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ThesisItem Open Access Clinical and Serological Evaluation of Various Forms of Mycoplasma Vaccines in Goats(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Parray, Oveas Rafiq; Amatul MuheeThis study is aimed at comparison of various forms of mycoplasma vaccines viz. Saponin ajuvated commercial Mycoplasma vaccine, Lyophilized killed commercial Mycoplasma vaccine and saponin adjuvated Mycoplasma vaccine developed from local isolates. A total of 24 adult female goats (Mycoplasma infection/ Vaccination negative) of age 1-2 years reared under similar conditions, were divided into 4 Groups (6 animals each Group) for vaccination trial. Group I was kept as negative control and given 1ml PBS subcutaneously. Group II recieved 1ml of saponin adjuvated commercial Mycoplasma vaccine subcutaneously. Group III was given 1ml of lyophillized killed commercial Mycoplasma vaccine subcutaneously and group IV was given 1 ml of saponin adjuvated local mycoplasma isolate subcutaneously for evaluation of immune and oxidative response. Immune and oxidative response was noted at 0th, 7th, 14th, 21th and 28th day of the trial. No significant (p≥0.05) effect on clinical parameters was noted. Total leukocyte count, nuetrophils increased significantly (p<0.05) in all the test groups but, more significant increase was noted in Group IV at different intervals. Significant increase (p<0.05) in TNF-α levels was noted in Group II and Group IV followed by Group III at different intervals. In Group II and Group III IL-10 levels differed significantly (p<0.05) at different intervals. All the three test groups showed significant (p<0.05) increase in IgG levels at different intervals. However, early response was observed in Group II and Group IV followed by Group III. Significant increase (p<0.05) in total oxidant status was noted in Group II and Group IV at day 21 and day 14 respectively. Significant increase (p<0.05) in total antioxidant status was noted in Group IV at day 7. Thus, this study concluded that both cellular and humoral immune response is associated with mycoplasma whole cell vaccine and live attenuated commercial vaccine and vaccine containing local isolates is more effective in terms of immune and oxidative response compared to the lyophilized killed vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Amelioration of Type II Diabetes in Rat Model by using Aged Garlic Extract(SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Mehak Nazar; Showkat-ul-NabiThe present study entitled as “Studies on amelioration of Type II DM in Rat Model by using Aged garlic extract” was undertaken in division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics, and Jurisprudence, F.V.S.c and A.H, SKUAST-K. The study was undertaken with primary objectives: To study biochemical alterations and gene expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 gene in type II Diabetic rat model. The subsequent objective was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous aged garlic extract on Type II DM. Briefly the study comprised of three phases: In Phase I, preparation of AGE was done; In Phase 2, Induction of type II DM was undertaken and in Phase III, Evaluation of ameliorative potential of AGE was undertaken against Type II DM. Aqueous AGE was prepared as per the standard procedure and lyophilized powder of the extract so obtained was stored at 37°C.The experimental design for induction of type II Diabetes and evaluation of ameliorative potential of AGE was undertaken in animal house of F.V.S.c and A.H, SKUAST-K after obtaining Instititutional Ethical approval. To summarize the experimental design we purchased 48 wistar wistar rats from IIM, Jammu and after adaptation period of 7 days, these rats were randomly divided into two primary group comprising of 24 rats each. One group represented control group which were fed normal diet (Group-A). The other primary group was fed with HFD for 8 weeks and the group represented Type II Diabetes group (Group B). After screening Group-B for Hyperglycemia and henceforth successful induction of Type II DM, these primary groups were further divided into two secondary groups for each primary group. For instance, Groups A was divided into two secondary groups comprising of No supplementation group (A-I) and Adverse reaction control group (A-II) comprising of 12 rats each. Similarly group B rats were divided into two secondary groups comprising of Disease control group (B-I) and AGE group (B-II). Supplementation of garlic was made orally for 6 weeks @ 250 mg/kg bwt. After supplementation for 6 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed as per the approved procedure and blood and tissue samples were collected. The samples collected were processed for estimation of Catalase, SOD, LPO, GPx, GST, Vitamin C and Vitamin E. Furthermore, in present study we estimated blood glucose , blood insulin, expression levels of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 gene. Inaddition to this, tissue samples were processed for histopathological importance. The present study indicated that AGE supplementation @250 mg/kg bwt in advere reaction control group was well tolerated and no adverse activity was observed in behavior and biochemical parameters of the mentioned group. Results of present study revealed that AGE possess significant hypoglycemic effect and insulinogogue activity. Furthermore, the majority of the oxidative parameters like that of Catalase, SOD, MDA, Vitamin E and Vitamin C were significantly ameliorated by AGE supplementation in diabetic groups @ 250mg/kg bwt. This hypoglycemic activity and diabetic ameliorative action of AGE can be attributed to increased expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 gene as observed in present study. Besides, we observed that AGE restored the normal tissue architecture in Diabetic rats as no significant difference in tissue microarchitecture between healthy control and AGE supplemented Diabetic group was observed.The present study may be concluded with the postulates that AGE possess significant hypoglycemic effect which can be attributed to bioactive components present in it and furthermore, AGE caused significant increase in Insulin, GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 which indicates that AGE has action on multiple hotspots involved in pathogenesis of Type II DM. Hence present study indicates that AGE with further research can be fabricated as an effective antidiabetic alternative therapeutic preparation.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on sero-prevalence and risk factors of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep and goats(SKUAST Kashmir, 2021) Nengroo, Ishfaq Hussain; Syed Ashaq HussainThis study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in sheep and goat population and to identify the risk factors associated with seroprevalence of MAP. The overall seroprevalence of MAP in sheep and goats by using indigenous indirect-ELISA was 47.26%. It was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep (52.5 %) than goats (23.07 %). The seroprevalence did not differ significantly (p>0.05) with respect to age, sex and breed of the studied animals. The risk factors significantly (P<0.05) associated with MAP were flock size, presence of cattle at the farm, breeding system, education level of the owner, quarantine practice, and grazing with other animal species. Diarrhea was significantly (p<0.05) associated with MAP in goats only. The risk factor which were not significantly (p>0.05)associated with the occurrence of MAP in sheep and goats included transhumance, sign of emaciation, on farm replacement, cleaning pens, contamination of water or feed with fecal materials, separation of diseased animals, treatment in suspected animals, water sources. Milk feeding to the young ones could not be evaluated as risk factor for occurrence of MAP in the present study because this was practiced in all the sampled animals.ThesisItem Open Access Rationality in use of some commonly prescribed drugs in veterinary practice and its impact on the residues in milk and meat(SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Akhoon, Zubair Ahmad; Muzaffar ShaheenThe present study was undertaken to assess the rational use of drugs in veterinary practice. Based on the studies of rationality, some commonly used antibiotics and anthelmintics were selected to detect and analyze their xenobiotic residues in market milk, meat and chicken samples collected from various sources. A total of 4116 cases were recorded in the study period for analysis of rationality in use of drugs, 1318 from VCC, FVSc. Shuhama, 1583 cases from ICDC Saloora, 573 cases from ICDC Bakura and 642 cases from poultry section of District Veterinary Hospital Ganderbal. A total of 11132 medicines/drugs were prescribed at the 4 locations, 4518 drugs at VCC Shuhama, 4296 drugs at ICDC Saloora, 923 drugs at ICDC Bakura and 1395 drugs at poultry section of District Veterinary Hospital Ganderbal. The average number of drugs used/case came out to be 2.7 which is higher as per the WHO standards for humans (1.6 – 1.8) indicating the therapy to be deviating from International rational guidelines. The study showed that antibiotics have been used even in parasitic, metabolic and miscellaneous diseases. In parasitic diseases antibiotics have been used at the rate of 31.46 % while in metabolic and miscellaneous diseases, antibiotics have been used at the rate of 23.25 % and 28.66 % respectively. Enrofloxacin (17.22%) and Ceftriaxone (13.81%) were the most frequently used antibiotics while Ivermectin (23.29%) and Fenbendazole (27.17%) were the most commonly used anthelmintics in veterinary practice.Regarding the in-vitro drug sensitivity of samples collected from referred cases at Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC) FVSc. Shuhama from commonly encountered infections (mastitis, respiratory and urinary) in cattle, gentamicin proved to be the most sensitive drug while pencillin the most resistant out of the six antibiotics (Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Enrofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Pencillin) studied. Based on the detection and analyses of common antibiotics and anthelmintics (Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ivermectin and Fenbendazole) through Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP- HPLC) in milk, meat and chicken samples collected from market none of the market milk samples was detected positive for antibiotics while 6.67 % of the milk samples were found to be positive for ivermectin and 10% of the milk samples positive for Fenbendazole.Out of the total meat and chicken samples studied 5% were positive for Oxytetracycline, 4% positive for enrofloxacin, 7% for ceftriaxone and 2% for Fenbendazole.ThesisItem Open Access Clinicopathological and Therapeutic Studies on Respiratory Diseases of Sheep under Intensive Managemental Conditions(SKUAST Kashmir, 2009) Rizwanu Zaman; Malik, HamidullahA study was undertaken on the epidemiological, diagnostic, pathological and therapeutic aspects of ovine respiratory disease. A prevalence rate of 39.12 per cent was recorded under intensive managemental conditions. The disease was found to have higher incidence (47.63 %) in lambs followed by 34.26 per cent in adults. A higher prevalence rate (36.46 %) was observed in ewes as compared to Rams (26.02 %). The common clinical observations included Coughing (35.58 %) nasal discharge (54.11 %) and increased respiratory rate (34.41 %), inspiratory dysponea (84.41 %) and crackles (48.23 %). A significantly higher total leukocyte value (14.81 ±1.40 x 103 /µl) in sheep with respiratory affections was observed as compared to healthy (8.53 ± 0.65 103 /µl). The mean temperature (103.18 ± 0.31) and respiratory rate (37.20 ± 2.11 per minute) in sheep affected with respiratory disease was significantly higher than recorded in healthy control (101.94 ± 0.36 o F and 25.60 ± 1.66 per minute respectively) On bronchoscopic examination the affected sheep revealed nasal mucosal congestion (38.46 %), hemorrhagic spots and blood clots (30.76 %), tracheo-bronchial Congestion (69.23 %) and Congestion with exudates (61.53 %) as compared to healthy animals. The Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of the affected sheep contained a significantly higher percentage of neutrophils (18.50 ±1.37 %) and lymphocytes (27.75 ±3.17 %) and a lower percentage of alveolar macrophages (39.25 ±5.15 %) than the group of healthy sheep (10.75 ±2.01, 14 ±2.73 and 62 ±6.60 % respectively). The bacteria isolated from BAL and bronchial swabs from clinically affected sheep included Staphylococcus aureus (41.66 %), Klebsilla spp., (16.66 %), E. coli (16.66 %), Streptococcus spp. (16.66 %) and Mannheimia haemolytica (8.33 %). Cephotaxime (92.85 %), Gentamicin (85.71 %), Enrofloxacin (85.71 %), Chloramphenicol (71.42 %) and Oxytetracycline (50 %) were found to be effective against the isolates of respiratory tract. Streptomycin, Ampicillin and Cloxacillin were found to be resistant. Treatment with aerosolized gentamicin and salbutamol combination was found to be effective in treating respiratory tract affections in sheep a compared to other routes of administration.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Studies on Babesiosis in Cattle in Central Kashmir(SKUAST Kashmir, 2020) Tawheed Ahmad; Tufani, N. A.The study was undertaken to elucidate the epidemiological distribution of cattle babesiosis in central Kashmir, its impact on haemato-biochemical profile of host animal and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Diminazene aceturate and Artesunate sodium in cattle babesiosis. A total of 450 cattle suspected for babesiosis were screened clinically and microscopically over a period of one year from December 2017 to November 2018 to determine the disease incidence. Data on signalment, ticks, origin of cattle (imported from outside valley/reared locally) were collected through questionnaire (SurveyMonkey). To know the impact of environment associated risk factors (season, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on the disease distribution, weather related data were collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Srinagar. Field stain was standardized and compared with Giemsa stain for the diagnosis of babesiosis. PCR and DNA sequencing were done on randomly selected samples for molecular confirmation of the organism. Influence on haemato-biochemical parameters of affected and healthy cattle was studied. Treatment trial with Diminazene aceturate and Artesunate sodium was conducted in the affected cattle. The incidence of babesiosis among suspected cattle using PBF examination and PCR was 11.11% and 33.62% respectively. On PBF examination higher incidence was found in cattle bought from outside valley than locally reared (14.05% Vs 8.43%). Online field survey (SurveyMonkey) also confirmed the endimicity of babesiosis in locally reared cattle. The incidence was highest (17.80%) in cattle >2 years of age and lowest (2.3%) in 1/2-2 years age group. Among the confirmed cases, the highest percentage was recorded in females (90%). The incidence was high in crossbred cattle, while as no case was observed in non-descript local breed. The incidence was highest (15.71%) in autumn and least (1.65%) in winter season. The ambient temperature (15-23℃) and R.H. (60-70%) was suitable for the disease occurrence. Tick vectors were responsible for the disease transmission, collected from the sick cattle and identified as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) and Haemaphysalis spp. Persistent fever (98%) and haemoglobinuria (98%) were the overt clinical signs observed. Thick blood smear is useful in low parasitemia. Field stain was quick and cheap conventional diagnostic method for the detection of Babesia piroplasms in clinical cases. The molecular incidence of babesiosis using PCR technique targeting 18S rRNA gene of Babesia spp. was 33.62%. B. bigemina and B. bovis were detected by species specific PCR targeting SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment and VESA-1α gene to the tune of 20.68% and 13.04% in the suspected cattle, respectively. B. divergens could not be detected by both 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis and by B. divergens specific PCR. Detection of B. bovis from Kashmir in the present study based on microscopical examination and PCR technique confirm to be the first report from northern India. The Isolate B1 detected by amplification of 18S rDNA gene of Babesia spp. (393bp) showed 99.0 to 100% nucleotide sequence homology with different isolates of B. bigemina registered in the Gene Bank, thereby, confirming that the Isolate B1 belongs to B. bigemina. The non-amplification of SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment of B. bigemina in species specific PCR in case of Isolate B1 needs to be evaluated further for any strain variation. The Isolate Z detected by amplification of 18S rRNA gene of Babesia spp. (394bp) showed 98.5 to 99.2% nucleotide sequence homology with different isolates of Babesia spp. registered in the Gene Bank and 93.1 to 93.9% nucleotide sequence homology with different isolates of B. bigemina registered in the Gene Bank, suggesting the existence of a different strain of B. bigemina or other Babesia spp. Two nucleotide polymorphisms were observed at the loci 232 and 360 of the nucleotide sequence of Isolate Z compared to other published sequences of B. bigemina and Babesia spp. in Gene Bank supported the earlier findings. The nucleotide sequence of SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment of B. bigemina Isolate LD from Kashmir showed only 61.4 to 70.4% homology with other published sequences of SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment of B. bigemina in Gene Bank. Addition of two nucleotides were observed at loci 36 and 234 in Isolate LD from Kashmir, which amplified 280 bp product of SpeI-AvaI restriction fragment of B. bigemina. In Isolate DAR of B. bovis from Kashmir, 169 bp product of VESA-1α gene amplified and the nucleotide sequence homology ranged from 71.9 to 75.6% with respect to nucleotide sequences of B. bovis VESA-1α gene available in the Gene Bank. Decreased level of haemoglobin, leucocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, macrocytic hypochromic anaemia, hypoglycemia, hypoprotenemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, increased level of BUN, Creatinine, AST, LDH and iron were the prominent haemato-biochemical change observed in cattle affected with babesiosis. Based on the survival rate of the treated cases, Diminazene aceturate proved better therapeutic efficacy as compared to Artesunate sodium. The information generated from this study could be useful as basic information for further advance epidemiological study and formulation of control measures of babesiosis.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Mastitis in Suckler Ewes and its Impact on Lamb Performance(SKUAST Kashmir, 2020) Tamanna Ashraf; Mir, Abdul QayoomThe study conducted to observe the prevalence of mastitis in suckler ewes revealed the overall prevalence of mastitis ewes at MRCSG as 56.88 and 47.70 percent at animal and quarter level, respectively. The percentage of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 14.22 and 42.66 percent, respectively at animal level, and 11.00 and 36.69 percent, respectively at quarter level. The right and left quarters did not show any significant difference in prevalence both for clinical (11.46% vs 10.55 %) and subclinical mastiits (35.78% vs 37.61%). Breed wise the prevalence was highest in Kashmir Merino, Karakul and Hampshire (100% each) followed by Changluk (88.0%) but on herd basis highest prevalence was observed in Corriedale (22.94%) followed by Changluk (10.55%). The overall prevalence of teat lesions was 23.85 percent on animal basis. The frequency of teat lesions on left teat differed significantly between healthy (13.3%) and mastitis affected ewes (24.76%), p<0.05, χ2 =4.704. The overall prevalence of udder lesions and supernumerary teats was 8.26 and 32.11 percent, respectively at animal level. The Electrical Conductivity of the milk samples at both animal and quarter level were significantly higher in animals with clinical mastitis than in healthy and subclinical affected ewes. Statistically significant differences were observed in pH between healthy and clinical mastitic milk of both the right (6.50±0.014 Vs 6.77±0.179) and left quarters (6.49±0.013 vs 6.85±0.12), respectively. The SNF content of milk differed significantly between clinical (8.87±0.549) and healthy quarters (9.53±0.129) at animal level. The fat percentage did not show any significant difference between healthy, subclinical or clinical mastitis affected ewes. The protein content of milk at animal and right quarter level was significantly lower in clinical mastiits than healthy and subclinically affected animals. The lactose content was significantly (P<0.05) lower in clinical mastitis than healthy and subclinical mastitic group both at animal and quarter level. Staphylococci spp, Bacillus spp and Gram positive rods were main organisms isolated with animal level prevalence of 21.56% and quarter level prevalence of 12.84 and 14.68% at right and left quarter, respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity testing of isolated Staphylococci spp revealed tetracycline (91.66%), to be most sensitive followed by ciprofloxacin (88.88%). The multidrug resistant phenotype was observed in 52.7 percent of Staphylococci spp. The frequency of lamb survival was significantly lower in mastitis affected than healthy ewes, (χ2 value=8.07, p<0.01). The body weight of lambs born to healthy and mastitic ewes did not differ significantly (P<0.05) at any of the time of the study i.e., upto weaning.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Copper Nano particles in Staphylococcus aureus induced rat mastitis model(SKUAST Kashmir, 2020) Syed Taifa; Amatul MuheeThe present study was envisaged with an aim to devise an alternative, non-antibiotic and economically viable treatment for bovine mastitis. In order to accomplish this goal, copper nano particles (25nm particle size) were selected because of being non-toxic, easily available, and cost effective having anti-microbial activity against various microbes including bacteria, viruses and fungi. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common mastitis causing pathogens which is highly resistant to conventional therapies including antibiotics. The present experimental study was conducted on 24 lactating wistar rats to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of CuNps in Staphylococcus aureus induced rat mastitis model. Different concentrations of CuNps in deionized water were made i.e. 100µg/mL, 50µg/mL, 25µg/mL, 12.5µg/mL and 6.25µg/mL and in vitro anti-microbial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of CuNps was evaluated at these concentrations. The concentration of 6.25µg/mL was selected for use as intramammary treatment of S.aureus induced mastitis in rats as this concentration showed appreciable zone of inhibition through in vitro sensitivity test and minimal toxicity on fibroblast cell lines. The rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each .Group I ( Gr I ) served as healthy control in which 10 µl of deionized water was infused intra mammary while as in Gr II, III and IV, mastitis was induced intra mammary with 10µl of S.aureus containing 1.5 x 104cfu/mL/ gland . Gr II served as mastitic control group in which no medication was given. In Gr III rats, CuNps were administered intra mammary s.i.d for 5 days at a concentration of 6.25µg/mL. Gr IV rats were treated with injection gentamycin intramammary s.i.d for 5 days @ 0.25 mg/10 µL selected on the basis of antibiotic sensitivity test. Gr I and Gr II were sacrificed 48 hours after infusion of deionized water and infection respectively i.e. after the appearance of clinical signs in Gr II. Gr III and IV were sacrificed on day 6 after the initiation of treatment. Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of CuNps and recovery of rats was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, mammary gland weights, and bacterial load of glands, oxidative stress indices i.e. Total oxidative status (TAS), Total anti-oxidative status (TAS) and oxidative stress indices (OSI) and histopathology of mammary glands. The clinical signs of GIII reduced within 2-3 days while as in Gr IV clinical signs reduced within 3-4 days after initiation of treatment. The bacterial load, mammary gland weights, TOS and OSI were significantly lower in Gr III as compared to Gr II and IV. Also TAS of G III was significantly higher as compared to Gr II and IV indicating that CuNps have better treatment efficacy as compared to gentamycin. In histopathological sections, there was significant reduction in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), blood vessel congestion and alveolar damage in Gr III as compared to treatment with gentamycin in Gr IV indicating better efficacy of CuNps in resolving histopathological changes. Thus, keeping in view the safety, efficacy and economics of the compound, copper nanoparticles at low concentration of 6.25µg/mL could provide a promising alternative to the use of traditional antibiotics for the treatment of bovine mastitis. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, Copper Nano particles, Cytotoxicity, AntibioticsThesisItem Open Access Studies on Subclinical Mastitis in Goats with Special Reference to Milk Arginase Activity and Milk Vitamin D Concentration(SKUAST Kashmir, 2020) Wani, Sharjeel Ashraf; Syed Ashaq HussainThe present study was conducted on 177 fore quarter milk samples from 90 goats which were in different stages of lactation. California Mastitis Test (CMT) score ≥2 and positive culture were used to define a quarter having subclinical mastitis (SCM) (Specific, non-specific and latent). The overall prevalence of SCM was 62.2% and 46.89% at animal level and quarter level respectively. The overall prevalence of specific, non-specific and latent mastitis was 13.55%, 11.86%, and 21.46% respectively. The prevalence of SCM did not differ significantly (P 4 years). The prevalence of SCM did not differ significantly (P<0.05) between the two age groups. SCC, pH and E.C did not differ significantly between left and right quarters and between the two age groups. The mean SCC of CMT 3 was significantly higher than other CMT scores and SCC of CMT score 2 was higher than SCC of CMT score 0 and 1. However, the SCC values of CMT score 0 and 1 did not differ significantly (P<0.05). SCC and pH were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in bacteriologically positive quarters than bacteriologically negative quarters. SCC was significantly higher (P<0.05) in mid to late lactation than early lactation. The most prevalent causative agent of SCM was Staphylococcus aureus followed by mixed infections. Among the Staphylococcus aureus, the prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococcus (CPS) was 25.28 % and 27.7% in right and left quarters respectively. The overall CPS culture positive quarters were 26.5%. The antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Staphylococcus spp revealed that all of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and co-trimoxazole and 29.5% of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone. The arginase activity of milk and plasma did not differ significantly between healthy and SCM affected quarters. The vitamin D concentrations were significantly higher in milk of SCM affected quarters than healthy quarters but plasma vitamin D concentration did not differ significantly between healthy and SCM affected quarters. A significant correlation was found between milk vitamin D and total oxidant capacity at 0.01 level and in case of plasma, a significant correlation at 0.05 level, was seen between vitamin D and total antioxidant capacity.
