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Open Access
Utilization Pattern of Farm Machinery by the Farmers of District Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir.
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Syed, Furqan Farooq; Lyaqet Ali
The present study entitled, “Utilization pattern of farm machinery by the Farmers of District Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir” with the objectives to study the socio-economic personal profile of the farmers, knowledge level of farmers about farm machinery equipments, utilization pattern of farm machinery and the constraints faced by the farmers in farm machinery utilization was carried out in four purposively selected agricultural sub divisions viz. Baramulla, Rohama, Sopore and Pattan. A list of farmers was obtained from District Agricultural Office Baramulla and by using proportionate allocation method, a sample of 120 farmers was taken for collecting the primary data with the help of well-structured interview schedule. Data obtained from the interviewees of the sampled farmers was analyzed using suitable statistical methods. Thirteen independent variables were studied and categorized in relation to two dependent variables i.e. knowledge of farm machinery and utilization pattern of farm machinery. The study revealed that majority (65.00 %) of the farmers belonged to the age group of 40-62 years and 20.83% were having middle level of education. Seventy per cent belonged to medium size family, 65.00 per cent of the farmers were involved in agriculture as their main occupation and 56.67 per cent of the farmers were marginal farmers having land holding of more than one hectare. Seventy percent of the farmers had canal as their major source of irrigation. 61. 67 per cent of the farmers were having annual income of about 4 lakh. 78.33 percent had medium range of extension contact, scientific orientation, economic motivation and innovativeness. Majority of the farmers 63.33 percent had a medium level of knowledge about farm machinery. It was also found that farmers who had low level of knowledge had a very little access to farm machinery. Regarding the farm machinery utilization in paddy and apple orchard it was found that very less farmers are using machinery like power sprayer 43 per cent, tractor 25 percent, power weeder 45 per cent, majority of the farmers do not use the modern agricultural equipments and they mostly rely on traditional implements. Major constraints faced by farmers were high initial and maintenance costs of farm implements, Lack of proper marketing channels, technological constraints like frequent power cuts and repairing of equipments.
Open Access
Evaluation of Paddy Seed Village Programme under Agricultural Sub-division, Sopore (Baramulla)
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Shehnaz Begum; Bhat, Shijaatt Hussain
Seed Village Programme is one of the dynamic concepts or projects which ensures the multiplication and supply of quality seed at appropriate time and affordable cost to the farmers. It is termed as “Compact Area Approach”. The present study entitled “Evaluation of Paddy Seed Village Programme under Agricultural Sub-division, Sopore (Baramulla)”. Barmulla district has 6 SDAOs, out of which Sub-Division Agriculture, Sopore was selected purposively on the basis of maximum number of seed villages from the year 2019-2022. Sub-Division Agriculture, Sopore consists of 4 agricultural zones and all of the zones were selected for the study. A total of 120 respondents with the help of a pretested interview schedule were selected. Salient findings of the study were, majority of the respondents were adults (67.50%), had high school level education (30.80%), with medium land holding of (82.50%). Majority (75.00%) of the beneficiaries had family size of 5-8 members and an annual income of Rs. 53,375– Rs. 1,90,558 with an experience of about 5-16 years. Majority (58.30%) of the beneficiaries had medium sources of information, (63.30%) had medium economic motivation and (76.70%) of the beneficiaries had medium level of innovativeness. Majority (74.20%) of the beneficiaries had moderate perception towards the paddy seed village programme and had an overall impact of (30-60%) on their socio-economic status. The major constraints experienced by the beneficiaries were high cost and non availability of fertilizers and labour and ineffective trainings. It is suggested that effective trainings must be conducted in various parts of the district and timely supply of quality seeds and inputs should be carried out, without the delay of payments to the beneficiaries.
Open Access
Technological Gaps in Recommended Mustard Production Technology among the Farmers of Baramulla District in Kashmir Valley
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Shabana Bano; Syed, Shafat Kubrevi
The study aimed to evaluate the “Technological Gaps in Recommended Mustard Production Technology among the Farmers of Baramulla District in Kashmir Valley”. For this purpose, list of mustard (brown sarson) growers of Baramulla district was provided by Chief Agriculture Officer comprising of 100 villages i.e., Agricultural zones:- Hanjiwera consists of 49 villages, Nehalpora consists of 13 villages, Pattan consists of 20 villages, Wussan consists of 9 villages and Lolipora consists of 9 villages. Out of which 2 villages from each agricultural zone were selected purposively on the basis of having maximum number of registered mustard (brown sarson) growers. Thus, total 10 villages were selected for the study purpose. The number of registered mustard (brown sarson) growers were selected from each village through proportionate allocation method, making the number of selected respondents 151. The mustard (brown sarson) growers were selected through random sampling technique. The study revealed that 37.09 per cent of mustard (brown sarson) growers fall under middle age category of 41 to 54 years and majority (26.49 %) of mustard (brown sarson) growers were uneducated with farming as their main occupation, having up-to 9 family members. Majority (53.64%) of mustard (brown sarson) growers have marginal land holding (<1 ha) with total income from all sources up to ₹5.51 lakhs and majority (52.98%) of mustard (brown sarson) growers have land holding up to 3.50 kanals under mustard (brown sarson) cultivation with majority (51.65%) of mustard (brown sarson) growers have income up to ₹15,333 from mustard (brown sarson) cultivation. Majority of mustard (brown sarson) growers were having medium sources of information and economic motivation. It has been revealed that majority (52.32%) had medium knowledge regarding mustard (brown sarson) cultivation practices and 55.63 per cent had undergone low adoption of all recommended management practices. Therefore, majority (56.26 %) leading to high technological gaps in mustard (brown sarson) cultivation. Education, total land holding, area under mustard (brown sarson), occupation, total income, income from mustard (brown sarson), sources of information and economic motivation showed significant relationship with knowledge. Age, education, area under mustard (brown sarson), total income, income from mustard (brown sarson), experience, sources of information and economic motivation showed significant relationship with adoption of recommended mustard (brown sarson) production technology. Education, total land holding, area under mustard (brown sarson), occupation, total income, income from mustard (brown sarson) and economic motivation had significant relationship with technological gaps in adoption of recommended mustard (brown sarson) production technology. The major constraints perceived by mustard (brown sarson) growers were unawareness regarding recommended doses of pesticide/insecticide application, tillage operations were time consuming and non-availability of bore-wells. The study demands for gearing of appropriate machineries to be provided at concessional rates or on lease and also effective extension efforts to be made to transfer the technology in order to minimize technological gaps.
Open Access
A study on the Knowledge and Adoption of Sheep Management Practices by Sheep Farmers in District Baramulla (J&K)
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Nitin; Quadri, Javeed Ahmed Peer
The study aimed to evaluate the “A study on the Knowledge and Adoption of Sheep Management Practices by Sheep Farmers in District Baramulla (J&K)” aims to assess the knowledge and adoption of farmers towards sheep farming. An attempt was made to study the socio-economic, knowledge and adoption of sheep farmer economics of sheep farming. Further, the study focused on identification of problems faced by the farmers in adopting recommended sheep management practices. Ex-post facto design was adopted for the research. The study was conducted in District Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir. A list of registered sheep farmer was obtained from the sheep husbandry Baramulla and only 120 sheep farmers were selected by proportionate allocation method. The study revealed Majority of the sheep farmers belonged to 30-56 age group and majority among them possess illiterate. Majority of the sheep farmers were having medium 12-48 flock size. Majority of them possess medium 11-23 Years of experience. Majority of the sheep farmers having medium (5 to 10 members) family size. Majority of them having marginal farmers having (<1 hectare). The majority of them having medium annual income (54001-203999). Majority of the sheep farmers were having no membership in any social participation. Majority of sheep farmers had medium 19-22 source of information. Majority among them possess medium 14-18 economic motivation. It is also concluded that majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge related to housing (63.33%), breeding management (55.83%), feeding management (53.33%), routine management practices (58.33%), health management (59.16%) and related to overall knowledge (58.33%). majority of the respondents had medium level of adoption related to housing (64.16%), breeding management (65.00%), feeding management (70.00%), routine management practices (55.83%), health management (52.50%) and overall adoption (60.83%) related to sheep farming. It has been observed that cost and return of sheep farming were total gross return Rs. 192360.00, net return Rs. 87878.78 and benefit cost ratio 1.84 were cost and return of sheep farming. It is found that lack of organized mandis for wool/meat (91.67%), Lack of proper health/disease management facilities at highland pastures (86.69%), Exotic breeding rams not available (76.67%) were three major constraints for the sheep farmers.
Open Access
Effectiveness of skill development trainings on rural youth of district Kupwara
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Mehvish Bashir; Bhat, Shijaatt Hussain
The socio-economic and political-cultural transformation of any country is mainly brought about by the development of human resources and trainings are considered to be one of the main ways for human resource development. Skill development is the process of identifying skill gaps and developing and honing these skills and training effectiveness is the degree to which trainees can learn and apply the knowledge and skills acquired during the training programme. It is influenced by the attitudes, interests, values and expectations of the trainees and the training environment. The present study was conducted in the district Kupwara of Kashmir Valley. In recent years, addressing the challenges of unemployment faced by the rural youth of District Kupwara, an aspirational district, has become a priority for policymakers and development agencies. In response to this pressing issue, various skill development trainings have been introduced in the district with the aim of empowering the rural youth and equipping them with the necessary skills to enhance their employability and entrepreneurship prospects. A total number of 108 beneficiaries were selected for the study, out of which 65 were unit holders and 43 were non-unit holders. The study revealed that the majority (40.00%) of the unit holders in beekeeping were in the age group of 32-39 years and 40.00 per cent of the non-unit holders were in the age group of up to 31 years. The majority (55.00%) of the unit holders in mushroom production, were in the age group of above 34 years and 71.43 per cent of the non-unit holders were in the age group of up to 27 years. In the case of vermicomposting, the majority (53.33%) of the unit holders were in the age group of 31-40 years and 71.43 per cent of non-unit holders were in the age group of up to 30 years. The majority (40.00%) of the unit holders in beekeeping and (53.33%) of the non-unit holders, in case of mushroom production (50.00%) of the unit holders and non-unit holders and in vermicomposting (46.67%) of the unit holders and (71.43%) of the non-unit holders were educated up to higher secondary. In beekeeping the majority (60.00%) of the unit holders and (53.34%) of the non-unit holders, in case of mushroom production (60.00%) of the unit holders, had a medium family size of 6-9 members. The total annual income in case of beekeeping and vermicomposting was found to be up to ₹160000, in mushroom production, the total annual income of unit holders had an income of ₹160001- ₹270000 and non-unit holders had an income of up to ₹160000. Experience in all three enterprises for the majority of unit holders as well as non-unit holders was up to 2 years. Up to 2 number of trainings were attended by the majority of unit holders and non-unit holders of beekeeping, mushroom production and vermicomposting. The majority of the unit holders in all three enterprises had high levels of achievement motivation and learning motivation and medium levels of motivation to transfer learning, self-efficacy, leadership ability, decision-making ability, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, sources of information, gain in knowledge and gain in skill. On the other hand, the majority of the non-unit holders had low levels of achievement motivation, learning motivation, motivation to transfer learning, self-efficacy, leadership ability, decision-making ability, innovative proneness, scientific orientation, sources of information, gain in knowledge and gain in skill. For unit holders limited post-harvesting processing options, inadequate market information, lack of skilled labour and engagement in other family work were found to be major constraints faced by the majority of them. On the other hand, insufficient subsidy, non-cooperation of members of the family, high initial investment, engagement in other family work, inadequate effective government policies and inadequate market information were the major constraints faced by the non-unit holders in establishing their income-generating units.
Open Access
Perception of Farmers Towards Organic Vegetable Cultivation in District Pulwama
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2023) Huzaifa Farhein; Quadri, Javeed Ahmed Peer
The study aimed to evaluate the “Perception of Farmers Towards Organic Vegetable Cultivation in District Pulwama”. aims to assess the knowledge and perception of farmers towards organic farming, extent of adoption, marketing channels and marketing efficiency. An attempt was made to study the socio-personal, socio psychological and communication conditions of the organic vegetable growers. Further, the study focused on identification of problems faced by the farmers in adopting the organic vegetable cultivation practices. The study was conducted in district Pulwama of Jammu and Kashmir. A list of 168 registered organic vegetable growers under PKVY (Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana) was obtained from the Agriculture Extension Office Newa, Kakapora and Pampore and all of them were selected for the study. The study revealed that 66.1 percent of the organic vegetable growers are of middle age between 31 to 61 years and majority of them (32.7 %) had middle school level of education with farming + business as their main occupation, having upto 8 family members. Majority (56.55 %) belonged to marginal land holding category (<1 ha) with total income from all sources from ₹4.1 -9 lakhs. Majority of the farmers had medium level of innovative proneness, risk orientation and economic motivation. The organic vegetable growers had medium level of source of information and extension participation too. It has been revealed that 54. 8 percent, 57.7 percent and 61.3 percent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding organic cultivation practices of cauliflower, tomato and pea respectively. Education landholding, annual income, experience in organic farming source of information and extension participation showed positive and significant correlation with knowledge of organic cultivation. The study also depicted that 73.2 percent of the organic vegetable growers had medium level of perception regarding organic farming. Education, land holding, occupation, annual income, experience and extension participation showed positive and significant relation with the overall perception. Majority (70 %) of organic vegetable growers followed the marketing channel Producer - Commission agent – Wholesaler - Retailer – Consumer. Major problems faced by the organic vegetable growers identified from the study were insufficient marketing channels (84.52 %), followed by non-availability of package of practices on organic farming technology (77.38 %) and Lack of minimum support price for organic vegetables (74.40 %).
Open Access
Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Commercial Vegetable Growers of District Budgam Jammu and Kashmir (U.T).”
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Tehniya Bashir; Syed, Shafat Kubrevi
Agriculture is one of the biggest strongholds of the economy of India as it is the source of livelihood of almost two thirds of the workforce of the country. Our country has a diversified soil and climate comprising several agro-ecological regions and provides opportunity to cultivate different crops and varieties of vegetables. Entrepreneurship is a source of innovation, job creation and economic growth and is pivotal to attract the young and the educated masses to become entrepreneur. Therefore, vegetable cultivation is an effective instrument for generating greater income per unit area, additional employment, provision of nutritive and proteinious diet. India is the second leading producer of vegetables in the world after China with an area of 10.35 million hectares and production of 191.77 million metric tonnes. On the basis of the research problem district Budgam of Jammu and Kashmir (U.T) had been purposively selected owing to the fact that it has the maximum area (4413.94 hectares) and production (129.7698 MT) of vegetables in Kashmir. Sub-division Chadoora was purposively selected for the study on the basis of maximum number of registered vegetable growers. The study revealed that majority (63.40%) of the growers were middle aged (40 to 60 years), majority (33.99%) were middle pass and 58.82 per cent had small size of family. Majority (34.65%) of the growers had farming + Labourer as their occupation and 51.00 per cent had a land holding varying between 0.51 to 1.0 hectares. Majority (58.17%) of the growers had annual income of 5.1 to 10 lacs. Majority (58.17%) had 16 to 25 years of experience in vegetable cultivation. Majority (51.00%) of the growers had not attended any training. Majority (71.90%) of the growers had medium knowledge about vegetable cultivation as recommended by SKUAST-K. Majority of the growers were in medium category in all the components of entrepreneurial behaviour. The overall entrepreneurial behaviour of majority (66.01%) of the growers was in the medium category. Age, size of family, land under Knol-Khol, occupation, total annual income and experience in commercial vegetable cultivation had a significant effect on entrepreneurial behaviour The major marketing channel identified was Producer - Commission agent – Retailer – Consumer. The benefit cost ratio was 2.23 and the break-even quantity was 96.02 quintals per hectare in Cauliflower. The benefit cost ratio was 1.61 and the break-even quantity was 117.83 quintals per hectare in Knol-Khol Lack of contact with extension agent ranked 1st among the 25 characteristics in the study area followed by lack of demonstrations at the 2nd rank and exploitation by middle men at 3rd rank.
Open Access
Technological Gaps in Recommended Saffron Production Technology in District Pulwama (J&K)
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Sadaf Hussain; Bhat, Shijaatt Hussain
The study aimed to evaluate the “Technological Gap in Recommended Saffron Production Technology in District Pulwama of J&K.” For this purpose a list of saffron growers of the region was provided by the Agriculture Extension office comprising of 13 villages and amongst these villages 5 villages were selected purposively based on maximum area under saffron cultivation and the saffron growers from these five selected villages were divided into three categories by using stratified random sampling technique i.e, the saffron growers having a land holding of up to 4 kanals under saffron cultivation, saffron growers having a land holding of 4 to 7 kanals under saffron cultivation and growers having a land holding of above 7 kanals under saffron cultivation. The present investigation was carried out by taking a sample size of 150 saffron growers that were drawn out of the list of total saffron growers provided by Agriculture Department. 99, 25 and 26 saffron growers belonging respectively to the said categories were selected by using Proportionate Allocation Method. The study revealed that 74 per cent of the saffron growers were in the age group of 41 to 60 year, having family size of 6 to 10 members with total income of upto 2 lakh and majority of the saffron grower had upto ₹0.5 lakh income from saffron. Majority of the saffron growers (34.00%) were illiterates with total land holdings of upto 10 kanals and majority of the saffron growers (42.67%) were having farming as their main occupation. Majority of saffron growers were having medium to low experience, source of information and risk orientation in saffron cultivation and had medium to high economic motivation. It had been observed that majority (70.67%) of the saffron growers had medium knowledge and had low (58.67%) adoption regarding different saffron production techniques. Having low adoption, majority (53.34%) of the saffron growers had high technological gap regarding different saffron production techniques. Education, total land holdings, land under saffron cultivation, total income, income from saffron cultivation and source of information showed significant relationship with knowledge and adoption. Five channels were identified in the marketing of saffron and out of them direct channel was found out to be the most efficient but majority (52.00%) of the saffron growers adopted channel IV (Producer- Commission agent– Firm - Retailer –Consumer) to sell their saffron produce. Rodent infestation, Market price fluctuation, Unawareness about scientific practices and technical advices regarding saffron crop and Exploitation by middle men, Adulteration and Flow of saffron from Iran were found to be the major constraints faced by the saffron growers. The need of the hour is to provide the saffron growers of the region with the requisite technical and financial support so that the technological gap is lessened and the yield potential is enhanced. This will go a long way in boosting the economic well-being of the saffron growers in the region.
Open Access
Impact of Bee Pollination in Enhancing the Quality and Production of Apple in District Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir (U.T)
(SKUAST Kashmir, 2022) Rufaida Siraj; Dar, Mushtaq Ahmad
The study aimed to evaluate the “Impact of Bee Pollination in Enhancing the Quality and Production of Apple in District Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir (U.T).” For this study a list of apple growers using managed bee polllination in their apple orchards was obtained from the Research and Training Centre for Pollinators, Pollinizers and Pollintion Management (RTCPPPM), SKUAST-Kashmir Shalimar. A total of 137 apple growers of the district were provided bee hives for the purpose of pollination in apple crop by the Department of Entomology, SKUAST-Kashmir under the mega research project sanctioned by ICAR, Niche Area Excellence (NAE)-II “Pollination Management Research in Apple and Other Fruits of Kashmir Valley”. All these apple growers were undertaken for the study. The study revealed that a majority 43.79 per cent of the apple growers were in the age group of 45 to 59 years, having graduate and above level of education, with land holdings of 0.27- 1.33 ha and farming+ beekeeping as main occupation. Majority of the apple growers had up to 3 bee colonies, low experience in apple cultivation and bee pollination with a total income of up to Rs 6.47 lakhs and majority of the apple growers had up to Rs 3.40 lakhs from apple cultivation. Majority of the apple growers had medium sources of information, scientific orientation and economic motivation. The majority of the apple growers perceived the pollinators as farmers’ friends, the quantity of the crop could be increased by effective pollination, the apple needs pollination and the protection of pollinators as need of the day. Improvement in fruit set, yield, fruit weight, colour, firmness, seed number, shelf life, income from fruit and sale of honey, consumer preference, employment generation as reported by the apple growers. A notable increase in yield and income was found in all the Horticulture zones, while the most prominant change was found in Horticulture zone Bomai, where the yield and income increased by 23.62 and 24.70 per cent, respectively. An overall increase in productivity of apple fruit from 14.04 MT ha-1 to 16.17 MT ha-1 was observed. High cost of tools and equipments, irregular visit of apiculture officers, prevalence of honey bee enemies, non- availability of bee colonies, lack of honey processing units, robbing of bee colonies from the apple orchards were the major constraints perceived by the apple growers. The need of the hour is to provide trainings and awareness-raising on pollination, pollinizers and pollinators as they co-exist. Programs for encouraging pollination services and pollinator conservation should be conducted which will allow the apple growers to boost their economic standards and also enable the proper and sustainable management of the pollinators which is beneficial for everyone.

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