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Open Access
Effect of stocking density on gonadal development, pigmentation and survival of Carassius carassius (Crucian carp) in a biofloc system
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Uzma Nazir; Mansoor Ahmad Rather
The present study was carried out for a period of sixty days to investigate the role of stocking density on gonadal development, pigmentation and survival of Carassius carassius under a biofloc-based system, a popular intensive, sustainable and eco-friendly method of aquaculture that regulates water quality, along with the production of value added microbial proteinaceous feed for the aquatic organisms. C. carassius is a medium sized cyprinid fish that adds a large proportion to the capture fisheries of the valley, contributing just after Common carp and various Schizothorax species. The fish is established well in the agroclimatic conditions of Jammu and Kashmir, and is yet to be introduced in the culture conditions in the valley. The fish is an omnivore and well suited to abiotic environmental factors like low levels of dissolved oxygen and high concentrations of nitrite and ammonia and thereby forms a suitable candidate species for its culture in biofloc system. C. carassius of average weight 25±0.15g were randomly distributed in sixteen tanks, each with 250 L water at the stocking densities viz. 1 , 2 (10, 20, 30 and 40 fish/250 L). The carbon-nitrogen ratio of 15:1 was maintained using wheat flour as a carbon source. The best gonad performance in terms of absolute fecundity (4449.98±115.636), relative fecundity (114.67±2.770), GSI (5.62±0.018 and 2.93±0.014 for females & males respectively), and advanced maturation stages (vitellogenic oocytes and seminiferous tubules with spermatozoa) was observed in the density treatment having 20 fish/250 L. The skin carotenoid content showed an increasing trend with maximum content (8.11±0.018) recorded for the fish stocked at 20/250 L. The scales of the fish from same treatment presented higher concentration of yellow orange pigments giving an overall golden hue to the scales while as the density and dispersion of melanophores increased with increase in stocking density giving an overall darker coloration to the fish, indicating a stressful condition at higher stocking density. The highest survival of 92.50% was recorded for the lowest density group of 10 fish/250L, however, the difference between the treatments was non-significant (p= >0.05). The results of this experiment elucidate that Carassius carassius could be cultured with better gonad performance, increased carotenoid content and high survival at a stocking density of in a biofloc system.
Open Access
Study on reproductive biology & growth parameters of Puntius conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) in Dal Lake, Kashmir
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Tabish Farooq; Bhat, Farooz Ahmad
During the present study on reproductive biology and growth parameters of Puntius conchonius Hamilton, 1822 in Dal Lake, Kashmir various characteristics like histology of gonads, growth parameters (L∞, K and to), fecundity, sex ratio, Gonadosomatic index and Length at first maturity was investigated. A total of 300 specimens of Puntius conchonius were studied during October 2021 to July 2022. The total length of the specimens ranged from 34.69 mm to 80.1 mm with the corresponding weight being 0.57 gm. and 9.4 gm. respectively. Maximum GSI (Gonadosomatic index) value was recorded in the month of June with peak values of 6.6 in males and 7.2 in females. The absolute fecundity varied from 194 to 9681 eggs and relative fecundity from 98 to 1041 ova. The average absolute fecundity recorded was 2199 whereas average relative fecundity was 337 per gram body weight. The average sex ratio for the entire period of study was 1:1.4 (Male: Female) indicating a significant dominance of females. The length at first maturity (L50) for females of Puntius conchonius was estimated as 60 mm. The histology of gonads depicted 5 maturity stages both in males and females. Growth was obtained at monthly intervals and the regression of Lt+1 on Lt were used for the calculation of ‘L∞’ (asymptotic length) and ‘K’ (growth coefficient). The estimated values of ‘L∞’ and ‘K’ by modal progression method were found to be 83.28 mm and 0.14 month-1 respectively. The value of to estimated by VBGF plot was found to be 0.0028 years.
Open Access
Effect of Mint (Mentha piperita) on Growth and Hematology of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis) Fingerlings Under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Sumaira Rashid; Ashwani Kumar
Mentha piperita was used as supplement diet to observe its effect on growth and hematology of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis). The herb was included in conventional diets of the fish at four different levels viz.; 1.5g/100g of feed (T1), 2.0g/100g of feed (T2), 2.5g/100g of feed (T3) and 3.0g/100g of feed (T4), while control (T0) was a diet kept without herbal supplementation. The experimental diets were given to fish at the rate of 5% of live body weight twice a day for a period of 60 days with five treatments and four replicates having stocking of 10 fingerlings of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis) in each tub of capacity 50 litres. The water quality parameters remained congenial during the experiment. There was no significant impact on water quality parameters by inclusion of Mint in the feed. T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments show better growth when compared to the T0 (control).These results indicate the supplementation of Mint@3.0% (T4) is an optimum concentration of herbal supplementation for enhancing the growth of Common carp fingerlings. Hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV) were found to be significantly higher in all the treatments as compared to control group (T0). The result obtained showed that hemoglobin content (Hb), RBCs volume and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly improved among the fishes of treatments of Mint dietary groups. Fish fed with Mint leaves based diet recorded higher value of hematology of fish compared to the values obtained from control. The result of this study suggested that the dietary supplementation of herb Mint (Mentha piperita) could have potential to act as growth promoter. It is less expensive and positively affected hematological parameters of experimental fish.
Open Access
To study the viability of Rainbow Trout fish farming and its impact on livelihood of fish farmers in Anantnag district of Kashmir Valley
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Shakir Zahoor Khan; Zargar, Bilal Ahmad
The present study titled “To study the viability of Rainbow Trout fish farming and its impact on livelihood of fish farmers in Anantnag district of Kashmir Valley.” was carried out in District Anantnag in the year 2021-22. The main objectives of the present study were: - To know the socio-economic status of fish farmers, to evaluate the decision making abilities among fish farmers, to analyse the profitability of Rainbow trout culture among fish farmers and to find-out the problems and constraints faced by fish farmers in rainbow trout fish farming. A descriptive survey method was used to conduct the study. District Anantnag was selected by purposive sampling technique. The target population of the study comprised of the trout fish farmers of district Anantnag with total population size of 142. The sample size of the study constituted 110 trout fish farmers. Proportionate random sampling technique was used for present study. A self-administrated interview schedule was developed to obtain information from the respondents. The data collected from the survey was analyzed using standard statistical tools like descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, standard error, correlation analysis test and chi-square test. PAST 4.0 and MS-EXCEL were used for analysis of data. From the present study, it was concluded that majority of the respondents were young aged, males, married, had higher secondary level of education, belonged to medium sized family, had marginal land holdings, had ancestral lands, had cemented houses, received high income from trout culture, received different financial schemes majorly Blue-revolution, had medium level of experience in trout culture, owned cow as a major livestock and had trout culture as primary occupation. The results revealed that majority of the respondents had medium level of decision making ability. Correlation analysis of decision making ability and socio-economic characteristics of farmers showed positive relation with all the seven variables except age viz., educational level, annual income from trout culture, family size, extension services and experience in trout culture. Using chi-square test it was found that there is a significant difference between the decision-making ability of male and female respondents. Total costs and returns in trout farming both in terms of per farm and per raceway was estimated. Total cost came out to be Rs. 443284.2/farm. Among the total costs, variable costs contributed to 81.23% while as fixed contributed 18.77% to the total cost. Cost of feed was the major contributor among variable cost which accounted 59.50% of the total cost. In case of fixed cost, interest on fixed capital was major contributor accounting 10.24% of total cost. Average gross income per farm per year was estimated to be Rs. 954090. The Benefit-cost (B:C) ratio was estimated which came out to be 2.15 indicating that trout culture is an economical business venture/profitable enterprise. The study revealed that majority of the respondents perceived lack of insurance cover for their fish stock as the biggest constraint. This was followed by following constraints; high price of feed, lack of quality seed availability, lack of knowledge of modern and scientific fish farming, Unavailability of medicines, non-availability of organized market, disease outbreaks, lack of quality seed availability, unavailability of proper assistance from department of fisheries and water quality problems. The study was concluded by some of the recommendations such as provision of insurance cover for fish mortality, availability of trout feed economical price, organized market facility, availability of high quality fast growing seed, provide technical knowledge to farmers on trout culture through various trainings, exhibitions and demonstrations, provision of suitable medicines during disease outbreak, provide necessary assistance to trout farmers, etc. The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that majority of the respondents exhibit medium standard of living. The economic analysis gave an outlook about trout farms revealed that the farms operate at optimum costs with high benefits, having B:C ratio greater than 1 indicating the economic viability of the business. The decision making ability of trout farmers turned out to be fairly good as majority of them had medium level of decision making. Lastly, constraints faced by trout farmers in farming indicated necessary improvements that can be made by the intervention of proper authorities and experts.
Open Access
Effect of high fat diet on compensatory growth of Cyprinus carpio var. communis under different stocking densities
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Sayima Majeed Wani; Chesti, Anayitullah
This study aimed to investigate the effect of high fat diet on compensatory growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis ) fingerlings under different stocking densities. The experiment was conducted for a period of seventy-five(75) days. After acclimatization for ten (10) days, a total of three hundred sixty (360) fingerlings were distributed to sixteen plastic tubs of 50 litre capacity. The experiment was divided into 4 groups based on stocking densities viz, T0 or control (2.62 g/L), T1 (5.24 g/L), T2 (7.86 g/L) and T3 (10.48 g/L). All the experimental groups were starved for a period of 15 days followed by refeeding them for a period of 60 days. Growth parameters (viz. body weight gain, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate and Survival rate), biochemical parameters (Superoxide dismutase activity and Catalase activity) and hematological parameters (Total erythrocyte count, Total leukocyte count and hemoglobulin content) were recorded during starvation and refeeding periods. Also feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio of all the treatments was recorded during refeeding phase. Decrease in body weight was observed during starvation period with highest decrease in T3 group. However, on refeeding body weight gain was observed. It was observed that the fish in treatments T1 showed highest weight gain followed by Control (T0) with no significant difference in growth parameters, weight gain and specific growth rate. However, significant difference (p<0.01) was observed between T2 and T3 groups. Feed conversion ratio showed a decreasing trend from T1-T3 indicating increased feed conversion ratio with increasing stocking densities. The gill and liver SOD and CAT enzyme activity were upregulated in the experimental groups after starvation. Food deprivation caused increase in oxidative damage defence. The values recovered on refeeding in T0 and T1. However, the T2 and T3 groups could not reach their basal initial levels. There was a decrease in the erythrocyte, leucocyte and hemoglobin count in all the three groups of fishes after starvation. The values recovered on refeeding in T0 and T1. However, the T2 and T3 could not recover completely and the values remained less compared to their initial normal values. The results suggest that that stocking densities of 5.24 g/L appears to be best when culturing common carp subjected to brief starvation period prior to feeding with a high fat diet without compromising the health status of the fish as evident by its biochemical and hematological parameters.
Open Access
Feeding biology and morphometric characteristics of Puntius conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) in Dal lake, Kashmir
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Saima Jan; Bhat, Farooz Ahmad
The present study on the morphometry, length-weight relationship, condition factor and food and feeding habits of P. conchonius (Safaid baccha) (Hamilton, 1822)) was carried out from October 2021 to March 2022. A total of 180 samples were collected from Dal Lake, Kashmir for this study. Various morphometric characters showed high degree of correlation (R2) between them and the values of correlation ranged from 0.181 to 0.868. Maximum coefficient of variation was found in snout length (23.8%) and minimum variation was found in Total length (12.9%). The length-weight relationship was recorded separately for both males and females. The equations for males was found as Log W=˗ 4.461 +2.809 Log L and for females as Log W = - 4.359 + 2.761 Log L. Combined equation was recorded as Log W = - 4.452 + 2.807 Log L. The value of ‘b’ obtained for the pooled data was found to be 2.807 which is significantly lower than 3 indicating a negative allometric growth in the fish. Gut contents of P. conchonius were analyzed both by occurrence method and volumetric method. On an average, the dominant food items were found to be Diatoms followed by Blue green algae. Analysis of gut contents following the index of preponderance method revealed the presence of high percentage of Diatoms (31.12%), Blue green algae (11.98%), Mud particles (8.70%), Appendages (1.98%), Green algae (0.92%) and Crustaceans (0.80%) in the diet of fish confirming its omnivorous mode of feeding. Monthly average GaSI was recorded highest in the month of November and lowest in the month of December, the values being 3.96% and 1.76% respectively.The highest GaSI in the month of November indicating that the month forms the breeding period of fish. Average RLG value was recorded as 1.68 indicating omnivorous feeding behaviour of the fish. Month-wise feeding intensity of P.conchonius was highest in the month of October and lowest in the month of March. Maximum condition factor was found during the month of October (1.83±0.0249) in case of both males and females and minimum was found in the month of February (1.55±0.0546) and December (1.39±0.0303) in case of females and males respectively. P.conchonius, Morphometry, Length-Weight relationship, Feeding habits, Gut content analysis, Index of preponderance, GaSI, RLG, Feeding intensity, Condition Factor, Fisheries Resource Management, Fisheries.
Open Access
Perception of Fish Farmers about the Schemes and Training Imparted by Department of Fisheries in District Ganderbal
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Namia Yawar; Malik, Rizwana
The present study titled “Perception of Fish Farmers about the Schemes and Training Imparted by Department of Fisheries in District Ganderbal.” was carried out in District Ganderbal.The main objectives of the present study were:-To study the Socio-economic profile and communication characteristics of fish farmers, to measure the perception of fish farmers about usefulness of training and schemes imparted by Department of Fisheries, to know the short comings in the present extension system and also the expectation of farmers about the future extension system. A descriptive and inferential survey method was used to conduct the study. District Ganderbal was selected by purposive sampling technique. The target population of the study comprised of the Fish farmers of District Ganderbal with total population size of 133. The sample of study constituted 99 fish farmers. Proportionate random sampling technique was used for present study. An interview schedule was developed to obtain information from the respondents. The data collected from the survey was analyzed using standard statistical tools like descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and standard error and correlation analysis test. PAST 4.0 and MS EXCEL was used for analysis of data. From the present study, it was concluded that majority of the respondents were males, young aged, had secondary level of education, belonged to medium sized family, had small land holdings, belonged to medium income groups and possessed functional carp farms under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) scheme. The results revealed that majority of the respondents had medium levels of information seeking behavior, mass media exposure, extension participation and communication behaviour. The majority of respondents had favorable response towards pond management and Schemes, neutral perception regarding training programmes and disease prevention. However majority of the respondents had unfavourable response towards FLD, OFT, seed quality and feed management. The major constraints reported by the farmers included : Non availability and bad quality of feed, costly feed, bad quality of seed. Minimal visit by the members of Fisheries Department, lack of field visits and educational tours and fish mortality. The major expectations of the farmers included :Insurance cover for fish mortality, More schemes for equipment’s and bund constructions/ repairment to be provided by the Department of Fisheries, Provision of cheap and good quality of seed and feed, More training programmes with more information about new technologies, timely visits by department members, proper communication between respondents (farmers) and extension agents and lastly Fisheries Department must arrange field visits and educational tours.
Open Access
Study and standardization of some haematological and biochemical parameters of Schizothorax niger and Schizothorax esocinus in Dal Lake and Jhelum River, Kashmir
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Karthik N; Bhat, Farooz A.
For the present study on Study and standardization of some haematological and biochemical parameters of Schizothorax niger and Schizothorax esocinus in Dal Lake and Jhelum river, Kashmir different length and weight group fishes of Schizothorax niger and Schizothorax esocinus were collected from the two selected sites i.e., Dal lake at Hazaratbal and Jhelum river at Chattabal during the period October 2022-December 2022. Forty (40) specimen of S. niger and Forty (40) specimen of S. esocinus were collected during random sampling for the present study. S. niger samples belonged to four length groups having age from 2 to 6 years i.e., Group1 (age 2), Group 2 (age 3), Group 3 (age 5), and Group 4 (age 6). Similarly, S. esocinus samples also belonged to four length groups having age from 1 to 4 years i. e., Group 1 (age 1), Group 2 (age 2), Group 3 (age 3), and Group 4 (age 4). The haematological parameters viz., Hb (g/dl), TEC (106/mm3), TLC (104/mm3), PCV (%) and biochemical parameters viz., Total protein (gm%), Glucose(mg/dl), Urea (mg/dl) and Triglycerides (mg/dl) were determined and co- related with the age and size of fishes of S. niger and S. esocinus. S. niger and S. esocinus varied in length from 107.27- 301.58 mm and 133.48- 415.56 mm and in weight from 8.25 - 406.00 g. and 32.56 - 425.94 g respectively. In S. niger fish, the mean value of Hb, RBC, WBC, Hct, Total protein, Urea, Glucose and Triglycerides were recorded as 6.59g/dl, 2.41×106/mm3, 6.22×104/mm3, 46.38%, 6.43 gm%, 5.32mg/dl, 59.77mg/dl and 90.35mg/dl respectively. Similarly, in S. esocinus, mean value of Hb, RBC, WBC, Hct, Total protein, Urea, Glucose and Triglycerides were recorded as 6.37g/dl, 2.39×106/mm3, 6.22×104/mm3, 38.33%, 6.13 gm%, 5.53mg/dl, 57.10mg/dl and 115.31mg/dl respectively. Length Group 4 had the highest levels of Hb, RBC, WBC, and Total protein values among the four distinct length groups in S. niger, while the Length Group 1 had the lowest levels. Similarly, Length Group 1 of S. niger had the highest levels of Hct, Glucose, Urea, and Triglycerides among the four length groups while the Length Group 4 had the lowest values. Length Group 4 showed the highest levels of Glucose and Urea values among the four distinct length groups in S. esocinus, whereas Length Group 1 had the lowest levels. Similarly, Length Group 1 of S. esocinus showed the highest levels of Hb, RBC, WBC, Hct, Total protein and Triglycerides among the four length groups while the lowest values were observed in Length Group 4. Statistical analysis showed there were significant differences (p<0.05) in blood parameters except glucose and urea among two species. Further,a significant variation was observed in hematological and biochemical parameters between the different length and age groups in both the fishes.
Open Access
Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) as Farmer Collectives - A Case Study from Kashmir Valley
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Lubna Latif; Malik, Rizwana
Indian agriculture and allied fields especially fisheries, is largely dominated by small and marginal farmers. To make small holdings economically viable there is a growing concern to initiate collective farming with special emphasis on small and marginal land holders. These farmers with weak bargaining powers suffer greatly due to presence of long intermediary chains in market. To minimize the gap between the farmers and consumers, Government of India realized the indispensable role of collectivization of farmers into groups to leverage the economies of scale of production and marketing. The concept of 'Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO) is gaining tremendous importance in the recent times since collectivization of primary producers especially small and marginal farmers form an effective alliance to address various challenges collectively for a group of farmers such as improved access to technology, inputs, consumers and markets. However, Kashmir has very few research based on FPOs, despite India having undertaken a sizable number of studies. Hence, the present study was conducted to understand the perception of the farmer members of Shehjaar Vegetable Producer Company ltd. (which is one of the very few successful and active producer companies of Kashmir). A descriptive survey method was used to carry out the investigation. Purposive sampling was used to choose the District Baramulla. Out of a total population of 430 farmers, 203 farmers were chosen as the study's sample size. The members were chosen at random. The data collection was done with the help of interview schedule data and was analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. From the present study, it was concluded that majority of farmers (99.01%) had medium level of perception towards the concept of FPO. Whereas, 0.49% respondents were found to have low and high level of perception in each category. It was also revealed that majority of respondents (73.89%) registered in the FPO belonged to middle age group of 30-60 years, 61.58% of the respondents were illiterate, 58.62% were found to be small scale farmers, owning less than 1 acre of land. The farmers with low income of up to Rs. 20,000 formed the majority (65.02%) and 77.83% of respondents had agriculture as their main source of income. The study revealed that farmer members found this idea of collectivization quite productive and rewarding and were mostly satisfied by the services. The basics of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) are incorporated in this thesis through the particular analysis of Shehjaar Vegetable Producer Company ltd. The journey of FPO along with the perception of the farmer members and the challenges faced by them has been thoroughly studied and discussed.

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