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Subject: Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological Studies and Therapeutic Evaluation of Caprine Mycoplasmosis
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Qurit Ul An; M. Shaheen
    Mycoplasmas belong to class Mollicuteslacking cell wall around their cell membranes making them resistant to antibiotic agents especially beta-lactams. Mycoplasma infection arises generally as a contagious disease in small ruminants caused by several species of Mycoplasmas and can lead to serious and often fatal illness in goats and sheep. Several diseases are caused by various Mycoplasmas that include Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP), Contagious agalactia (CA), Pneumonias, Arthritis, Mastitis, Seminal vesiculitis, Orchitis,Ampulitis, Urethritis, Conjunctivitis and Meningitis occuring either alone or as a syndrome. Mycoplasmas are responsible forcausing heavy morbidity (60-100%) and mortality (10-100%) in affected goats, leading to severe loss to farmers besides reducing the production potential of recovered goats. The studies on sero- and molecular prevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis and therapeutic trials are scarce. Hence this study was planned with similar objectives. Present study was conducted in four districts of Kashmir region viz., Bandipora, Budgam, Ganderbal and Srinagar during November 2019 to May 2021. Animals (N=200) were screened randomly throughout the study period using Slide Agglutination Test (SAT) and cELISA. The overall seroprevalence of Caprine Mycoplasmosis using SAT was recorded to be 15.5% while using cELISA was found to be 10.5%. It was observed that the seroprevalence was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in young animals (28.2%) compare to old animals (20.9%) and adults (7.07%) suggesting definite age-related susceptibility of caprine species. The sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA as shown by comparative evaluation of serological tests was 96.2%; 74.07% and 97.1%; 99.4%,respectively (on Culture basis). While taking PCR/RFLP as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA was observed to be 95.6%; 94.1% and 94.9%; 97.2%, respectively. Comparative evaluation of vital/clinical, immune (except for monocytes and basophils) and oxidative indices at the beginning of the study revealed significant (P≤0.05) alterations between all seropositive and healthy goats.From culture studies, 13.5% of seropositive samples were found to be positive while from molecular studies, 11.5% of seropositive samples showed positive amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Using RFLP, 8.5% of samples confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. Molecular prevalence using species specific primers confirmed Mycoplasma arginini in2% of the samples and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in 1% of the samples. A therapeutic trial for comparative evaluation of different antibiotic based therapeutic regimes for management of goatsaffected by mycoplasma infection was conducted. Animals (n=30) were divided into three groups, each group carrying minimum 10 animals and treated with different antimicrobial agents. An additional group of 10 healthy animals was taken as healthy or negative control. The parameters viz., vital/clinical, immune and oxidative were examined at the intervals of 0th, 48th, 96th and 144th hour in all the groups. From the treatment studies, Group I treated with tylosin showed significantly (P≤0.05) better results in terms of vital/clinical, immune as well as oxidative indices. From the post-treatment culture studies taken 48 hours after last dose of antimicrobial treatment, tylosin showed 80% of efficacy compared to oxytetracycline and levofloxacin both of which showed 60% efficacy.Hence present study concluded the overall seroprevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis is 15.5%, molecular prevalence is 11.5% and tylosin shows significantly (P≤0.05) better results in improving the vital/clinical, immune and oxidative indices compared to other antimicrobials.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological Studies and Therapeutic Evaluation of Caprine Mycoplasmosis
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Qurit Ul An; M. Shaheen
    Mycoplasmas belong to class Mollicuteslacking cell wall around their cell membranes making them resistant to antibiotic agents especially beta-lactams. Mycoplasma infection arises generally as a contagious disease in small ruminants caused by several species of Mycoplasmas and can lead to serious and often fatal illness in goats and sheep. Several diseases are caused by various Mycoplasmas that include Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP), Contagious agalactia (CA), Pneumonias, Arthritis, Mastitis, Seminal vesiculitis, Orchitis,Ampulitis, Urethritis, Conjunctivitis and Meningitis occuring either alone or as a syndrome. Mycoplasmas are responsible forcausing heavy morbidity (60-100%) and mortality (10-100%) in affected goats, leading to severe loss to farmers besides reducing the production potential of recovered goats. The studies on sero- and molecular prevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis and therapeutic trials are scarce. Hence this study was planned with similar objectives. Present study was conducted in four districts of Kashmir region viz., Bandipora, Budgam, Ganderbal and Srinagar during November 2019 to May 2021. Animals (N=200) were screened randomly throughout the study period using Slide Agglutination Test (SAT) and cELISA. The overall seroprevalence of Caprine Mycoplasmosis using SAT was recorded to be 15.5% while using cELISA was found to be 10.5%. It was observed that the seroprevalence was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in young animals (28.2%) compare to old animals (20.9%) and adults (7.07%) suggesting definite age-related susceptibility of caprine species. The sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA as shown by comparative evaluation of serological tests was 96.2%; 74.07% and 97.1%; 99.4%,respectively (on Culture basis). While taking PCR/RFLP as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA was observed to be 95.6%; 94.1% and 94.9%; 97.2%, respectively. Comparative evaluation of vital/clinical, immune (except for monocytes and basophils) and oxidative indices at the beginning of the study revealed significant (P≤0.05) alterations between all seropositive and healthy goats.From culture studies, 13.5% of seropositive samples were found to be positive while from molecular studies, 11.5% of seropositive samples showed positive amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Using RFLP, 8.5% of samples confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. Molecular prevalence using species specific primers confirmed Mycoplasma arginini in2% of the samples and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in 1% of the samples. A therapeutic trial for comparative evaluation of different antibiotic based therapeutic regimes for management of goatsaffected by mycoplasma infection was conducted. Animals (n=30) were divided into three groups, each group carrying minimum 10 animals and treated with different antimicrobial agents. An additional group of 10 healthy animals was taken as healthy or negative control. The parameters viz., vital/clinical, immune and oxidative were examined at the intervals of 0th, 48th, 96th and 144th hour in all the groups. From the treatment studies, Group I treated with tylosin showed significantly (P≤0.05) better results in terms of vital/clinical, immune as well as oxidative indices. From the post-treatment culture studies taken 48 hours after last dose of antimicrobial treatment, tylosin showed 80% of efficacy compared to oxytetracycline and levofloxacin both of which showed 60% efficacy.Hence present study concluded the overall seroprevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis is 15.5%, molecular prevalence is 11.5% and tylosin shows significantly (P≤0.05) better results in improving the vital/clinical, immune and oxidative indices compared to other antimicrobials.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological Studies and Therapeutic Evaluation of Caprine Mycoplasmosis
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Qurit Ul An; M. Shaheen
    Mycoplasmas belong to class Mollicuteslacking cell wall around their cell membranes making them resistant to antibiotic agents especially beta-lactams. Mycoplasma infection arises generally as a contagious disease in small ruminants caused by several species of Mycoplasmas and can lead to serious and often fatal illness in goats and sheep. Several diseases are caused by various Mycoplasmas that include Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP), Contagious agalactia (CA), Pneumonias, Arthritis, Mastitis, Seminal vesiculitis, Orchitis,Ampulitis, Urethritis, Conjunctivitis and Meningitis occuring either alone or as a syndrome. Mycoplasmas are responsible forcausing heavy morbidity (60-100%) and mortality (10-100%) in affected goats, leading to severe loss to farmers besides reducing the production potential of recovered goats. The studies on sero- and molecular prevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis and therapeutic trials are scarce. Hence this study was planned with similar objectives. Present study was conducted in four districts of Kashmir region viz., Bandipora, Budgam, Ganderbal and Srinagar during November 2019 to May 2021. Animals (N=200) were screened randomly throughout the study period using Slide Agglutination Test (SAT) and cELISA. The overall seroprevalence of Caprine Mycoplasmosis using SAT was recorded to be 15.5% while using cELISA was found to be 10.5%. It was observed that the seroprevalence was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in young animals (28.2%) compare to old animals (20.9%) and adults (7.07%) suggesting definite age-related susceptibility of caprine species. The sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA as shown by comparative evaluation of serological tests was 96.2%; 74.07% and 97.1%; 99.4%,respectively (on Culture basis). While taking PCR/RFLP as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of SAT and cELISA was observed to be 95.6%; 94.1% and 94.9%; 97.2%, respectively. Comparative evaluation of vital/clinical, immune (except for monocytes and basophils) and oxidative indices at the beginning of the study revealed significant (P≤0.05) alterations between all seropositive and healthy goats.From culture studies, 13.5% of seropositive samples were found to be positive while from molecular studies, 11.5% of seropositive samples showed positive amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Using RFLP, 8.5% of samples confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. Molecular prevalence using species specific primers confirmed Mycoplasma arginini in2% of the samples and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in 1% of the samples. A therapeutic trial for comparative evaluation of different antibiotic based therapeutic regimes for management of goatsaffected by mycoplasma infection was conducted. Animals (n=30) were divided into three groups, each group carrying minimum 10 animals and treated with different antimicrobial agents. An additional group of 10 healthy animals was taken as healthy or negative control. The parameters viz., vital/clinical, immune and oxidative were examined at the intervals of 0th, 48th, 96th and 144th hour in all the groups. From the treatment studies, Group I treated with tylosin showed significantly (P≤0.05) better results in terms of vital/clinical, immune as well as oxidative indices. From the post-treatment culture studies taken 48 hours after last dose of antimicrobial treatment, tylosin showed 80% of efficacy compared to oxytetracycline and levofloxacin both of which showed 60% efficacy.Hence present study concluded the overall seroprevalence of caprine mycoplasmosis is 15.5%, molecular prevalence is 11.5% and tylosin shows significantly (P≤0.05) better results in improving the vital/clinical, immune and oxidative indices compared to other antimicrobials.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological Pattern and Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Zinc in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad; Dar, Aijaz Ahmad
    Neonatal Calf Diarrhea (NCD) is an important cause of economic loss in terms of morbidity and mortality in calves during the first three weeks of life. It is one of the most common disease conditions of newborn calf with highest incidence during first month of life. The disease is multifactorial and more often predisposed by faulty managemental practices. Epidemiology of NCD under different organizational setup and seasons was studied during August, 2015 to July, 2016. Most of the NCD cases were observed during spring season followed by autumn and winter. Occurrence of diarrhea was more (80%) in calves aged less than 30 days compared to calves aged 30-45 days (20%). Male calves (63%) were more commonly affected than female calves (37%). Further, the association between body weight of calves and diarrhea was strong (Odds ratio = 6.4167). Fecal samples of both healthy (control) and diarrheic (cases) calves were screened for the presence of E. coli, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium and Eimerian oocysts. E. coli was isolated from all the samples but was not considered as causal agent owing to inability for molecular characterization; however variation in fecal coliform count was performed during the clinical trial. Eimerian oocysts were found in 14 cases while as Salmonella was isolated from 2 cases. None of the fecal samples screened was found Cryptosporidium positive. The clinical findings observed in diarrheic calves were loose/semi-formed pale yellow color feces sometimes mixed with blood, foul smelling with soiled tail and perineum, sunken eyes, dry mucus membrane, cold extremities and moderate dehydration. Extreme depression as indicated by recumbency and loss of suckle reflex was also noticed in some diarrheic calves. Tachypnea and tachycardia were found in most of the diarrheic calves. Relative hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypoproteinemia were observed in most of the diarrheic calves suggesting electrolyte and metabolic disturbances. In addition, reduced zinc and copper concentration was found in diarrheic calves compared to healthy ones. The evaluation of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of zinc by agar diffusion technique revealed potent antibacterial activity of zinc oxide. In-vitro drug sensitivity testing showed most of the E. coli isolates sensitive to different antibiotics. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of zinc in NCD using single-blinded randomized on-field clinical trial suggested therapeutic potential of zinc in clinical management of NCD. Further studies need to be carried out on large sample size with wide range of risk factors to develop package of practice (including the development of eco-health and affordable product) for clinical management of neonatal calf diarrhea.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Epidemiological Investigation of Contagious Ecthyma (ORF) in Small Ruminants
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2017) QuritUl An; Dar, Dr. Aijaz Ahmad
    Contagious ecthymais an economically important contagious and a zoonotic disease affecting sheep, goats and many other species of wild ruminants. Clinically the disease is characterized by proliferative lesions on the skin of lips, oral mucosa and around the nostrils resulting in anorexia and death due to inanition or secondary bacterial infections. Outbreaks (N=12) reported from both organized and unorganized sectors of 4 districts of J&K (India) during November-2016 to May-2017 were investigated. Descriptive epidemiology was studied with respect to various host- and environment- related factors. Diagnostic confirmation was done by PCR targeting B2L gene of ORF virus. PCR positive samples were then subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for comparative analysis. Also, a clinical trial was conducted on ORF-affected lambs for evaluating the efficacyof topical application of zinc oxide pastefor reducing the clinical severity. Gross and histopathology of the drop-out cases was also studied. The host- and environment-related factors studied had no bearing on the occurrence of outbreaks (primary in nature) excepting that lambs and kids of 3 month old animals (74.9% versus 25.1%). Time-related occurrence of the disease revealed maximum number of cases in April (56.1%)andminimum during February (2.0%). In majority of cases the lesions were noticed on multiple sites; on oral commissures (69.1%), lips (56.1%), muzzle (50.8%) and gums (31.4%). The complications observed were bronchopneumonia (6.3%), gastroenteritis (2.9%), and mastitis (0.5%) in nursing mothers. The overall morbidity, mortality and case-fatality rates observed were 7.23%, 0.42% and 5.8% respectively. Only 16 out of the 27 representative scab samples were confirmed positive by PCR and 13 out of the 16 PCR positive samples were sequenced which revealed that our ORFV isolates were close to one another followed by other Indian isolates and more closely related to China compared to other global isolates. The response shown to different treatment protocols evaluated indicated that the topical application of zinc oxide paste showed significantly (P<0.05) better results compared to other regimens tested, considering the number of days taken for clinical recovery, mortality observed and complications developed. Cauliflower-like proliferations in buccal cavity, congestion of liver and pneumonic lesions in lungs were the major gross pathological changes observed. Epithelial hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration in deeper layers, leukocytic infiltration and erosion and necrosis of the epithelium were the main histopathological changes observed. It was concluded that small ruminants have definite age-related susceptibility to contagious ecthyma, and the disease strikes more in susceptible hosts when external environmental conditions are favorable. And for studying the molecular epidemiology of contagious ecthyma genes encoded in the terminal portion of ORFV genome should be targeted. Topical application of zinc oxide paste could offer a viable and a non-antimicrobial alternative for alleviating the clinical severity of ORF lesions and help obviate the use of antimicrobials in food animals.