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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy and Histology ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Pre and Postnatal Morphological and Histochemical studies on Ovary of local Sheep (Ovis aries) under temperate Agro-climatic Conditions of Kashmir Valley
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Mir, Shabir Ahmad; Khan, Massarat
    Morphological, Histological and Histochemical studies were conducted on the prenatal ovaryin different stages of gestation and various post-natal groups of local sheep of kashmir. The genital ridge was observed as a minor thickening on the ventro-medial aspect of mesonephros which contained mesenchymal cells, PGC’s, differentiating erythrocytes and spindle shaped fibroblasts upto 50 days of gestational age. Later on small, elongated to almond shaped ovaries caudal to respective kidneys were observed.The ovaries were covered by germinal epithelium. The sex cords were observed along with primordial and primary folliclesin 50-100 days of prenatal ovary. Secondary follicles were first observed from 100 days of prenatal ovary onwards. Tertiary follicles were first observed at the inner part of the cortex near the full term (140-149 days). Post-natal sheep ovaries were paired oval to spherical and almond in shape on either side of uterus. The average length, breadth, thickness and weight of the ovaries gradually increased with the advancement of age. The average follicle on left and right ovary was 9.02 and 11.27 respectively. Right ovary was found more active than left one. As age increases, the cuboidal cells get transformed into squamous type in germinal epithelium and was weakly positive for PAS and AMPS whereas lipids/ phospholipids showed mild reactions in this epithelium. The width of tunica albugenia was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in winter.In prepubertal and pubertal animals, reticular fibers were in abundance while in adult sheep, collagen fibers were predominant in cortical stroma. Elastic fibers lacked in the cortical stroma. As age increases, the reaction for PAS in cortical stroma gets increasedwhich appeared mild in adult ones. Glycogen were not found whereas AMPS were mild in this zone. Lipids/phospholipids were mild in prepubertal and pubertal and weak in adult animals. The primordial and primary follicles were located in the peripheral region of the cortex and formed a continuous layer especially in younger ones and their occurrence decreased with advancement of age. The vascularized theca folliculi was separated from the follicular cells by a basement membrane only in case of large secondary follicles. The tertiary follicles had a distinct antrum. Theca interna exhibited relatively more reaction for PAS, AMPS, lipids, phospholipids and proteins in comparison to theca externa in tertiary follicles. The granulosa cells of the tertiary follicles were PAS negative. In the atresia of primordial, primary and secondary follicles, the oocyte commonly degenerated prior to the follicular cells. Whereas in tertiary follicles the membrana granulosa generally degenerated earlier. Atresia of tertiary follicles occurred in two ways i.e. obliterative and cystic type. Granulosa cells of atretic follicles showed high amount of acid mucopolysaccharides which may be indicator of atresia. The different ovarian follicles showed moderate to strong reaction for basic proteins whereas atretic follicles were weak to moderately positive. A well-developed corpus luteum occupied nearly whole of the cortical stroma and appeared as weakly multilobulated gland. Three types of cells formed the glandular configuration of the corpus luteum viz., large sized granulosa lutein cells, small sized theca lutein cells and the spindle shaped cells. The capsule and trabeculae of corpus luteum in sheep showed mild to moderate, negative to moderate and mild tomoderate reaction for PAS, AMPS and lipids, respectively. As compared to granulosa lutein cells the theca lutein cells exhibited relatively intense reaction for PAS, lipids, and protein. The medullary stroma comprised of fine to coarse collagen and reticular fibers along with rete ovarii, lymphatics and hilar cells among numerous blood vessels of varying size.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Histological and Histochemical studies on the Adrenal gland of roilerchicken(Gallusdomesticus)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2016) Ajaz Quadir; Khan, Massarat
    The domestic chicken is the most common bird in the world, with the number of individuals estimated to be 19.9 billion (FAO, 2013). When considering animal welfare challenges related to farming, the domestic chicken might be considered the species with the highest number of individuals suffering the consequences of human activity and environmental stresses, which highlights the importance of studies that aim to understand and mitigate welfare problems related to poultry production.The aim of the study was to observe the histological and histochemical features of the adrenal gland of broiler chicken (Gallus domesticus) and subsequent changes at different hours of fasting. The experiments were conducted on 24 broiler chickens, divided into four groups (each group consisting of 6 birds) exposed to different hours of fasting. The groups were labelled according to duration of fasting stress as; A (control), B (exposed to 12 hours of fasting), C (exposed to 24 hours of fasting), D (exposed to 48 hours of fasting). Clinically healthy samples of adrenal gland of broiler chicken were collected immediately after sacrifice following fasting stress. The topographical features of the adrenal gland including position, colour, blood and nerve supply in broiler chicken were similarin all the groups. Biometrical parameters (weight, length, width and thickness) were recorded for right, left adrenal gland of all the control and the birds exposed to fasting stress. 5µm thick sections were stained for various histological and histochemical studies. Paraffin sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin were used for micrometric studies. The measurements included capsule thickness, cellular and nuclear daimeters of cortical and medullary tissue. Various micrometric measurements were recorded by using image analysing ‘video test 4’ software. The adrenal gland was surrounded by a thick capsule consisting of well-developed collagen, reticular and few elastic fibres. The parenchyma of the adrenal gland was formed of intermingled cortical and medullary cells, which was further divided into three different zones viz; sub capsular zone, peripheral zone and inner zone. Cortical cells were columnar in shape with eccentrically placed nucleus and were classified as Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 cells based on staining `affinity of their cytoplasm. Medullary cells were polygonal to roughly columnar with centrally placed nucleus and were differentiated into Type 1 and Type 2 depending upon the concentration of chromaffin granules, rather basophilic nature of their cytoplasm. Majority of parameters pertaining to biometry of the adrenal gland showed non-significant variations between control and among different groups. However there was a significant difference in various micrometrical parameters lik cellular and nuclear diameters of cortical and medullary tissue in different zones between the control and among the fasting groups. Adrenal gland of broiler chicken exposed to different hours of fasting stress was characterised by marked hyperaemia, lymphocytic infiltration, increase in capillary network and medullary sinuses, hyperplasia of interrenal cells with vacuolation, changes in the distribution and arrangement of type 1 and type 2 cells both that of cortical and medullary tissue, and smaller affinity for staining of chromaffin cells compared to control group. These changes were found maximum at 48 hours of fasting, indicating that degree of histological changes under influence of fasting stress depends upon the duration of exposure.The histological structure of the adrenal gland of different fasting groups indicate that adrenal gland is sensitive on this kind of stress and fasting as a stressor could introduce the birds in stress reaction. These results might indicate the increased adrenal activity and evidence of inflammatory process as consequence of hours long fasting stress. Results showed that fasting, caused significant adrenal gland changes, suggesting a possible role for the study of adrenal gland morphology as an indicator of chronic welfare problems in broiler chickens.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gross and Histomorphological Study of Thyroid Gland in Local Sheep (Ovis aries)
    (SKUAST Kashmir, 2015) Neelofar, Nabi; Baba, M A
    Gross and histomorphological study was conducted on 24 clinically healthy samples of thyroid gland of sheep collected from district Bandipora. The topographical features of the thyroid gland including position, color, blood and nerve supply in sheep were similar irrespective of sex and season. Biometrical parameters (weight, length, width and thickness) were recorded for right lobe, left lobe and isthmus in male and female sheep of summer and autumn season. 5µm thick sections were obtained by using a Rotary Microtome and stained for various histological and histochemical studies. Paraffin sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin were used for micrometric studies. The measurements included capsule thickness, follicular diameters and epithelial cell height. Various micrometric measurements were recorded by using ocular micrometer calibrated with a stage micrometer. The thyroid gland was surrounded by a thick capsule consisting of well- developed collagen, reticular and few elastic fibres. The principal parenchymal units of thyroid gland were formed by closely packed thyroid follicles of varying shapes and sizes. Follicles were categorized as small (54.72±1.34µm), medium (117.28±1.34µm) and large (198.72±2.09µm) sized based on the diameter of the follicles Majority of parameters pertaining to biometry of the thyroid gland showed non-significant variations between male and female sheep. The average contribution of thyroid gland to the body weight was highest in male sheep during summer season (0.0057%). There was a significant difference with respect to average thickness of capsule i.e., 226±47.72µm and 175±8.92 µm; 188.83±21.45 µm and 262.33±34.23 µm in male and female sheep of summer and autumn season, respectively). The epithelial cell height in male and female sheep of both the seasons varied significantly (13.42±0.91 µm and 16.26±0.31 µm; 15.93±0.52 µm and13.09±0.61 µm in male and female sheep of summer and autumn season, respectively). Whereas, the values of follicular diameter varied non-significantly in both the sexes and both the seasons. Most important histological and micrometrical finding was that the thyroid gland was more active in the female sheep than that of the male sheep during summer season. Also the gland was more active in the male sheep than that of the female sheep during autumn season.