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Open Access
Educational and occupational mobility among rural families of Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Preeti; Vinod Kumari
Social mobility is movemnet of people within a structure of social stratification or hierarchy. The face of society a thousand years ago was vastly different from what we are familiar with it today. Education is thought to be directly related to occupation, combining education and occupation allows us to determine whether education promotes occupational mobility or vice versa. The present study was conducted in the two districts of Haryana, Fatehabad from highly developed districts and Jhajjar from low-developed districts using the criteria of the agricultural composite index of development. (Ohlan, 2013) and the total sample size was 120 active heads of the family. Socio-personal and economic profiles of respondents revealed that more number of respondents were from the age group of 36-50 years (41.7%), general caste (41.7%), educated upto graduate and above (50.8%), engaged in services (49.2%) and married (83.4%). Analysis of intergenerational occupational and educational mobility revealed that respondents were found mobile from their parent‟s occupation or educational status and it was found significantly associated with age, caste, education, occupation and landholding. The inheritance among different pairs of generations showed the highest rate of inheritance of education (80 %), followed by rate of inheritance of occupation (60%) between respondents, fathers and their grandfather‟s education level. Area wise differentiation among various perceptions of educational and occupational mobility was observed in Fatehabad and Jhajjar. Regarding the level of perception of respondent‟s occupational and educational mobility most of the respondents had a moderate level of perception, it is concluded that the respondents from Jhajjar had higher educational and occupational statuses compared to respondents from Fatehabad. This observation could potentially be attributed to the proximity of Jhajjar to the national capital and the majority of respondents tried to raise their status through education and change in occupation through government services. Efforts are needed to diversify occupational prospects in agricultural through the establishment of cottage and small scale industries in order to provide greater job opportunites in agricultural and allied sectors.
Open Access
Studies on variability and management of rhizoctonia spp. inciting root rot disease of cotton
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Preeti; Yadav, N. K.
The present study entitled, “Studies on Variability and Management of Rhizoctonia spp. Inciting Root Rot Disease of Cotton” was carried out in Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and RRS, Bawal. The study was aimed to know the occurrence and incidence of cotton root rot disease in Haryana, morphological, molecular and pathogenic variability among R. bataticola and R. solani isolates and and management of Rhizoctonia spp. through fungicides, botanicals and native Trichoderma isolates. The maximum cotton root rot disease incidence was recoded in Fatehabad district followed by Sirsa district, whereas; minimum was in Charkhi Dadri district during both the year 2021 and 2022. Among all the isolates the maximum radial growth 69.33 mm was recorded in isolate RB5 followed by RS2 (59.00 mm) and RB8 (52.00 mm) whereas, the minimum radial growth of 32.33 mm was recorded in RB3 isolate (32.33). Maximum mycelial width was recorded in isolate RS2 (7.29 μm) followed by RB6 (7.23 μm) and RB13 (6.93 μm) whereas, the minimum radial growth of 32.33 mm was recorded in RS1 isolate (3.58 μm). All the isolates showed high level of polymorphism. The cluster analysis of R. bataticola isolates based on RAPD primers, isolate RB4, RB5 and RB8 were most diverse and cluster analysis of isolates based on ISSR primers isolate RB16 was most diverse among all the isolates. The cluster analysis of R. solani isolates based on RAPD primers, isolate RS3 was most diverse. Among the fungicides evaluated under in vitro conditions against RB5 and RS2, carbendazim showed maximum inhibition of the mycelial growth (98.27% and 97.04%) of RB5 and RS2 at 200 ppm concentration which was statistically significant than other treatments. Among the botanicals evaluated under in vitro conditions against RB5 and RS2, Lantana camara showed maximum inhibition of the mycelial growth (77.14% and 75.67%) of RB5 and RS2 at 20 per cent concentration, where it was statistically significant than all other treatments followed by Parthenium hysterophorus (72.11% and 71.55%) and least was showed by ginger (24.61% and 22.75%) respectively. Evaluation of native Trichoderma isolates against Rhizoctonia spp. under in vitro conditions revealed that HST2 showed maximum antifungal activity with 72.78, 72.50 per cent growth inhibtion against RB5 and RS2 respectively and statistical significant than other native isolates. As far as biocontrol activities are concerned, HST2 showed positive results for HCN production, IAA production, siderophore production, cellulase activity, pectoloytic avtivity, ammonia production, Zn solubilisation and phosphate solubilization. In vivo evaluation of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agents, it was observed that they significantly reduced the disease incidence of root rot during Kharif, 2021 and Kharif 2022 and maximum disease control was achieved by carbendazim and significantly higher with other fungicides in both Desi and American cotton. Among botanicals under study during Kharif 2021 and Kharif, 2022, maximum disease control was recorded by Lantana camara which significantly differed with other botanicals in both Desi and American cotton. Different Trichoderma isolates showed the wide range of antagonistic activity against R. bataticola and R. solani. Maximum disease control was showed by native Trichoderma isolates i.e., HST2 followed by HMT2 during both the years of experiments.
Open Access
Eco-friendly management of charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Preeti; Saharan, Hawa Singh
The charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is the most destructive soil and seed borne disease of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) which appears every year in Haryana and causes heavy losses in yield. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the eco-friendly management of M. phaseolina through botanicals and bio-agents under in vitro and in vivo conditions in screen house of Department of Plant Pathology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Among the botanicals evaluated for their efficacy in vitro against M. phaseolina, the phytoextract of Lantana camara inhibited maximum mycelial growth by 89.43 per cent at 20 per cent concentration followed by Parthenium hysterophorus and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts which inhibited upto 87.21 and 57.21 per cent, respectively at 20 per cent concentration. However, ginger (Zingiber officinale) was found to be least effective in inhibiting of mycelial growth by 26.94% at 20% concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents for their efficacy against M. phaseolina in vitro revealed that Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum antifungal activity with 66.94, 59.99, 59.44 per cent of mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively, which was followed by T. viride with 59.16, 55.27, 53.00 per cent mycelial inhibition, respectively. Pseuodomonas fluorescens was found to be least effective with 30.83, 51.38, 47.77 per cent mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively. Among the combinations of phytoextracts and bioagents tested under screen house conditions, seed soaking in solution of 20 per cent concentration of L. camara extract for 5-10 minutes followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/kg seed was found most effective in controlling the disease upto 36.43 per cent in HT-1 and 40.92 per cent in HT-2 varieties followed by combination of P. hysterophorus + T. harzianum which controlled the disease up to 34.28 and 38.53 per cent in HT-1 and HT-2 varieties, respectively.
Open Access
Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Neeraj Kumar
The present investigation entitled “Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the Rabi season of 2018. Before sowing, the desired levels of salinity (control, 4 and 6 dS m-1) were developed by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) was applied exogenously after 35 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non- stressed plants. Plants at 6 dS m-1 did not survive and hence, data of only 4 dS m-1 was given. Sampling was done at 45 and 80 DAS. Growth parameters i.e. plant height and dry weight of shoot and roots decreased with increasing levels of salinity, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, the water potential (ψw) of leaves (from -0.40 to -0.46 MPa), osmotic potential (ψs) of leaves (from -0.890 to -1.027 MPa) and roots (from -0.763 to -0.850 MPa) decreased with increasing level of salinity from control to 4 dS m-1 at 45 DAS. With increase in salinity levels, RWC (%) of leaves and roots also declined at 45 DAS. A similar trend of change in the ψw of leaves, ψs of leaves and roots and RWC (%) was observed at 80 DAS. However, exogenous application of different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) of salicylic acid helps in the amelioration of plant water status by increasing water and osmotic potential to the less negative value and by increasing the RWC at both the sampling stages. The level of osmolytes i.e. proline, glycinebetaine and total soluble carbohydrates increase with increasing salinity levels (control to 4 dS m-1) and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was notices in leaves and roots at 45 DAS. A similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. But application of SA ameliorates the adverse effect of salinity to some extent at both stages. Salinity levels increased the Cl- concentration in leaves by 41.96% and SO42- content in leaves by 8.1% at 4 dS m-1 as compared to their respective control. This concentration of Cl- and SO42- content was decreased by foliar application of SA. Similarly, CSI and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 4.0 dS m-1 of salinity at 45 DAS. Application of SA helps in the amelioration of salinity stress at 45 and 80 DAS. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) and glutathione content enhanced abruptly under salinity and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. Despite, the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA decreased at 4 dS m-1 salinity respective to their control. Similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was further lowered upon application of SA. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by salinity and its effect was mitigated by SA. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands with increasing levels of salinity and salicylic acid in leaves and roots at both sampling stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight pod-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing salinity levels. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that foliar spray of SA (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) mitigates salinity stress by maintaining higher plant water status, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitory effect of salinity on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 100 ppm of SA was found to be more effective at both sampling stages i.e. 45 and 80 DAS.
Open Access
Adoption level of various farm implements by women of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Vijaya Rani
A study was conducted to access the adoption level of various farm implements and the constraints faced , by rural women in Haryana state. The districts of Haryana state were first arranged into ascending order of mechanization Index and then divided into 5 groups for selection of districts. The districts of Fatehabad, Kurukshtra, Rewari, Rohtak and Sonipat were selected for the study. From these districts, three blocks were randomly selected and from each block, three villages were randomly selected. From each village, six women farmers were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire thereby making a sample of 270 respondents for the study. The results showed that none of the respondents used any implement for tillage and sowing/planting operation. For interculture operations, simple tools were used by majority of the respondents while only 0.37% respondents used wheel hand hoe. Rural women in haryana had no significant role in plant protection operation as a knapsack sprayer was used only by 0.37% respondents. Sickle was only tool used for harvesting crops and for threshing operation, thresher was used by 5.92% respondents. Tubewell for irrigation was operated by 9.63% respondents while chaff cutter was used by majority of respondents (87.77%). The respondents had a poor access to market and information sources. They reported a poor extension contact and a lack of training programmes. They lack adequate knowledge and skill regarding use of implement and were hesitant in using new implements. Lack of credit facilities, large family size and high cost of implements were among other constraints faced by rural women in Haryana. It was observed that small machines being overtaken by large machines was a major constraint in adoption of new implements by rural women in Haryana. The present study can prove to be of great help in improving the current adoption level of farm machinery by rural women. Further research needs to be carried out on ergonomically designed farm implements for women so that women become more active in adopting new technology which will reduce drudgery, save time and make farm work easier for them.
Open Access
Development and characterization of transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants with OsRuvB gene for salt stress tolerance
(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Kharb, Pushpa
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a nutrient rich, second most important legume crop after soybean. Production and productivity of chickpea is affected by various abiotic stresses but salt stress is the most deleterious accounting for upto 100% yield losses. In the present study, transgenic chickpea plants (var. HC-1) carrying OsRuvB gene were developed for salt stress tolerance using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 with pCAMBIA1301 (Kharb et al., 2012). Putative transformants were screened at early stage through PCR amplification using gene specific primers and a transformation frequency of 17% was observed. Southern blot and real time PCR analysis revealed stable and single copy insertion of the transgene in chickpea genome. Seeds from each of the PCR positive T0 chickpea plants were sown to raise T1 generation and a total of 74 plants (out of 170) showed the presence of OsRuvB gene. Physio-biochemical analysis of selected T1 transgenic plants subjected to 100 mM salt stress showed that transgenic plants were able to maintain higher chlorophyll content, relative water content, proline content, total soluble sugars, catalase and peroxidase activity compared to the wild type plants. Whereas, electrolytic leakage and lipid peroxidation were relatively less as compared to the wild type plants under 100 mM stress. Among all transgenic lines, line 8 performed well with respect to all the parameters studied and can be taken further for the development of transgenic chickpea plants for salt stress tolerance.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in Hisar division of Haryana State
(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Hisar division of Haryana state. Two districts i.e. Bhiwani and Hisar were selected randomly. One block from each district and two villages from each block were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly for making a total of 300 respondents. Data regarding dependent and independent variables were collected with the help of pre tested interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency; percentage weighted mean score and Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation. Results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, were educated upto secondary, belonged to OBC caste, having nuclear families with medium family size and had farming as their main occupation. Majority of them had no social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite sources and high mass media exposure for obtaining information. Majority of farmers followed double cropping pattern with medium cropping intensity. All were grown grain crops and cash crops. Human capital, social capital and financial capital were found to be of medium level. Physical capital was found high while natural capital was found medium in Bhiwani district and it was found low in Hisar district. Food security index in both the districts was found to be quite high (76.00 and 73.2%). Shelter/water and sanitation security, access to institutions, economic security and health security were found to be of moderate level, but the nutritional security index was found to be less than 50 per cent. Farm families faced small land size, lack of capital, no timely procurement, doesn‟t have good quality of seeds and fertilizers are main livelihood problems. A video film was developed on „Poshan Suraksha‟ by using standard procedure. Effectiveness of VCD was assessed in terms of audio, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message and it was perceived high on all the parameters by all the judges. Family size, family education status, occupation and annual income was positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capital expect natural capital. Family education status, occupation and annual income were positively and significantly correlated with all the livelihood securities.
Open Access
Study on the efficacy of reagents in stain removal
(I.C College Of Home Science Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2000) Preeti; Khambra, Krishna
Open Access
Genetic diversity and effects of selective intermating on genetic variability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)
(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Panwar, I.S.
The present investigation “Genetic diversity and effects of selective intermating on genetic variability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)” was conducted to evaluate 75 bread wheat genotypes to assess magnitude of genetic diversity among wheat germplasm lines for grain yield, its components and quality traits. The character association for yield and quality traits was also studied. Analysis of variance revealed considerable amount of variability among genotypes for most of the characters under study. Sedimentation value followed by grain yield per plot, and harvest index exhibited high GCV. The differences between GCV and PCV values were minimum for most of characters which show least environmental influence. Heritability estimates were high for all the characters except plant height (cm), number of effective tillers per meter, number of grains per ear, biological yield per plot(g), harvest index (%). Sedimentation value (ml) followed by grain yield per plot (g) exhibited high genetic advance as per cent of mean alongwith high heritability estimates. The grain yield per plot showed significant and positive correlation with number of effective tillers per meter, number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plot and harvest index and significant negative correlation with canopy temperature (post-anthesis 7 and post-anthesis 21 days) in normal as well as heat stress environment. Harvest index, biological yield per plot (g), effective tillers per meter in both normal and heat stress environment had positive direct effect on grain yield. So, direct selection for these traits will be effective to increase the grain yield. On the basis of Euclidean cluster analysis, 75 genotypes were grouped into 9 clusters in both the environments, which indicated the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity among the genotypes studied. Cluster II and cluster IX showed maximum genetic divergence in both the environments and also having higher mean values for important yield traits and thus involving genotypes of cluster II and cluster IX in hydbridization programme is advocated in order to achieve high yielding segregants. Second experiment aimed at comparing the variability under different systems of selective intermating. On comparison of the selective intermated populations and F2 populations of two crosses Cross I (WH542/WH1080) and Cross II (WH1105/RAJ3765//WH283) the higher mean values were obtained in all selected intermated populations SIM-I, SIM-II and SIM-III in order and wider range values for genetic variability in SIM-III compared to F2 populations of two crosses for most of the characters studied which might be due to additional variability released by selective intermating accumulating favourable genes. The efficiency of intermating over F2 was witnessed in this investigation in terms of days to heading, number of tillers per plant, number of grains per ear,1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g) and grain yield per plant (g) and other yield related traits. The wider range accompanied by a higher values of mean, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean for biological yield per plant(g) and grain yield per plant(g) in selective intermated populations provides opportunity for further selection in intermated populations for further yield improvement in bread wheat.

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