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ThesisItem Open Access Quantitative and molecular characterization for heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell).(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Anil Kumar; Dhanda, S.SThe present study was carried out to evaluate 96 advanced recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross WH 730 (heat tolerant) and WH 147 (higher yielder, heat susceptible) to find out physio-morphological traits and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with heat tolerance in bread wheat. The experiment was conducted in augmented design and randomized complete block design (RBD) during Rabi season of 2014- 15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits studied among the RILs. Medium to high values of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean for grain yield per plant, number of grains per spike,100-grain weight, biological yield, canopy temperature depression and cell membrane thermostability under either one or both environments over the years indicating a high scope of selection for these traits for heat tolerance. Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with number of tillers per plant, harvest index, biological yield per plant, 100-grain weight, canopy temperature depression, cell membrane thermostability and osmotic potential, whereas negative and significantly correlated with days to heading and days to maturity under timely and late sown conditions over the years. Biological yield and harvest index had high direct and indirect effects on grain yield per plant over environment and years, indicating the true relationships with grain yield, in this set of material. Nine promising RILs namely RIL No.46, 22, 40, 43, 57, 19, 48, 81, 71 and 88, out of 96 were identified for the traits i.e., 100-grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, canopy temperature depression and cell membrane thermostability related to heat tolerance under heat stress condition. Two RILs 22 and 40 showing better performance over the environment and year. Twenty-six, out of 81 SSR markers used were found polymorphic in parental genotypes and in RILs. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant phenotypic variation for number of spikelets per spike, spike length and biological yield per plant along with heat susceptibility index (HSI). QTL identified for biological yield per plant reported maximum phenotypic variation (50.0%) followed by spike length (46.37%) and number of spikelets per spike (12.59%).ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and evaluation of straw combine suitable for both paddy and wheat crops(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Anil Kumar; Vijaya RaniResidue burning is major problem in rice-wheat cropping system resulting in soil health deterioration, air pollution-induced human health issues, loss of biodiversity, diminishing farm profits etc. The problem can be solved by in-situ or ex-situ management methods but none of these methods can provide ease in residue management, and they need additional cost and management skills. Keeping in mind the above, the straw combine was designed and developed. The design of straw combine was based on physical, morphological and mechanical properties of paddy and wheat straw. The morphological analysis was done using FESEM machine and mechanical proerties were studied by using Texture analyzer. The straw combine consisted of cutter bar unit (reel and cutter bar), conveying unit (feeding auger and beater), chopping unit (chaffer cylinder, basket and concave), guiding unit (rotor and sieve), blowing unit (worm, blower/fan and deflector), frame and power transmission unit. The straw combine was evaluated at 3 levels of moisture content (5, 10, 15 % in wheat and 20, 35, 50 % in paddy), 3 levels of forward speed (1.7, 1.9, 2.1 km h-1) and 3 levels of cylinder speed (29.6, 31.4, 33.2 m s-1) for field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, chopping efficiency, straw split and straw size. The optimization of machine-crop parameters was done by using Multi Response Optimization (MRO) technique using desirability factor (DF). The optimal setting of machine-crop parameters in wheat straw was moisture content at 5 %, forward speed at 1.9 km h-1 and cylinder speed at 33.2 m s-1 which gaves maximum field capacity (0.32 ha h-1), field efficiency (75.04 %), chopping efficiency (99.50 %), straw split (99.28 %) and minimum straw size (13 mm) as well as fuel consumption (5.95 l h-1). The optimal setting of machine-crop parameters in paddy straw was moisture content at 20 %, forward speed at 1.9 km h-1 and cylinder speed at 33.2 m s-1 which gaves maximum field capacity (0.32 ha h-1), field efficiency (73.76 %), chopping efficiency (96.48 %), straw split (82.66 %) and minimum straw size (41.29 mm) as well as fuel consumption (6.13 l h-1). The economic analysis showed that payback period of the designed straw combine was 1.96 years if operated for 500 hours in a year (Wheat and Paddy). The result of Benefit: Cost ratio is more than unity (1.28) which indicated that investment in machine is economically viable. The straw combine designed and developed is farmer-friendly, economical and having options of removing or leaving full/partial residue from the field and works satisfactiry in both wheat and paddy straw.ThesisItem Open Access Inheritance and molecular analysis for iron and zinc content in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.](CCSHAU, 2019) Anil Kumar; Khatri, R.S.Five crosses of pearl millet were evaluated to study the genetics of iron and zinc content, yield and its component traits. The present investigation was conducted to estimate additive, dominance and epistatic parameters, to develop the selection strategy for various traits in pearl millet. The present investigation was carried out during the period of kharif 2015, summer 2016 (ICRISAT, Patancheru) and kharif 2016 at Bajra Section, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. The parental material has been selected on the basis of diverse range of grain iron and zinc content. The experimental material consisted of different generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 of five crosses and were evaluated in compact family block design with three replications. Data were recorded on selected plants in for grain iron content, grain zinc content, yield and its contributing characters i.e. days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, total tillers, productive tillers, panicle length, panicle girth and 200-grain weight. A wide range of variability was observed in the mean values of different traits among the parents and their different generations over the crosses. The average performance of backcross generations were higher than their respective parents for almost all traits indicated epistatic interactions may be involved in expressions of these traits. Both additive and dominance component of genetic variances had major role in inheritance for most of the traits over the crosses. Yield and most of the components depicted dominance effects, leads us to the conclusion that delayed selection will be effective strategy. Iron content was predominantly controlled by additive gene effects. The grain zinc content revealed that both additive and dominance components are equally important in the inheritance. High GCV and PCV were recorded for grain yield, total tillers per plant and effective tillers per plant indicated presence of high magnitude of variability. High to moderate values of GCV and PCV were recorded for grain iron content, zinc content and 200- seed weight. Low values of GCV and PCV with moderate to low broad sense heritability and genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length and panicle girth, indicating low scope of selection. High broad sense heritability for grain iron and zinc revealed that both grain Fe and Zn are highly heritable. A total of 70 SSR‟s were used for DNA polymorphism in the parents and hybrid which were monomorphic. Taking all together, the above findings advocate that genetic improvement of iron and zinc concentrations should be equitably effectual in pearl millet.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis, characteriztation and bioevaluation of potential agrochemicals(CCSHAU, 2013) Anil Kumar; Rajvir SinghHeterocyclic systems find wide variety of application in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals industries. Different organic compounds like, chalcones, coumarins, pyrazoles, isoxazoles and many other heterocyclic compounds containing functionalized nitrogen and oxygen play a predominant role in agrochemicals/pesticide chemistry. They have shown versatile biological activities and have been intensively used as scaffolds for pesticide development. Keeping all this in mind synthesis of 4-[(substituted phenyl-/phenoxy) anilinomethyl-/methyl]-2H-1-naphthopyran-2-ones, 1-[4-(substituted phenyl)-3-(substituted phenyl) prop-2-en-1-ones, 2-(substituted phenoxy)-1-(substituted phenyl) ethanones, pyrazoles, isoproterenol and flavanoids have been carried out. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, IR and other physical and analytical data. Compounds were evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against A. awamori and S.rolfsii and Bacillus by poisoned food technique and zone inhibition method respectively. Compounds were tested at 10μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml. Various compounds of different series exhibited very significant antifungal and antibacterial activity. It was evident from structure activity relationship (SAR) that chloro substituent at different positions in different series of compounds showed the highest toxicity and replacement of chlorine with other functionality like methyl, methoxy bromine decrease the activity significantly. The compounds found acetone needs further exploration for their possible use as agrochemicals.
