Loading...
Thesis
Browse
4 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Solid waste Management by Cold Tolerant Microbes and Earthworms(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Misbah Ajaz; Zargar, Prof. M.Y.Solid waste management has become a global issue owing to various environmental, social and health problems associated with its disposal. The two capital cities of the state, Srinagar and Jammu, generate 770 tonnes of solid waste daily and in absence of proper scientific disposal methods, this waste is emerging as major source of air, water and soil pollution. Stringent efforts are required to find methods and means for disposal of these wastes. Although there are a vast array of methods for disposal but, the microorganisms that require low temperatures for conversion of solid wastes into manure particularly in the temperate regions shall go a long way to find round the year solution for this problem. Since Kashmir valley has cold temperatures during most parts of the year, for that purpose we tried to combine cold tolerant microorganisms and earthworms for solid waste decomposition with a view to enhance nutrient status of the manure. During our research program, a total of forty seven Lactic acid bacterial isolates, thirty eight Actinomycetes isolates, thirty one Pseudomonas sp. and forty one Bacillus sp. were isolated from Gurez and Ladakh. Out of these only fifteen, twenty one, thirteen and twenty three were cold tolerant microorganisms of Lactic acid bacteria, Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. respectively were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Qualitative and quantitative screening for different enzymatic activities was also done. On the basis of their high enzyme activity five isolates of lactic acid bacteria,seven of actinomycetes,five of Pseudomonas sp. and eight of Bacillus sp were selected for compatibility amongst one another. Five different cold tolerant consortia were developed on the basis of compatibility test and were utilized for in-vitro experiments at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura. From in-vitro experiments, on the basis of improved nutrient status and enzyme activities, three (CTC1, CTC2, CTC3) among five consortia were selected for in-vivo experiments at Ladakh (Thasgam and Matayen) and Gurez (Izmarg). CTC1 was combination of L37 Psychrobacter sp., AG6( Streptomyces sp.), BL30 (Bacillus sp.), PL26 (Pseudomonas sp.), CTC2 contained LG18 (Lactobacillus sp.), AL27 (Streptomyces sp.), BG3 (Bacillus sp.), PL20 (Pseudomonas sp.) and CTC3 contained LG9 (Psychrobacter sp.), AG13 (Streptomyces sp.), BG10 (Bacillus sp.), PG5 (Pseudomonas sp.).Over all, CTC1 gave best results from both the places i.e, available nitrogen(1.22%), available phosphorus(0.60%), available potassium(0.36%)from Ladakh and available nitrogen(1.29%), available phosphorus(0.77%), available potassium (0.42%) from Gurez. After 45 days of decomposition at both places cold tolerant earthworms (Apporectodea rosea, E. caliginosa and E. foetida) were released in decomposed material which further improved its nutrient status i.e, available nitrogen(1.69%), available phosphorus(0.93%), available potassium(0.55%) from Ladakh and available nitrogen(1.69%), available phosphorus(1.14%), available potassium(0.82%) from Gurez Whole decomposition process was completed in 75 days. Our studies indicate that CTC1 along with cold tolerant earthworms (Apporectodea rosea, E. caliginosa and E. fetida) can perform round the year composting under cold conditions with enrinched compost production. .ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Efficacy of Effective Mesophilic and Psychrophilic Microorganisms for Solid Waste Management(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Malik, Sajad Ahmad; Zargar, Prof. (Dr.) M.Y.Considering importance of solid waste management and decomposition of its biodegradable part through the use of effective microorganisms under cold climatic conditions in the Kashmir and Ladakh divisions, and also keeping in consideration the ability of psychrophilic enzymes to catalyze reactions at low or moderate temperatures which offers great industrial and biotechnological potential, this investigation was proposed to develop effective microbial consortia of mesophilic and psychrophilic microorganisms and their use under low and medium temperatures to make a comparative study of them to search for more active decomposer effective microbes from the hostile environment of Kargil (34o32′ N 76o7′ E, 3280m amsl), Gulmarg (34o30′N 74o22′E, 2690m amsl), Leh (34o10′ N 77o34′ E, 2740 m amsl) and Srinagar (34o7′N 74o49′E,1850m amsl) areas. The average temperature of these areas ranges between -18 to 10; -3 to 12; -12 to 15 and -2 to 21.6oC) respectively. Five groups of microorganisms viz. lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and fermenting fungi were isolated at 4, 10, 25 and 28±2oC from the waste samples collected from twenty sites using purposive method of sampling. Out of eighteen psychrophilic and eighty mesophilic lactic acid bacterial isolates, Psychrobacter sp. (LABK7), Psychrobacter sp. (LABK13), Lactobacillus algidus (LABL15), Lactobacillus divergens (LABS32), Lactobacillus fermentum (LABS33), Lactobacillus plantarum (LABG45) were most effective and selected for consortia development. Six isolates of non-sulphur photosynthetic bacteria viz. G17, L6, L27, K5, S5 and S7 and an isolate, K2 of sulphur photosynthetic bacteria were purified. Out of them Rhodoferax fermentans (L6), Rhodopseudomonas sp. (G17), Rhodobacter sp. (S7), Rhodospirilum sp. (L27) and Rhodospirilum sp. (S5) were selected for consortia development. Among the fifty two morphologically different yeast cultures, eleven isolates were psychrophilic and forty one were mesophilic yeasts. Mesophilic yeasts like Y5, Y18, and Y25 and psychrophilic like Y35 and Y48 showed strong fermentation ability and were selected for consortia development. Among the forty eight predominant actinomycetes isolates, five were psychrophilic and rest forty three were regarded as mesophilic. Streptomyces sp. (ACT5, ACT17, ACT39), Micromonospora sp. (ACT11), Dactylsporangium sp. (ACT21) and Micropolyspora sp. (ACT47) were found most promising actinomycetes for consortia development. Sixty nine mesophilic and twenty nine psychrophilic fermenting fungi were purified. FF1, FF8 and FF15 had shown well defined growth at 10 oC with maximum enzymatic indices and FF22, FF45 and FF68 showed almost same growth character at 28±2oC. They were identified as Trichoderma sp., Cadophora sp., Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp. and Alternaria sp. and were selected for development of effective microbial consortia. Compatibility tests were carried among all the isolated lactic acid bacterial isolates, actinomycetes and yeasts with FF1, FF8, FF15, FF22, FF45 and FF68 fermenting fungi isolates and three each consortia were developed from mesophilic and psychrophilic selected effective microorganisms. Biodegradation of agricultural and municipal wastes were carried at different locations of Baramulla, Srinagar, Gurez and Leh. PEM2 and combo PEM1+ PEM2+ PEM3 were best among psychrophilic effective microbial consortia while as MEM3 and MEM1+ MEM2+ MEM3 were best among mesophilic consortia.ThesisItem Open Access Formulation of Effective Microbial Consortia and its Application in Sewage Treatment(SKUAST Kashmir, 2019) Gousia Qadir; Zargar, Prof. M. Y.An experiment was carried out to isolate the most effective microorganisms for the degradation in sewage water. Various genera of lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas, yeasts, fermenting fungi and actinomycetes were isolated from some natural sources and screened to identify the most effective microbes for degradation. Three consortia (EM1, EM2and EM3) containing different concentrations of efficient and effective isolates of Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger and Streptomyces were prepared and tested for in vitro degradation of sewage water with their respective controls. Effect of different parameters like pH, molasses concentration and incubation period on growth of microorganisms was observed and best pH, temperature, molasses concentration and incubation period for optimum microbial growth was found that was suitable for EM to flourish at maximum possible rate which was further employed in formulated effective microbial consortia to find out its effect on various parameters in sewage water. During in vitro decomposition of wastes using effective microbes, the consortium of EM1 exhibited faster decomposition followed by EM3 and EM2. A significant decrease in C, N, P, K, BOD, COD and Heavy metals like (Cd, Pb, Ni) was also observed from 32.6, 6.2, 95.1, 1.85, 57.6, 71.4, 50, 7, 240 to 16.3, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 26.3, 29.0, 0.0, 1.0, 74.4 in EM treated sewage water from untreated sewage water. Chemical characteristics of EM treated sewage water were found better and well within the WHO permissible limits as compared to untreated sewage water. The population of viable bacteria, fungi, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria were found in high range in EM treated Sewage water as compared to untreated sewage water.ThesisItem Open Access Development of Microbial Consortium for potassium and phosphorus Solubilization and its impact on growth Characteristics of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)(SKUAST Kashmir, 2018) Wagay, Zaffar Bashir; Zargar, Prof. (Dr.) M.Y.Eighty five potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) and forty five phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated from rhizospheric soils of apple, pear, almond, walnut, cherry, apricot, peach, Kashmir iris, vegetables etc collected from five districts viz. Anantnag, Kulgam, Shopian, Srinagar and Baramulla. The bacterial isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized and identified up to genus level which included gram positive belonging to Bacillus, Micrococcus genera and gram negative belonging to Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Serratia. The solubilization index of KSB and PSB isolates ranged from 2.25 to 10 and 2.33 to 4.00 respectively 72 hours after incubation respectively. The amount of potassium and phosphorus released ranged from 12.88 to 40.01 and 13.99 to 37.43 ug/ml respectively 15 days after inoculation. Out of all the KSB isolates the highest K release was observed in KSBA2 and KSBB69 which was 40.01ug/ml. In case of all the PSB isolates the highest inorganic phosphate released was observed in the PSBA2 which was 37.43ug/ml. The maximum enzymatic activities, polysaccharide production and biocontrol potential against Fusarium oxysporum, Stemphylium vesicarium and Diplodia seriata were observed in KSBA2, KSBA12, KSBK27, KSBS57, KSBB72, PSBA2, PSBK5, PSBK18, PSBSH28 and PSBSH34. From these ten isolates three different bacterial consortia were developed viz consortium-A, consortium-B and Consortium-C. On the basis of enzymatic and other beneficial properties, Consortium-A was selected and applied to the chilli seedlings (Kashmir long-1) under field conditions tested along with single strain, 2 strains, inorganic P and K and control (without fertilizer). The data recorded indicates from the experiment that maximum height of the plants was recorded in response to consortium-A (54.06cm) in both the years of study as well as pooled data (54.055cm) which was significantly superior than all other treatments. Treatment with consortium-A also showed significantly higher number (pooled data 22.87) of branches during 2016 and 2017. Minimum girth (1.4cm) of chilli plants was observed in control where no culture was applied and maximum girth (3.610cm) was recorded with respect to consortium-A. Maximum numbers of leaves (147.95) were observed where consortium- A was applied during both the years in 2016 and 2017. Number of fruits per plant in both the years of study as well as in pooled data (61.11) was significantly more where consortium A was applied than control, insoluble P and K, double strain, and singly. In case of dry weight of the chilli during 2016 (58.93g), 2017 (65.35g) and pooled (62.14g), the consortium A showed statistically superior results to all other treatments.
