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ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen fertigation requirement for chilli crop using marginally saline water with different frequency of drip irrigation(CCSHAU, 2018) Ashwani; Sanjay KumarThis experiment was conducted to examine nitrogen fertigation requirement for chilli crop using marginally saline water with different frequency of drip irrigation. Experiment was carried out in micro plots (2m x 2m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COEA&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. Irrigation of marginal quality (EC ~ 2.5 dS m-1) water was scheduled on the basis of daily (I1) and alternate day (I2) with combination of three fertigation levels (F1: 75% RDN, F2: 100% RDN and F3: 125% RDN) and surface irrigation (Si) with 100% RDN as control with three replication. The highest yield (10.69 t ha-1) was obtained under daily drip irrigation with 125% RDN (I1F3), followed by 100% RDN (I1F2) having 10.23 t ha-1 yield. In daily irrigation, 28.2% and 34.0% more yield was obtained in I1F2 and I1F3 in comparison to I1F1. Among the drip irrigation, I1F3 treatment has obtained the highest water use efficiency (4.17 kg m-3) and its lowest value 3.19 kg m-3 was obtained in I2F1 treatment. The highest NUE (172.2 kg of chilli per kg of Nitrogen) was obtained under daily drip irrigation with 75% RDN (I1F1), followed by 100% RDN (165.6 kg of chilli per kg of Nitrogen). The highest nitrogen uptake (64.99 kg ha-1) was obtained under daily drip irrigation with 125% RDN (I1F3), followed by 100% RDN (I1F2) having 61.68 kg ha-1. With respect to irrigation frequencies as well as different RDN levels, nitrogen uptake was found significantly different. In daily drip irrigation, among fertigation level at 85 DAT, 23.4 and 27.2% higher CFL was recorded in I1F2 and I1F3, respectively in comparison to I1F1 treatment. Similar observations were also recorded in NDVI. From all the observation, it was concluded that salinity can be lowered by increasing the irrigation frequency and got better result in crop production under saline water through drip system. N- fertigation level supply beyond 100% RDN had no significant effect on yield.ThesisItem Open Access Techno-economic evaluation of solar biomass shredder(CCSHAU, 2018) Annu; YadvikaThe present study was carried out to evaluate the techo-economic performance of shredder. Four crops residues viz. wheat straw, paddy straw, pearl millet stalk, and cotton stalks were selected for shredding purpose. Shredding of crop residues was done at speeds (1500, 2500 and 3500) and at five moisture content (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 %) expect for wheat which was also shredded at 16% and18% moisture content. Both the moisture content and rotational speed significantly affected the performance of shredder. The output results showed that the initial length, diameter and bulk density was recorded as ( 45.7 cm, 3.32 mm), (98.7cm, 3.28mm), (182.7cm,14.3mm) and (145cm,17.1mm) and bulk density was (23.20-28.70 kg/m3), (13.76-14.16 kg/m3), (27.00-31.27 kg/m3) and (14.37-18.20 kg/m3). and for of wheat straw, paddy straw, pearl millet stalk and cotton stalk, respectively. Both the moisture content and rotational speed significantly affected the performance of shredder. Capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption for shredder were evaluated for all the crop residues. It was found that maximum capacity of 60.39kg/h, 55.61kg/h, 46.77 kg/h and 41.68 kg/h were obtained at 6% moisture content and 3500 rpm for all the crop residues. The optimum shredding efficiency of 97.6%, 96.8%, 98.5% and 99.1% were obtained for wheat straw, paddy straw, pearl millet stalk and cotton stalk, respectively. The maximum power consumption and of shredder was observed to be 2.03 kWh, 2.02 kWh, 2.14 kWh and 1.93 kWh at 16% moisture content and 3500 rpm for wheat straw and 12% moisture content and 3500 rpm for paddy straw, pearl millet stalk and for cotton stalk, respectively. The maximum bulk density was observed as 47.27 kg/m3, 52.23 kg/m3, 58.54 kg/m3 and 69.49 kg/m3 at 18% moisture content and 2500 rpm for wheat straw and at12% moisture content and 3500 rpm for paddy straw, pearl millet stalk and for cotton stalk, respectively. Particle size distribution was also studied for shredded crop residues through sieve analysis. The maximum average length with its weight percentage were recorded as 76.73 mm and 60.73% at 18% moisture content and 1500 rpm, 71.78mm and 60.11%, 60.20 mm and 51.96%, 62.01 mm and 70.12% at 14% moisture content and 1500 rpm for wheat straw, paddy straw, pearl millet stalk, cotton stalk, respectively. The study of environmental parameters during the entire study showed that the solar radiation varied between 770 to 1289 W/m2 while, temperature varied from 33.1°C to 38.4 °C and humidity varied from 24.6 % to 40.3 % during the entire study period. The payback period and benefit cost ratio of machine were calculated as 4.0 years and 5.0.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of microwave heating on extraction of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)(CCSHAU, 2018) Sachin; V.K SinghIn the present study, extraction of essential oil from turmeric rhizome powder was carried out using modified microwave distillation system and rotary evaporator unit. In this study effect of operational parameters i.e. microwave power (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 W) and extraction time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min.) on physical properties (oil yield, specific gravity, refractive index and color) and chemical properties (acid value, iodine value and saponification value) of essential oil were studied within the experimental region. Fixed ratio samples (1:1:1) i.e. turmeric powder, solvent and distilled water was used during the experiment conducted. Essential oil yield using hexane varied from 1.895% to 4.973% while from 0.180% to 1.226% using petroleum ether solvents. Quality parameters varied i.e. specific gravity from 0.910 to 0.923, refractive index from1.478 to 1.506, color values for oil ranges L* from 70.60 to 98.60, a* from –25.60 to 15.1 and b* from 82.1 to 88.5, acid value from 3.5 to 6.3, iodine value from 38.72 to 41.53 and saponification value from 14.27 to 16.59. Optimum values of process parameters for maximum oil recovery (4.973 %) and best quality of oil (specific gravity: 0.915; refractive index: 1.485; acid value: 4.5 %; iodine value: 39.37 %; saponification value: 14.86) was found at microwave power 300 W and extraction time 20 min.ThesisItem Open Access Energetics and techno-economic feasibility of paddy straw management technologies(CCSHAU, 2018) Parveen; Jain, MukeshPaddy straw management using different combinations of machinery i.e. T1 = Combine harvester with SMS (CSMS) + Zero till drill, T2 = CSMS + Spatial till drill, T3 = CSMS + Happy seeder, T4 = CSMS + Reversible mould board plough + Rotavator + Seed drill, T5 = CSMS + Rotavator (2 pass) + Seed drill (SD), T6 = CSMS + Disc harrow (3 pass) + Planker + SD, T7 = CSMS + Rotavator + Manual broadcasting + Rotavator, T8 = Traditional combine (TC) + Stubble shaver + Straw baler + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD, T9 = TC + Stubble shaver + Hay Rake + Straw baler + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD, T10 = TC + Traditional straw removing method + Disc harrow (2 pass) + Planker + SD with the objective of quantifying the energy requirement and to evaluate techno-economic feasibility. From the experiments, it is concluded that the specific energy consumption and unit cost of operation were in the range of 25 to 28 MJ q-1 and 63 to 68 Rs. q-1 for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Under the treatment T10, the specific energy consumption and unit cost of operation were 38 MJ q-1 and 74 MJ q-1, respectively. Under the treatment T4, T6, T7, and T8 the specific energy consumption was in the range of 50 MJ q-1 and unit cost of operation was in the range of 112-135 Rs. q-1. Highest specific energy consumption (58.15 MJ q-1) in treatment T5 and highest unit cost of operation (140.52 Rs. q-1) was found in treatment T9.