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Open Access
Evaluation of the repellent properties of indigenous essential oils against the rodent species
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07-25) Varsha; Ravikant
Rodents are one of the most persistent and ubiquitous vertebrate pests that affect the human population. It is an indoor pest, and various rodenticides are used for its management. Studies of the repellent effect of botanically extracted essential oils of plants citronella & cinnamon were conducted on Mus musculus in the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture. Among different concentrations (5, 10, 20%), the 20% concentration carries the maximum repellent effect on house mice (Mus musculus). There were different modes of application of essential oils. Still, among the four observed during the study (direct application on coarse wheat grains, application on gunny bags containing coarse wheat grains, mixing of essential oil with wax and coating it on gunny bags filled with wheat grains, wax blocks made using the essential oil, paraffin wax and coarse wheat grains); direct application of essential oil on coarse wheat grains has more effect as repellent meanwhile essential oil mixed with wax and wheat grains has longer lasting impact along with maintaining the efficient repellent property. There can be different frequencies of application and out of which three were used during the experiment (daily, alternate days, once a week), out of which daily application was comparatively more efficient than the remaining two. Still, when it comes to per cent repellency and overall efficiency, the weekly application was best. Overall, 20% concentration treatment of essential oil in wax blocks weekly has the best results. When comparing mean food consumption and weight gain between males and females, males consumed more food than females, and weight gain was also higher in males, but females were more active throughout. The overall effect of essential oil treatment on both gender, female mice were comparatively more repelled than male.
Open Access
Mapping and Monitoring of Agroforestry areas in Yamunanagar, Ambala and Panchkula districts of Haryana state using Geospatial techniques
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2021-07-30) Bojja Harish Babu; Bimlendra Kumari
The study was conducted to map and monitor the agroforestry areas in Yamunanagar, Ambala and Panchkula districts of Haryana state from the year 2000 to 2019 through geospatial techniques using LISS-III (2000, 2005 and 2010) and LISS-IV (2015 and 2019) satellite data. Apart from mapping and monitoring, an attempt has been made to identify potential agroforestry sites like scrubs, fallows and piedmont areas on LISS-IV dataset of 2019 by on screen digitization technique for future cultivation of agroforestry species by farmers in the study area. Supervised method of classification technique was adopted to classify LU/LC classes like agroforestry, agriculture, forest, built-up, waterbodies, plantations and riverbed areas. The results of the study revealed that, agroforestry area delineated in Yamunanagar for the year 2000 (3,898.62 ha), 2005 (5,403.17 ha), 2010 (7,134.90 ha), 2015 (14,650.51 ha) and 2019 (17,022.76 ha). In Ambala 2000 (2,696.48 ha), 2005 (3,745.33 ha), 2010 (7,400.92 ha), 2015 (12,350.91 ha) and 2019 (15,552.53 ha). In Panchkula 2000 (1,098.15 ha), 2005 (1,212.8 ha), 2010 (1,784.03 ha), 2015 (2,034.87 ha) and 2019 (2,367.12 ha). The accuracy of the image classification was delineated based on the ground truth data and accuracy found in agroforestry was 90% for Yamunanagar, 95% for Ambala and 93% for Panchkula districts By the extraction of vector layers from the classified raster image, blockwise monitoring of agroforestry areas was delineated and change in various categories of LU/LC by performing overlay analysis in ArcGIS platform was detected and results revealed were (5,678.5 ha) in Yamunanagar, (6,783.6 ha) in Ambala and (1,202.6 ha) in Panchkula, the agriculture areas were converted to agroforestry areas from the year 2000 to 2010 and (14,486.6 ha) in Yamunanagar, (13,534.8 ha) in Ambala and (1,866.2 ha) in Panchkula, the agriculture areas were converted to agroforestry areas from the year 2010 to 2019. Based on the groundwater quality, soil condition and rainfall factor in the study area, potential sites were digitized, the results revealed that, about 10,525.76 ha of the potential sites were identified and mapped in Yamunanagar, around 12,179. 85 ha in Ambala and 4,023 ha in Panchkula districts. Based on the study, it is concluded that with the use of LISS-III and LISS-IV satellite data accurate mapping of agroforestry areas can be delineated which would help the planners in monitoring and identification of hotspots for suitable interventions in the districts.
Open Access
Evaluation of okra cultivars for growth, yield and quality under different dates of sowing
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Sunil Kumar; Kuldeep Kumar
The experiment entitled “Evaluation of okra cultivars for growth, yield and quality under different dates of sowing” was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the rainy season 2020-21 with five different dates of sowing S1 (15th June), S2 (30th June), S3 (15th July), S4 (30th July) and S5 (14th August) and three varieties V1 (Varsha Uphar), V2 (Hisar Naveen) and V3 (Hisar Unnat). Maximum plant stand after 15 days, plant height, number of fruit pickings, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, yield, dry matter, ash content, acidity and B:C ratio were recorded from 15th July date of sowing in the cultivar Hisar Naveen. However, minimum number of days to 50% flowering and days to first fruit picking were recorded from 14th August date of sowing in the cultivar Hisar Naveen. Maximum number of branches, internodal length, crop duration, incidence of YVMV and severity of disease were recorded minimum from 15th June date of sowing in the cultivar Hisar Naveen. Based on the study, it was found that higher fruit yield with better quality of fruits and minimum incidence of disease was obtained from Hisar Naveen sown on 15th July which was statistically at par with 30th July date of sowing under prevailing Haryana climatic conditions.
Open Access
Genome-wide association mapping in barley for terminal heat tolerance and malting quality
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Verma, Swati; Yashveer, Shikha
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), is one of the major cereal crops and has been cultivated since ancient times in different parts of the world. In particular, heat stress at the post-heading stage causes considerable yield reduction due to the stress. Understanding the genetic variation, changes in physiological processes, and level of genetic diversity existing among genotypes are needed to produce new cultivars not only having a high tolerance to heat stress, but also displaying high yield. So to address this challenge, a panel of 316 diverse barley genotypes (AM2017) were procured. It was evaluated under two conditions timely-sown (TS) and late-sown (LS) conditions in two seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at CCSHAU, Hisar. Ten agro-morphological, four physiological, and five grain malting quality traits were studied. Genetic diversity and population structure were explored in the AM2017 panel after genotyping it with the 50 K iSelect Illumina Barley SNP array. A set of 36,793 SNP markers, covering a genetic distance of 991.82 cM with an average marker density of 37.09 SNPs/cM, was obtained after quality filtration. The gene diversity (GD) and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) at the genome level were 0.362 and 0.289, respectively. The phenotypic results showed a clear reduction in trait performance under the LS condition. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were estimated using the compressed mixed linear model. Based on the estimated MTAs and linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay observed in the genome, putative QTL was identified as associated with the traits studied. The most robust QTL observed under both sowing conditions were further studied and validated using the previously reported QTL. Several traits were found to have QTL that was not found to be reported. The combination of analyses using SNPs and changes in physiological traits provided useful information on genomic regions taking part in heat stress tolerance.
Open Access
Status of macro and micro nutrient in soils of Kaithal and Siwan blocks, district Kaithal
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Shabnam; Rohtas Kumar
In order to evaluate soil fertility status of Kaithal and Siwan of district Kaithal, Haryana. hundred surface soil samples (fifty from each block) were randomly collected using GPS technique. In addition to this, plant samples (10% of soil samples) were also collected from the existing cropping pattern of both the blocks. The results revealed that the soils of both the blocks were normal to alkaline in nature, non-saline in nature, low to medium in organic carbon and sandy loam to loam in texture. The content of available N, P, K and S in Kaithal block was ranged from 109-249, 6-28, 85-415 and 8-660 kg ha-1 with mean value of 190.66, 14.86, 223.80 and 195.14 kg ha-1, respectively. The content of available N, P, K and S in Siwan block was ranged from 90-247, 6-29, 122-412 and 35-250 kg ha-1 with mean value of 191.40, 16.22., 259.72 and 146.44 kg ha-1, respectively. All the soils samples were found deficient in nitrogen and 14% of the soil samples were found deficient in phosphorous in both the blocks. In Kaithal block, 6% of the soil samples were found deficient in potassium whereas, in Siwan block only 2% soil samples were found deficient in potassium. In Kaithal block only14% samples for sulphur were found under deficient category.The DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn content in Kaithal block was ranged from 0.39-4.32, 0.90-15.40, 0.23-1.90 and 2.10-7.00 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 1.48, 7.10, 1.08 and 3.92 mg kg-1, respectively. The DTPA extractable Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn content in Siwan block was ranged from 0.15-2.83, 1.30-17.50, 0.16-3.45 and 2.00-6.80 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 1.27, 7.75, 1.17 and 3.39 mg kg-1, respectively. The total N, P, K and S in soils of Kaithal and Siwan blocks was varied from 0.06-0.17 and 0.06-0.18% 187-720 and 187-688 mg kg-1, 1.01-2.10 and 1.02-2.10 % and 108-937 and 110-718 mg kg-1 with mean value of 0.11and 0.12 %, 504.19 and 413.32 mg kg-1, 1.50 and 1.43% and 330.22 and 359.38 mg kg-, respectively. The content of total Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn in Kaithal and Siwan blocks ranged from 53.10-101.65and 60.00-100.53, 771.25-1450.00 and 670.00-1425.00, 10.88-24.75 and 11.13-20.00 and 283.63-440.00 and 360.00-428.00 with mean value of 79.833 and 84.37, 1155.88 and 1053.76, 14.95 and 14.33 and 372.46 and 385.75 mg kg-1, respectively. The mean content of N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in plant sample was 1.72, 0.42, 0.95, 0.081, 35.4, 82.3, 7.5 and 83.1 %, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between the soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of soil.
Open Access
Screening of wheat genotypes for multiple fungal resistance using functional markers
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Garg, Bharat; Yashveer, Shikha
In the present study, 58 wheat genotypes were characterized for grain yield, biochemical traits and functional markers. The wheat genotypes were sown in RBD (Randomized Block Design) design in two replications in the field of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) during Rabi, 2019-2020 for the evaluation of ten yield and its component characters viz. plant height, number of tiller per meter, spike length, number of grain per spike, number of spikelet per spike, grain yield per meter, biological yield per meter, harvest index and 1000-grain weight. In this study 58 wheat genotypes were screened for morphological and biochemical traits, showed varied mean range signifying ample amount of variability present in the wheat genotypes Genetic variability of genotypes was assessed by PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance over mean. The values of GCV were lower than their corresponding PCV for all the characters studied, indicated the negligible effect of environment on the development of plants. The maximum value of the GCV & PCV was observed for the grain yield per meter (11.87) and number of spikelet per spike (16.65). Highest broad sense heritability was recorded for biological yield per meter (80.92) The positive and significant genotypic correlation for grain yield per meter was found with number of tillers per meter (0.503), spike length (0.217), number of grains per spike (0.332), biological yield per meter (0.864), harvest index (0.616). Thus, these component traits may be used in wheat breeding programme for further improvement in grain yield. For characterization of quality traits, various biochemical attributes were analyzed viz. total phenolic content, total flavonoids, proline content, glycine betaine, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) at vegetative and maturity stages. Total phenolic content range for vegetative stage is 0.41 to 4.74 mg CE/g and 1.07 to 6.17 mg CE/g in the maturity stage. Total flavonoids range for the vegetative stage, is 0.30 to 0.97 mg QE/g and 1.07 to 9.18 mg QE/g in the maturity stage. Proline content range for vegetative stage is 0.07 to 0.45 mg /g and 0.08 to 0.55 mg /g in maturity stage. Glycine betaine range for vegetative stage is 0.59 to 9.59 mg /g DW and 2.67 to 4.24 mg /g DW in the maturity stage. PAL activity range for vegetative stage is 4.15 to 6.23 μmole/h/g and 4.99 to 6.51 μmole/h/g in the maturity stage. TAL activity range for vegetative stage is 1.45 to 12.43 μmole/h/g and 1.74 to 12.10 μmole/h/g in the maturity stage. Total flavonoids content had high GCV and PCV in biochemical traits. On heritability analysis, Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) had higher heritability. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was found in characters such as total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, proline content, glycine betaine and TAL. These characters are recommended in selecting genotypes for screening for biotic and abiotic stress. For functional marker analysis, a total of 24 functional markers were used showed amplification. These selected primers are linked with specific fungal disease resistance gene and amplification of specific primer on wheat genotypes gave the idea of presence of that allele.
Open Access
Performance of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen sources
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Vikram Singh; Parveen Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.
Open Access
Spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration in different agro-climatic zones of Haryana
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09-21) Punia, Rahual; Anurag
Evapotranspiration is the integrated process of evaporation and transpiration and is affected by meteorological variables, crop characteristics, and management practices, as well as environmental characteristics. There have been many studies in the estimation of ETo around the world. Evapotranspiration plays an important role in maintaining water balance of terrestrial ecosystem and for irrigation scheduling in crop production. The present study was carried out at Deptt. of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU Hisar, to compute spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration at different location of Haryanaviz. Ambala, Karnal, Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa that are evenly distributed in two agro-climatic zones of Haryana. The study was based on PET calculation by maximum and minimum temperature using Thornthwaite method. The calculated values were interpreted on monthly as well as seasonal scales. Highest normal annual PET was at Sirsa with 5.5 mm/day followed by Bawal (4.72 mm/day), Hisar (4.55 mm/day), Ambala (4.34 mm/day) and Karnal (4.14 mm/day). The annual PET had an increasing trend as per MK test at all locations. Sirsa and Ambala had significant +ve trends. In Kharif season, Sirsa had highest PET while in Rabi, Ambala showed highest value of normal PET. An increasing trend was observed at all locations during Kharif and Rabi seasons but significant trends were revealed at Sirsa and Ambala in Kharif, and Bawal and Ambala in Rabi seasons. In winter season (January-February) all stations had a decreasing trend of PET with significant decreasing trends at Karnal location. On monthly scale, June had the highest and January had the lowest value of PET in Haryana as observed at all five locations.Month of October observed with significantly increasing trends in PET at all locations expect for Karnal. January and December months observed with decreasing trends at all location. Overall, for the state of Haryana as a whole, 4.56 mm/day was found as a normal annual potential evapotranspiration, likewise seasonal normal were 7.6 mm/day in Kharif, 1.5 mm/day in Rabi, 0.6 mm/day in winter, 5.5 mm/day in pre monsoon, 7.8 mm/day in monsoon and 1.9 mm/day in post monsoon period.
Open Access
Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Pavitra P. Yaranal; Rakesh Kumar
The present study entitled, ―Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular mycorrhiza on management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.‖ was conducted under screen house conditions to study the role of mycorrhiza on growth and mycorrhizal parameters, biochemical constituents and influence on rhizosphere population of different microbes and to work out the integrated management of damping-off incited by Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen is a soil inhabitant, facultative parasite and having wide host range. Fusarium oxysporum causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum was tested under screen house conditions. Maximum growth (plant height, root length, bulb weight), mycorrhizal parameters (per cent root colonization and sporocarp number per 100g of soil), SPAD-chlorophyll, biochemical constituents (total phenols, P content in roots) were observed in the onion plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae. All the AM fungi used viz., Glomus hoi, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae had positive influence on population of azotobacter, actinomycetes and bacteria, while significantly reduced the population of fungi compared to control. Maximum disease control (92.5%) was observed in seed treatment with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seeds. Among the biologicals, maximum disease control (81.25%) was observed in treatment with combined use of Glomus mosseae, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Mycorrhiza was comparatively effective in managing the disease with a disease control of 48.75-70 per cent when inoculated alone or in combination with other treatments. Suitable symbiont for a host can improve plant growth and provide protection against diseases. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in our study reflected a significant growth improvement of onion and comparable level of protection against the damping-off pathogen.

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