of plains. The overall average serum Ca, Pi, Cu, Zn and Fe deficiency observed was 37.5, 37.5, 50, 22.5 and 2.5 per cent, respectively. The prevalence was higher in cattle of hills (50, 55, 80, 25 and 5 per cent, respectively) compared to those of plains (25, 20, 20, 20 and 0%, respectively). Mg deficiency was not observed in cattle of either area. Significant positive correlation for Cu between soil-forage and forage-serum was found. The haematological indices viz. Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC where within normal physiological range and showed non-significant correlation with different serum minerals. No significant difference in any of the erythrocytic indices was found due to different mineral deficiencies. The blood glucose, AST, ALT, ALP and CK had non-significant correlation with the serum minerals no significant difference was observed between animals having normal and deficient mineral profiles. Replacement therapy showed high efficacy with copper sulphate (85.7%), zinc sulphate (100%), calcium carbonate (100%) and monosodium phosphate (66.6%).ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence and clinicotherapeutic management of acute bovine mastitis with special reference to antioxidants(SKUAST Kashmir, 2009) Akhoon, Zubair Ahmad; Peer, FaizullahA study was undertaken to find the prevalence of acute bovine mastitis under field conditions alongwith the therapeutic trials carried with antibiotics alone and alongwith antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium. The prevalence rate recorded was 9.25 per cent at Veterinary Clinical Services Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-K, Shuhama. The prevalence was highest during summer season (50%) followed by autumn season (25%). The prevalence of mastitis was higher during early lactation (55%) and at 3rd lactation (40%) followed by 4th lactation (20%). There were drastic changes in colour and consistency of mastitic milk. The pH of milk changed from a normal value of 6.68 ± 0.003 to 7.1 ± 0.01. A significant increase (p<0.05) in electrical conductivity (EC) (6.14± 0.01 ms/cm) of milk was recorded. Gentamicin and Enrofloxacin proved best drugs of choice in the treatment of mastitis. In the therapeutic trial the combination of antibiotics and antioxidants particularly with vitamin E and selenium proved to be most effective in the treatment of acute bovine mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence and Therapeutic Management of Cryptosporidiosis in Lambs of Kashmir Valley(SKUAST Kashmir, 2010) Kabli, Gazala Ahsan; Sheikh, G.N.Studies on prevalence of cryptosporidial spp. in sheep under different organizational setup and seasons were conducted during August, 2008 to July, 2009. The overall prevalence recorded was 28.62%. The season wise prevalence was 38.64, 33.93, 20.19 and 16.80% during winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively. The prevalence during spring and winter season was variable but was statistically non-significant. Prevalence was highest (23.12%) in organized farms as compared to un-organized farms (32.54%). There was statistically no significant difference in prevalence between different sexes. The prevalence during winter, spring, summer and autumn was 50.26, 39.10, 23.80 and 23.40 percent respectively, being highest in winter and lowest in autumn with an overall prevalence of 35.5%. The average age of first infection recorded was 4.6 ± 0.18 days and the average age of maximum infectiousness recorded was 14.4 ± 0.17 days. The prevalence recorded in diarrhoeic and no-diarrhoeic animals was 33.41 and 23.54 percent respectively. No correlation was found between the clinical symptoms and shedding of oocysts, whereas, the maximum oocyst shedding load was recorded during winter months and least in autumn. High protein levels proved to have a protective effect against infection and lasalocid was effective in treatment of clinical cryptosporidiosis as compared to azithromycin and tylosin.
