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ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in direct seeded basmati rice(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-09) Anil Kumar; Garhwal, R.S.The present investigation „Efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in direct seeded basmati rice‟ was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different nutrient treatments on soil properties, crop yield and yield attributes, economics of basmati rice. To achieve the above objectives of the present study, a field experiment with direct seeded rice was established at CCS HAU, College of Agriculture, Kaul farm during kharif 2019. The experiment was planned in a randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice viz. T1 - Control, T2 - N75 P30 K30, T3 - N37.5P15K15, T4 - Biogas slurry @ 4 t ha-1, T5 - N37.5P15K15 + Biogas slurry @ 2 t ha-1, T6 - N37.5P15 K15 + Biogas slurry @ 4 t ha-1, T7 - Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1, T8 - N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, T9 - N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1 and T10 - Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1 + Biogas slurry 2 t ha-1. Grain, straw yield and yield attributes increased markedly where 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry integrated with inorganic fertilizers were applied. The highest grain yield (34.20 q ha-1), harvest index (44.21 %) and No. of effective tiller/m2 (250) was observed in T9 whereas highest straw yield (43.79 q ha-1) and plant height (107.40 cm) was observed in T6 which were significantly higher over T1 (33.48 q ha-1 and 100.07 cm respectively). The highest available NPK was observed in treatments when chemical fertilizer along with 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry was applied. The highest contents of available N and P (152.67 and 31.87 kg ha-1, respectively) were observed in T6. Whereas, the content of available K was highest (396.70 kg ha-1) in T9 treatment which were significantly higher over control. The available N, P and K in control amounted to 100, 19.67 and 358.83 kg ha-1 respectively. Lower value of bulk density and higher soil organic carbon content were observed in T6 and T9 (1.28 Mg m-3and 0.63 % respectively) which were significantly different than that recorded in T1 (1.34 Mg m-3and 0.55 % respectively). Soil organic carbon and DTPA extractable micronutrients increased significantly with application of vermocompost or biogas slurry alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers. A decrease in soil pH and bulk density was observed in the treatments where vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer was applied. NPK content and uptake in rice increased where 4 t ha-1 vermicompost or biogas slurry in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers was applied. Micronutrients content and uptake in rice was increased with application of vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or with integrated use of inorganic fertilizers. The highest values of microbial biomass carbon, urease, phosphates and dehydrogenase activities were observed in T9 (375.96 μg g-1 soil, 110.93 μg NH4 + g-1 soilhr-1, 504.33 μg PNP g-1 soilhr-1 and 52.63 μg TPF g-1 soil24hr-1, respectively) which were significantly higher than those recorded in control (326.28 μg g-1 soil, 92.25 μg NH4 + g-1 soilhr-1, 445.40 μg PNP g-1 soilhr-1 and 52.63 μg TPF g-1 soil24hr-1). Microbial biomass carbon and enzymes activity increased with application of vermicompost or biogas slurry alone or their integrated use with inorganic fertilizers. Highest benefit cost ratio was observed in T2 (N75P30K30) treatment as compared to treatments where organic manures were added because of increased cost of cultivation due to application of organic manures. However, highest net return was observed in T9 (N37.5P15 K15 + Vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1).ThesisItem Open Access Performance of pearl millet-legume intercropping under rainfed(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Anil Kumar; Sharma, S.KA field experiment entitled “Performance of pearl millet–legume intercropping under rainfed conditions” was conducted during Kharif season 2020 at Dryland Agriculture Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments which included three sole crops of pearl millet, mungbean and clusterbean and intercropping of mungbean and clusterbean in replacement (2:2, 4:4 and 6:6 at 45 cm) and additive series (8:4 at 30 cm) was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. During the crop season, 280.8 mm of rainfall was received. The results showed that maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, total number of tillers per plant, effective tillers per plant, ear head girth, ear head length and test weight of pearl millet at 20, 40, 60 DAS and at harvest were recorded in pearl millet sole at 45 cm (T1) which was closely followed by T10 (pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm) and T11 (pearl millet + clusterbean (8:4) at 30 cm). However, the highest leaf area index at the 20, 40 and 60 DAS was obtained in pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) and at harvest maximum LAI was obtained from T1 which was at par with T8, T9, T10 and T11. Further, RGR was maximum in T10 as well as T11.. Same scenario was recorded in intercrops also, in which plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches per plant, pods per plant,seeds per pod and seed index were obtained maximum in sole cropping of mungbean and clusterbean.The maximum grain (1409 kg/ha) and stover (2927 kg/ha) yield were recorded with pearl millet sole at 45 cm. The intercropping of pealmillet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) was recorded maximum pearl millet equivalent yield (3109 kg/ha). While, maximum grain (704 and 942 kg/ha) and straw (1141 and 2092 kg/ha) yields were recorded under sole mungbean and clusterbean. The land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index, area time equivalent ratio and total relative crowding coefficient of all intercropping treatments were higher as compared to sole pearl millet and maximum was recorded in T10 amd T11 among various intercrops. From economic point of view, highest net returns and B:C ratio was obtained in pearl millet + clusterbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T10) but statistically followed by pearl millet + mungbean (8:4) at 30 cm (T1 1 ) which was superior to sole and all other intercropping treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of seed size and plant spacing on seed production of potato cv. Kufri Khyati(CCSHAU, 2019) Anil Kumar; Phor, S.K.The experiment entitled “Effect of seed size and plant spacing on seed potato production cultivar Kufri Khyati.” was conducted at Vegetable Seed Production and Research Farm, KVK Sonipat during winter season of the year 2017-18. The experiment comprising of five seed sizes (15-30 g, 31-60 g, 61-90 g, 91-120 g and 121-150 g) and three plant spacing (60x20, 60x30 and 60x40 cm) was laid out in a random block design with three replications keeping net plot size 4.8x3.6 m. Five competitive plants were selected randomly from each experimental treatment to record data on various parameters, which were influenced significantly by different seed size and plant spacing. The per cent plant emergence, plant height, number of stems per hill, number of leaves per hill, weight of stems, weight of leaves, number of tubers of up to 25 g, weight of tubers up to 25 g, tuber dry matter content were statistically higher with the seed size 121-150 g and the number of tubers >25-50 g grade, weight of tubers >25-50 g, harvest index, percent seed tuber were maximum with the seed size 61-90 g. However, the value for number of tubers >50-75 g and >75 g grade, weight of tubers >50-75 g and >75 g grade and total tuber yield were maximum with the seed size 91-120 g. Different plant spacing exhibited significant difference growth and yield parameters. The maximum value for plant emergence, plant height, number of tubers up to 25 g, >25-50 g, >50-75 g and >75 g grade, weight of tubers up to 25 g, >50-75 g and >75 g grade, tuber dry matter content, percent seed tuber and total tuber yield were maximum with 60x20cm plant spacing. However, number of stems per hill, number of leaves per hill, weight of stems, weight of leaves and harvest index was found maximum with plant spacing 60x40 cm. Significantly highest value was registered for number of stems, number of leaves, weight of stems, weight of leaves, with seed size 121-150 g in combination with spacing of 60x40 cm. Maximum value for number and weight of tubers up to 25 g found with seed size 121-150 g in combination with spacing of 60x40 cm while maximum value for number and weight of tubers >75 g grade, total tuber yield was found with seed size 91-120 g in combination with spacing of 60x20 cm. Significantly maximum value for number of tubers >25-50 g and >50-75 g and weight of tubers >25-50 g and >50-75 g found with seed size 61-90 g in combination with spacing of 60x20 cm. Effect of seed size and plant spacing showed remarkable variation for growth and yield for all the parameters. Kufri Khyati produced highest total tuber yield (358.60 q/ha) when 91-120 g seed tubers were planted at a spacing 60x20 cm which was followed by total tuber yield of 338.61 q/ha with 61-90 g seed size planted at 60x20 cm plant spacing.ThesisItem Open Access Role of social media in dissemination of agricultural innovations in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2018) Anil Kumar; Malik, Joginder SinghSocial media is very important tool in farming and growing at an explosive rate, with millions of people all over the world generating and sharing content on a scale barely imaginable a few years ago. Now social media is the main form of communication around the world. There is also need of timely site specific and rapid dissemination of agricultural information. . The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state namely, Hisar and Sirsa, from each district two blocks were selected randomly, from each block two villages were selected and from each village, fifteen farmers were selected randomly. Thus, total one hundred twenty farmers were selected and interviewed with the help of well structured schedule. The interview schedule was divided into three parts i.e. awareness, adoption and constraint. Findings of the personal profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the farmers were of middle age group (31-50 years), educated up to higher secondary, belonged to nuclear family, performed farming and had land holing up to 5 acres. Result pertaining to awareness indicated that awareness about WhatsApp and Kisan SMS Portal was more than 70 % among the respondents. Results pertaining to adoption of social media to farmers revealed that most of the farmers preferred social media for entertainment and communicating purpose rather than agricultural information. No training and education about use of social media, low level of education, people were less trusted towards social media, language and cultural barriers were the main barriers faced by the respondents. The study exposed the ground reality of use of social media which could help the extension personnel to develop the models which can make social media user friendly in communicating and sharing agricultural information.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical investigations of capparis decidua edgew fruits(CCSHAU, 2005) Anil Kumar; Dhindsa, Kuldip SinghCapparis decidua is one of the twenty six species of the genus Capparis. It is found under dry conditions. The genus is known for a large number of physiologically active constituents and edible quality of the fruit. The present work was aimed at isolating and identifying the various chemical components present in the fruit of Capparis decidua because the fruit of this plant has not been studied so far. In order to achieve the objective, the fruits of Capparis decidua were procured from village Dhamana, district Hisar. The fruits were crushed and the powered material was refluxed in methanol on a water bath. The methanol extract was concentrated at atmospheric pressure when a dark yellow viscous liquid was obtained. It was mixed with silica gel and subjected to column chromatography to isolate the compounds. Two new compounds namely 14-Hydroxytetradec-12-enylbutanoate and stigmastan-4-one were isolated. The isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data.ThesisItem Open Access “Seed quality assessment in naturally aged seed of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)(CCSHAU, 2007) Anil Kumar; Tehlan, S.K.The present study was carried out on ten genotypes of coriander (DH-202, DH-205, DH-206, DH-208, DH-228, DH-234, DH-242, DH-266, Hisar Anand and Pant Haritma with the objectives to study the effect of natural ageing on seed quality parameters in coriander by various tests and parameters viz ; test weight, standard germination test, tetrazolium test, seedling length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity of seed leachates, speed of germination, vigour index-I, vigour index-II, dehydrogenase activity test and field emergence index and, to determine the association of various seed quality parameters with field emergence. The viability and vigour of seeds declined to varying degrees in different genotypes of coriander during xv ambient storage. Genotypes DH-208 and DH-266 were found most promising for various parameters of vigour and viability. Genotypes DH-205, DH-206, DH-208, DH-266, Hisar Anand and Pant Haritma retained standard germination above 60 % in the one year old seed lot. During natural ageing, the standard germination, seedling length, dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour-II, viability percentage and test weight decreased significantly and progressively with ageing period. The interaction among genotypes and ageing period was found significant for all the characters under study except standard germination test, vigour index II and tetrazolium test (seed viability). The test weight, standard germination test, vigour index-I, dehydrogenase activity test and tetrazolium test emerged as reliable predictors of field emergence index.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of marketing and consumption pattern of cut flowers in Gurgaon district (Haryana)(CCSHAU, 2007) Anil Kumar; Kuldeep KumarFlowers symbolize beauty, purity, tranquility, honesty and divinity. Offering of flower is a sign of reverence. It is source of inspiration for poets, artists and lovers of all ages. Many romances are interwoven around flowers. Fascinating colours and fragrance of flowers have leads the children into the world of wonders and magic. Women find great pride in adoring flowers. Flowers not only have greats importance in worshipping, decoration, garlanding and place beautification but it also provides good returns to the growers. Therefore, the study on an economic analysis of marketing and consumption patterns of cut flowers in Gurgaon distt. (Haryana) was undertaken with following specific objectives such as (i) to examine the marketing and consumption pattern of cut flower, (ii) to estimate marketing costs and margins of cut flowers through different channels and (iii) to identify the constraints in production and marketing of cut flower. The data on cost of production were collected from the 60 selected farmers scattered in thirty villages of Gurgaon district. The data on marketing aspects were also collected from the farmers, commission agent, retailer and other engaged in cut flower marketing. Primary data were used for attaining the objectives of the study undertaken. The data collected on production and marketing of cut flowers were tabulated and analyzed for estimation of cost of production, marketing costs and margins. The study revealed that a net return comes out to be Rs. 296970 per acre in case of gladiolus followed by rose (stick) Rs. 265995, rose (loose) Rs. 172416, chrysanthemum Rs. 72461 and marigold Rs. 69306 per acre respectively. Further, the benefit cost ratios of 1:4.19 in case of marigold followed by chrysanthemum 1:4.21, gladiolus 1:2.85, rose (loose) 1:1.92 and rose (stick) 1:1.82 were observed. Thus, it may be concluded that cut flowers is a economically profitable proposition. While, comparing the results for both channels [Channel-I producer-commission agent/broker-retailer-consumer and channel-II – producer-consumer], it was explicit that the producers share in consumer’s rupee was observed more in channel-II because no marketing expenses were incurred by the producer and owing to absence of intermediaries. The consumption pattern of cut flowers indicated that maximum share of consumption of gladiolus goes for export i.e. 54.19 per cent followed by chrysanthemum 48.61 per cent, rose (loose) 40.10 per cent and rose (stick) 36.54 per cent respectively. In case of marigold, 35.25 per cent of total quantity consumed was used for garland purpose. Major problems faced by the cut flower growers in production and marketing were non-availability of subsidies on planting materials, lack of adequate canal irrigation facilities, lack of high yielding varieties, lack of processing facilities, lack of exporting agencies purchase from the formers, lack of organization among producers, lack of storage facility and lower price of produce. The study emphasized the need to develop the proper marketing and financing infrastructure and processing facilities before its cultivation is popularized on a large scale in the state.
