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Open Access
Quantitative and molecular characterization for heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell).
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Anil Kumar; Dhanda, S.S
The present study was carried out to evaluate 96 advanced recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross WH 730 (heat tolerant) and WH 147 (higher yielder, heat susceptible) to find out physio-morphological traits and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance in bread wheat. The experiment was conducted in augmented design and randomized complete block design (RBD) during Rabi season of 2014- 15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits studied among the RILs. Medium to high values of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean for grain yield per plant, number of grains per spike,100-grain weight, biological yield, canopy temperature depression and cell membrane thermostability under either one or both environments over the years indicating a high scope of selection for these traits for heat tolerance. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with number of tillers per plant, harvest index, biological yield per plant, 100-grain weight, canopy temperature depression, cell membrane thermostability and osmotic potential, whereas negative and significantly correlated with days to heading and days to maturity under timely and late sown conditions over the years. Biological yield and harvest index had high direct and indirect effects on grain yield per plant over environment and years, indicating the true relationships with grain yield, in this set of material. Nine promising RILs namely RIL No.46, 22, 40, 43, 57, 19, 48, 81, 71 and 88, out of 96 were identified for the traits i.e., 100-grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, canopy temperature depression and cell membrane thermostability related to heat tolerance under heat stress condition. Two RILs 22 and 40 showing better performance over the environment and year. Twenty-six, out of 81 SSR markers used were found polymorphic in parental genotypes and in RILs. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant phenotypic variation for number of spikelets per spike, spike length and biological yield per plant along with heat susceptibility index (HSI). QTL identified for biological yield per plant reported maximum phenotypic variation (50.0%) followed by spike length (46.37%) and number of spikelets per spike (12.59%).
Open Access
Design, development and evaluation of straw combine suitable for both paddy and wheat crops
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Anil Kumar; Vijaya Rani
Residue burning is major problem in rice-wheat cropping system resulting in soil health deterioration, air pollution-induced human health issues, loss of biodiversity, diminishing farm profits etc. The problem can be solved by in-situ or ex-situ management methods but none of these methods can provide ease in residue management, and they need additional cost and management skills. Keeping in mind the above, the straw combine was designed and developed. The design of straw combine was based on physical, morphological and mechanical properties of paddy and wheat straw. The morphological analysis was done using FESEM machine and mechanical proerties were studied by using Texture analyzer. The straw combine consisted of cutter bar unit (reel and cutter bar), conveying unit (feeding auger and beater), chopping unit (chaffer cylinder, basket and concave), guiding unit (rotor and sieve), blowing unit (worm, blower/fan and deflector), frame and power transmission unit. The straw combine was evaluated at 3 levels of moisture content (5, 10, 15 % in wheat and 20, 35, 50 % in paddy), 3 levels of forward speed (1.7, 1.9, 2.1 km h-1) and 3 levels of cylinder speed (29.6, 31.4, 33.2 m s-1) for field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, chopping efficiency, straw split and straw size. The optimization of machine-crop parameters was done by using Multi Response Optimization (MRO) technique using desirability factor (DF). The optimal setting of machine-crop parameters in wheat straw was moisture content at 5 %, forward speed at 1.9 km h-1 and cylinder speed at 33.2 m s-1 which gaves maximum field capacity (0.32 ha h-1), field efficiency (75.04 %), chopping efficiency (99.50 %), straw split (99.28 %) and minimum straw size (13 mm) as well as fuel consumption (5.95 l h-1). The optimal setting of machine-crop parameters in paddy straw was moisture content at 20 %, forward speed at 1.9 km h-1 and cylinder speed at 33.2 m s-1 which gaves maximum field capacity (0.32 ha h-1), field efficiency (73.76 %), chopping efficiency (96.48 %), straw split (82.66 %) and minimum straw size (41.29 mm) as well as fuel consumption (6.13 l h-1). The economic analysis showed that payback period of the designed straw combine was 1.96 years if operated for 500 hours in a year (Wheat and Paddy). The result of Benefit: Cost ratio is more than unity (1.28) which indicated that investment in machine is economically viable. The straw combine designed and developed is farmer-friendly, economical and having options of removing or leaving full/partial residue from the field and works satisfactiry in both wheat and paddy straw.
Open Access
Efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in direct seeded basmati rice
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-09) Anil Kumar; Garhwal, R.S.
The present investigation „Efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in direct seeded basmati rice‟ was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different nutrient treatments on soil properties, crop yield and yield attributes, economics of basmati rice. To achieve the above objectives of the present study, a field experiment with direct seeded rice was established at CCS HAU, College of Agriculture, Kaul farm during kharif 2019. The experiment was planned in a randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice viz. T1 - Control, T2 - N75 P30 K30, T3 - N37.5P15K15, T4 - Biogas slurry @ 4 t ha-1, T5 - N37.5P15K15 + Biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1, T6 - N37.5P15 K15 + Biogas slurry @ 4 t ha-1, T7 - Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1, T8 - N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, T9 - N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1 and T10 - Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 + Biogas slurry 2 t ha-1. Grain, straw yield and yield attributes increased markedly where 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry integrated with inorganic fertilizers were applied. The highest grain yield (34.20 q ha-1), harvest index (44.21 %) and No. of effective tiller/m2 (250) was observed in T9 whereas highest straw yield (43.79 q ha-1) and plant height (107.40 cm) was observed in T6 which were significantly higher over T1 (33.48 q ha-1 and 100.07 cm respectively). The highest available NPK was observed in treatments when chemical fertilizer along with 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry was applied. The highest contents of available N and P (152.67 and 31.87 kg ha-1, respectively) were observed in T6. Whereas, the content of available K was highest (396.70 kg ha-1) in T9 treatment which were significantly higher over control. The available N, P and K in control amounted to 100, 19.67 and 358.83 kg ha-1 respectively. Lower value of bulk density and higher soil organic carbon content were observed in T6 and T9 (1.28 Mg m-3and 0.63 % respectively) which were significantly different than that recorded in T1 (1.34 Mg m-3and 0.55 % respectively). Soil organic carbon and DTPA extractable micronutrients increased significantly with application of vermocompost or biogas slurry alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. A decrease in soil pH and bulk density was observed in the treatments where vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer was applied. NPK content and uptake in rice increased where 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers was applied. Micronutrients content and uptake in rice was increased with application of vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or with integrated use of inorganic fertilizers. The highest values of microbial biomass carbon, urease, phosphates and dehydrogenase activities were observed in T9 (375.96 μg g-1 soil, 110.93 μg NH4 + g-1 soilhr-1, 504.33 μg PNP g-1 soilhr-1 and 52.63 μg TPF g-1 soil24hr-1, respectively) which were significantly higher than those recorded in control (326.28 μg g-1 soil, 92.25 μg NH4 + g-1 soilhr-1, 445.40 μg PNP g-1 soilhr-1 and 52.63 μg TPF g-1 soil24hr-1). Microbial biomass carbon and enzymes activity increased with application of vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or their integrated use with inorganic fertilizers. Highest benefit cost ratio was observed in T2 (N75P30K30) treatment as compared to treatments where organic manures were added because of increased cost of cultivation due to application of organic manures. However, highest net return was observed in T9 (N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1).
Open Access
Performance of pearl millet-legume intercropping under rainfed
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Anil Kumar; Sharma, S.K
A field experiment entitled “Performance of pearl millet–legume intercropping under rainfed conditions” was conducted during Kharif season 2020 at Dryland Agriculture Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments which included three sole crops of pearl millet, mungbean and clusterbean and intercropping of mungbean and clusterbean in replacement (2:2, 4:4 and 6:6 at 45 cm) and additive series (8:4 at 30 cm) was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. During the crop season, 280.8 mm of rainfall was received. The results showed that maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, total number of tillers per plant, effective tillers per plant, ear head girth, ear head length and test weight of pearl millet at 20, 40, 60 DAS and at harvest were recorded in pearl millet sole at 45 cm (T1) which was closely followed by T10 (pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm) and T11 (pearl millet + clusterbean (8:4) at 30 cm). However, the highest leaf area index at the 20, 40 and 60 DAS was obtained in pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) and at harvest maximum LAI was obtained from T1 which was at par with T8, T9, T10 and T11. Further, RGR was maximum in T10 as well as T11.. Same scenario was recorded in intercrops also, in which plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches per plant, pods per plant,seeds per pod and seed index were obtained maximum in sole cropping of mungbean and clusterbean.The maximum grain (1409 kg/ha) and stover (2927 kg/ha) yield were recorded with pearl millet sole at 45 cm. The intercropping of pealmillet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) was recorded maximum pearl millet equivalent yield (3109 kg/ha). While, maximum grain (704 and 942 kg/ha) and straw (1141 and 2092 kg/ha) yields were recorded under sole mungbean and clusterbean. The land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index, area time equivalent ratio and total relative crowding coefficient of all intercropping treatments were higher as compared to sole pearl millet and maximum was recorded in T10 amd T11 among various intercrops. From economic point of view, highest net returns and B:C ratio was obtained in pearl millet + clusterbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) but statistically followed by pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T1 1 ) which was superior to sole and all other intercropping treatments.
Open Access
Effect of seed size and plant spacing on seed production of potato cv. Kufri Khyati
(CCSHAU, 2019) Anil Kumar; Phor, S.K.
The experiment entitled “Effect of seed size and plant spacing on seed potato production cultivar Kufri Khyati.” was conducted at Vegetable Seed Production and Research Farm, KVK Sonipat during winter season of the year 2017-18. The experiment comprising of five seed sizes (15-30 g, 31-60 g, 61-90 g, 91-120 g and 121-150 g) and three plant spacing (60x20, 60x30 and 60x40 cm) was laid out in a random block design with three replications keeping net plot size 4.8x3.6 m. Five competitive plants were selected randomly from each experimental treatment to record data on various parameters, which were influenced significantly by different seed size and plant spacing. The per cent plant emergence, plant height, number of stems per hill, number of leaves per hill, weight of stems, weight of leaves, number of tubers of up to 25 g, weight of tubers up to 25 g, tuber dry matter content were statistically higher with the seed size 121-150 g and the number of tubers >25-50 g grade, weight of tubers >25-50 g, harvest index, percent seed tuber were maximum with the seed size 61-90 g. However, the value for number of tubers >50-75 g and >75 g grade, weight of tubers >50-75 g and >75 g grade and total tuber yield were maximum with the seed size 91-120 g. Different plant spacing exhibited significant difference growth and yield parameters. The maximum value for plant emergence, plant height, number of tubers up to 25 g, >25-50 g, >50-75 g and >75 g grade, weight of tubers up to 25 g, >50-75 g and >75 g grade, tuber dry matter content, percent seed tuber and total tuber yield were maximum with 60x20cm plant spacing. However, number of stems per hill, number of leaves per hill, weight of stems, weight of leaves and harvest index was found maximum with plant spacing 60x40 cm. Significantly highest value was registered for number of stems, number of leaves, weight of stems, weight of leaves, with seed size 121-150 g in combination with spacing of 60x40 cm. Maximum value for number and weight of tubers up to 25 g found with seed size 121-150 g in combination with spacing of 60x40 cm while maximum value for number and weight of tubers >75 g grade, total tuber yield was found with seed size 91-120 g in combination with spacing of 60x20 cm. Significantly maximum value for number of tubers >25-50 g and >50-75 g and weight of tubers >25-50 g and >50-75 g found with seed size 61-90 g in combination with spacing of 60x20 cm. Effect of seed size and plant spacing showed remarkable variation for growth and yield for all the parameters. Kufri Khyati produced highest total tuber yield (358.60 q/ha) when 91-120 g seed tubers were planted at a spacing 60x20 cm which was followed by total tuber yield of 338.61 q/ha with 61-90 g seed size planted at 60x20 cm plant spacing.
Open Access
Inheritance and molecular analysis for iron and zinc content in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
(CCSHAU, 2019) Anil Kumar; Khatri, R.S.
Five crosses of pearl millet were evaluated to study the genetics of iron and zinc content, yield and its component traits. The present investigation was conducted to estimate additive, dominance and epistatic parameters, to develop the selection strategy for various traits in pearl millet. The present investigation was carried out during the period of kharif 2015, summer 2016 (ICRISAT, Patancheru) and kharif 2016 at Bajra Section, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. The parental material has been selected on the basis of diverse range of grain iron and zinc content. The experimental material consisted of different generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 of five crosses and were evaluated in compact family block design with three replications. Data were recorded on selected plants in for grain iron content, grain zinc content, yield and its contributing characters i.e. days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, total tillers, productive tillers, panicle length, panicle girth and 200-grain weight. A wide range of variability was observed in the mean values of different traits among the parents and their different generations over the crosses. The average performance of backcross generations were higher than their respective parents for almost all traits indicated epistatic interactions may be involved in expressions of these traits. Both additive and dominance component of genetic variances had major role in inheritance for most of the traits over the crosses. Yield and most of the components depicted dominance effects, leads us to the conclusion that delayed selection will be effective strategy. Iron content was predominantly controlled by additive gene effects. The grain zinc content revealed that both additive and dominance components are equally important in the inheritance. High GCV and PCV were recorded for grain yield, total tillers per plant and effective tillers per plant indicated presence of high magnitude of variability. High to moderate values of GCV and PCV were recorded for grain iron content, zinc content and 200- seed weight. Low values of GCV and PCV with moderate to low broad sense heritability and genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length and panicle girth, indicating low scope of selection. High broad sense heritability for grain iron and zinc revealed that both grain Fe and Zn are highly heritable. A total of 70 SSR‟s were used for DNA polymorphism in the parents and hybrid which were monomorphic. Taking all together, the above findings advocate that genetic improvement of iron and zinc concentrations should be equitably effectual in pearl millet.
Open Access
Role of social media in dissemination of agricultural innovations in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Anil Kumar; Malik, Joginder Singh
Social media is very important tool in farming and growing at an explosive rate, with millions of people all over the world generating and sharing content on a scale barely imaginable a few years ago. Now social media is the main form of communication around the world. There is also need of timely site specific and rapid dissemination of agricultural information. . The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state namely, Hisar and Sirsa, from each district two blocks were selected randomly, from each block two villages were selected and from each village, fifteen farmers were selected randomly. Thus, total one hundred twenty farmers were selected and interviewed with the help of well structured schedule. The interview schedule was divided into three parts i.e. awareness, adoption and constraint. Findings of the personal profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the farmers were of middle age group (31-50 years), educated up to higher secondary, belonged to nuclear family, performed farming and had land holing up to 5 acres. Result pertaining to awareness indicated that awareness about WhatsApp and Kisan SMS Portal was more than 70 % among the respondents. Results pertaining to adoption of social media to farmers revealed that most of the farmers preferred social media for entertainment and communicating purpose rather than agricultural information. No training and education about use of social media, low level of education, people were less trusted towards social media, language and cultural barriers were the main barriers faced by the respondents. The study exposed the ground reality of use of social media which could help the extension personnel to develop the models which can make social media user friendly in communicating and sharing agricultural information.
Open Access
Synthesis, characteriztation and bioevaluation of potential agrochemicals
(CCSHAU, 2013) Anil Kumar; Rajvir Singh
Heterocyclic systems find wide variety of application in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals industries. Different organic compounds like, chalcones, coumarins, pyrazoles, isoxazoles and many other heterocyclic compounds containing functionalized nitrogen and oxygen play a predominant role in agrochemicals/pesticide chemistry. They have shown versatile biological activities and have been intensively used as scaffolds for pesticide development. Keeping all this in mind synthesis of 4-[(substituted phenyl-/phenoxy) anilinomethyl-/methyl]-2H-1-naphthopyran-2-ones, 1-[4-(substituted phenyl)-3-(substituted phenyl) prop-2-en-1-ones, 2-(substituted phenoxy)-1-(substituted phenyl) ethanones, pyrazoles, isoproterenol and flavanoids have been carried out. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, IR and other physical and analytical data. Compounds were evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against A. awamori and S.rolfsii and Bacillus by poisoned food technique and zone inhibition method respectively. Compounds were tested at 10μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml. Various compounds of different series exhibited very significant antifungal and antibacterial activity. It was evident from structure activity relationship (SAR) that chloro substituent at different positions in different series of compounds showed the highest toxicity and replacement of chlorine with other functionality like methyl, methoxy bromine decrease the activity significantly. The compounds found acetone needs further exploration for their possible use as agrochemicals.
Open Access
Studies On The Role Of Weather Parameters In Downy Mildew Incidence In Pearl Millet
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University;Hisar, 2002) Anil Kumar; Ram Niwas

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