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ThesisItem Open Access Transcriptomics studies in bread wheat under terminal heat stress(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Kavita; Mukesh KumarIn the present investigation 50 wheat genotypes were sown with two replications in a randomized complete block design (RBD) at the experimental area of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, during Rabi seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 under normal and late sown conditions. Combined ANOVA showed that all traits had high level of genotypic variations among all the genotypes under both conditions. Highest heritability was shown by days to anthesis under both conditions while high GCV, PCV and genetic advance as percent mean were high for relative stress injury and chlorophyll stability index under normal and late sown conditions, respectively. Biochemical parameters and heat stress indices were used to screen out heat tolerant genotypes. Grain yield per plot exhibited positive and highly significant correlation with membrane stability index, chlorophyll stability index and all yield contributing traits under both conditions. Correlation among heat stress indices exhibited that grain yield per plot under both conditions is positively correlated with stress tolerance index, yield index, mean productivity, geometric mean and harmonic mean. Path analysis showed that harvest index and biological yield per plot had highly positive direct effects on grain yield per plot under both conditions. The principal component analysis for morpho-physiological traits under normal and late sown conditions and heat stress indices depicted that the first four, three and two components reflected more than 78%, 76% and 97% of the total variance, respectively. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into 7 and 5 clusters, most divergent clusters were IV and VI, II and V under normal and late sown conditions, respectively. UPGMA cluster tree analysis divided genotypes into two clusters and also confirmed that sufficient variability is present among genotypes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under control and heat stress conditions were identified in both genotypes (WH-730 and WH-1184). These DEGs were utilised to set up a subsequent unigene assembly and GO analysis was done using unigenes to analyze functions of DEGs which classified into three main domains; biological process, cellular component and molecular function. KEGG ontology was used to visualize the physiological processes or to identify KEGG pathways that provide plants their ability to shield in adverse conditions of heat stress. From KEGG ontology it was reported that the gene encoded enzyme (peroxidase) of KEGG pathway was upregulated in WH-730 while downregulated in WH-1184.ThesisItem Open Access Crop residue management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity under rice - wheat cropping system(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Kavita; Dev RajAn experiment on residue management was conducted during Rabi, 2018 at Research Farm KVK, Panipat, CCS Haryana Agricultural University to study the effect of residue management options and fertilizer levels on soil properties and crop productivity under rice wheat cropping system. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design consisted 4 residue management practices (R1: Residue removal, R2: Residue Burning, R3: Residue Incorporation and R4: Residue Retention ,Direct seeding of wheat with happy seeder into rice stubbles) in main plot and with five fertilizers level (F1: Control, F2: 100% N + 50% RD of P&K, F3: 100% N + 75% RD of P&K and F4: 100% N+75% RD of P&K+ Waste decomposer and F5:100% of RDF) in sub-plot. N and P mineralisation were highest at 25 and 55 DAS, respectively, values decline thereafter for both during first year whereas during second year value again increase at 115 DAS. MBC and enzymes values were also reported higher at 55 DAS during both the years. Urease and alkaline phosphatase followed same trend as mineralisation during both the year, however MBC and dehydrogenase followed the different trend during 2019-20. Burning of rice residue decreased the MBC, dehydrogenase and urease activity, however alkaline phosphatase activity increased after burning. The available N.P and K content in soil after rice harvest varied from 115 to 129 and 113 to 134, 24.6 to 44.2 and 25.2 to 48.2 and 175 to 193 and 176 to 196 kg ha-1, respectively among different treatment combination during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Available nutrient status in soil followed the order retention> incorporation> burning> removal under residue management and 100% RDF>100% N+75% RD of P&K> 100% N + 75% RD of P&K> 100% N + 50% RD of P&K> control in case of fertilizer level except for the Fe (higher under control) during both years. Higher value of TOC (0.800 and 0.814 %) and SOC (0.680 and 0.694 %) was reported with the retention treatment while mean value of MBC (350 and 379 mg/kg) and DOC (418 and 540 mg/kg) recorded higher under incorporation during both the year. Organic carbon fraction followed the order: recalcitrant > less labile> very labile> labile during both years. Lower value of bulk density and higher value of water holding capacity recorded with R4 treatment. Germination index was reported higher under removal and lowest value recorded with retention during both the year. The highest grain and straw yield of wheat was recoded with removal and 100% RDF during 2018-19 and retention and 100% RDF during 2019-20. Grain and straw yield of rice grown after wheat in the same plot follows the order: incorporation>retention>burning>removal.ThesisItem Open Access Enhancing water use efficiency of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through the use of smart agrochemicals(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Kavita; AmarjeetThe present investigation entitled “Enhancing water use efficiency of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through the use of smart agrochemicals” was carried out at Regional Research Station, Bawal, Rewari of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during Rabi 2019-20. The objectives of the investigation were to study the effect of smart agrochemicals on growth, yield and water use efficiency of barley under different irrigation regimes and to work out economics of different treatments. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop in world following wheat, rice and maize. The experiment was carried on barley variety BH 393 in split plot design with three levels of irrigation in main plot and six treatments of smart agrochemicals in sub-plots and replicated thrice. The main plot treatments were no irrigation (I0), one irrigation at tillering (I1) and two irrigation at tillering and heading stage (I2) and; treatments used in subplot were control (T1), seed treatment with Tragacanth katira @ 100 g kg-1 seed (T2), soil application of Tragacanth katira @ 5 kg ha-1 (T3), foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) @ 200 ppm at booting and grain formation stage (T4), combination of Tragacanth katira @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of SA @ 200 ppm at booting and grain formation stage (T5) and; foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% at booting and grain formation stage (T6). Results of the experiment revealed that among irrigation levels, one (I1) and two irrigation (I2) and among smart agrochemicals, spray of salicylic acid (T4), potassium nitrate (T6) and combination of Tragacanth katira and salicylic acid (T5) significantly improved growth, physiological, phonological and; quality parameters, yield attributes, yield, economics and water use of crop. I2 (two irrigation) among irrigation levels and T5 (combination of Tragacanth katira @ 2.5 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of SA @ 200 ppm at booting and grain formation) treatment among smart agrochemicals were found most productive (17.17 and 21.8% higher over control, respectively) and economical (net returns-: ₹ 47379 and 48295 ha-1), respectively. Highest water use efficiency i.e., (22.92 and 20.29 kg ha-1mm-1) was achieved with no irrigation (I0) and combination of Tragacanth katira and salicylic acid (T5) among irrigation levels and smart agrochemicals, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Exploring genetic variation for morphological and biochemical traits in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.](CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Kavita; Ramesh KumarIn present investigation, 50 pearl millet genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications at experimental field of Bajra section, CCS HAU, Hisar during kharif (Rainy) 2020. Analysis of variance showed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters studied, indicated the presence of sufficient genetic variability. Higher estimates of PCV than corresponding GCV, thereby, revealing that there is slight influence of environment on different traits. Estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as a percentage of mean were high for the traits viz., grain Ca content, grain yield/plant, dry fodder yield/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, grain Mg content revealed importance of additive gene action and these traits could be exploited through simple recurrent selection procedure. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with dry fodder yield/plant, plant height, 1000-seed weight and panicle length suggests that direct selection of these characters will be effective for improvement of grain yield in future breeding programmes. Grain Ca and Mg content exhibited negative and non-significant correlation coefficient with grain yield/plant indicates that grain minerals can be improved without compromising on grain yield/plant. Higher magnitude of correlation coefficients between Ca and Mg content, suggest that both these traits can be simultaneously improved. The path coefficient analysis showed the maximum positive direct effect on grain yield by dry fodder yield/plant followed by plant height, panicle length, panicle diameter and grain Ca content. Therefore, in order to increase grain yield, effective selection can be accomplished for the characters having high direct effects. The germplasm lines viz., HMC-94-2, GP-69, GP-80, GP-70 and HMC-283 with high grain yield/plant (>30g) along with moderately high grain Ca (>160 mg/kg) and Mg (>1600 mg/kg) content were identified in present study. These high yielding germplasm lines with moderately high level of minerals confirm the possibility of simultaneous improvement of both type of characters in pearl millet.ThesisItem Open Access An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Kavita; Mehta, V PThe study on “An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India” was done with the following objectives: (1) To study the trends of agricultural trade in India during Pre and Post-WTO regime (2) To compute the terms of trade in Indian agriculture (3) To examine the comparative advantage in India‟s agricultural trade (4) To study the instability of India‟s agricultural trade and suggest appropriate policy measures for improving the agricultural trade. The present study was based on secondary data collected from the various published sources, viz., various issues of hand book of RBI, FAO Trade year Book, Statistical Abstract in India, indiastat.com, FAOSTAT etc. The data were grouped into two periods (Pre-WTO and Post-WTO) depending upon the formation of world trade organization and its effect on export and import of agricultural sector, Period-I is characterized by impact of world trade organization on agricultural trade before formation of world trade organization and ranged from 1975 to1994 and Period-II ranged from 1995 to 2015 which is the Post-WTO period. India became a member of WTO on 1st January 1995 and it was the first multilateral agreement, meant to curb unfair practices in agricultural trade and set off the process of reforms in the agricultural sector. A decreasing trend was observed in agricultural export share of India in world‟s agricultural export during pre- WTO period and an increasing trend during post-WTO period whereas India‟s import share showed reverse trend. Agricultural export share in national export has been showing decreasing trend during pre as well as post-WTO period. Similarly agricultural import share in national import has been showing decreasing trend during pre and post-WTO period. Terms of trade of agricultural sector of India in quantity as well as value terms were decline during pre-WTO period and intensified during post-WTO period. Indian agricultural sector shows trade surplus during pre-WTO period as well as post-WTO period. India has gained comparative advantage in export of cereals, pulses, spices and cash crops and comparative disadvantage in oilseeds, dairy products and eggs, meat and meat preparation whereas mixed result observed in case of fruits and vegetables export. Agricultural trade and national trade were stable during pre-WTO period as compared to post-WTO period.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different tillage and weed management practices on wheat yield and soil properties(CCSHAU, 2017) Kavita; Dahiya, D.S.An ongoing field experiment established in 2012 at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India was selected to study “Effect of different tillage and weed management practices on wheat yield and soil properties”. The experiment was laid out with three different tillage (zero tillage, FIRBS and conventional tillage) and four weed management practices (W1: Atrazine (50% W.P.) @ 750 g/ha in maize and pinoxaden 50g/ha + premix of metsulfuron and carfentrazone (Ally Express 50% DF) 25g/ha + 0.2 % NIS as post-emergence in wheat, W2: Tembotrione (Laudis 42% Sc @ 120 g/ha + S 1000ml/ha (10-15 DAS / 2-4 leaf stage) in maize and clodinafop 60 g/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha as post- emergence in wheat, W3: Two HW in maize (20 to 40 DAS) and wheat (30 to 50 DAS), W4: Weedy check in maize and wheat) at two different depth (0-5 & 5-15 cm) were replicated thrice in spilt plot design. Plant and soil samples for analysis were collected after 4 cycle of maize-wheat cropping system in the month of April, 2016 after the harvesting of wheat crop. A significant higher yield reported under FIRBS (66.1 qha-1) method of tillage as compared to other tillage practices. pH and EC reported higher under conventional tillage under different tillage and weed management practices. SOC (0.896%), N (100.57 kg ha-1), P (32.61 kg ha-1), S (18.21 kg ha-1), HA-C (0.352%) and FA-C (0.239%) reported higher under zero tillage due to more retention of crop residue on surface. However, a reverse trend was obtained in case of available K. Values of Zn, Fe and Cu was also recorded higher under zero tillage while value of Mn reported higher under conventional tillage. Most of the nutrients values reported higher at upper depth (0-5 cm) and under weedy check treatment. DOC followed reverse trend as compared to other parameters and higher values reported under conventional tillage. Highest values of MBC (336.02 mg kg-1) was noticed under zero tillage and at 0-5 cm depth. All enzymes (Dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and urease) activities reported higher under ZT. Dehydrogenase and urease activity reported higher at upper depth (0-5cm) while activity of alkaline was higher at lower depth (5-15 cm). At the end of season weed management practices showed non-significant effect on MBC and all enzymes. Bulk density of soil reported higher under CT as compared to other tillage practices.
