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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of heavy metals on bio-molecules and immune cells of earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae(CCSHAU, 2018) Renu; Dharambir SinghEarthworms are important components of the soil ecosystem, because their burrowing and feeding activities contribute notably to increase water infiltration, soil aeration and the stabilization of soil aggregates. Recent years have witnessed the contamination of soil ecosystem by heavy metals, which are considered as one of the major environmental issue. Presence of heavy metals in the soil environment adversely affects the earthworm populations resulting in an imbalance of the normal functioning of the various components of the ecosystem and due to this reason; the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and immune cells of earthworm, E. eugeniae. The results obtained showed the acute toxicity of two heavy metals individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production, bio-molecules and coelomocytes. Maximum reduction in length (4.47 cm) and weight (0.41 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control. Similar decrease in the survivability of earthworms was 43.35% and number of cocoons reduced upto 24.67 in case of Pb-0.06ppm contaminated soil. The maximum reduction in bio-molecules i.e. 16.23% in crude protein 28.55% in carbohydrate and 44.74% in crude lipid concentration was seen in earthworms treated with Pb-0.06ppm. In case of coelomocytes, there was a significant reduction in the total number of coelomocytes (67.39 %) in worms exposed to Pb (0.06 ppm). Similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was seen. Thus the study proves that Lead is more toxic and detrimental to earthworms as compared to Nickel.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacterial flora of the field rodents in Hisar(CCSHAU, 2018) Ajay; RavikantStudies on population dynamics of rodents was carried out in Seed science technology research farm area in Rabi and Kharif seasons and the field rodents were trapped during the investigation for bacterial isolation. This study was revealed that population dynamics of Rattus rattus was more as compare to, and Tetara indica in both seasons. Trap index was found highest in the second week and least in the first week of the sowing season but highest in the first week during harvesting season. Total nine bacteria were isolates from the field rodent i.e. M. musculus, T. indica and R. ratuus. On the basis of secondary biochemical tests, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Eschierichia, Citrobacter, Staphylococcus and Proteus were more prevalent in captured rodent species. To determine the antimicrobial resistance occurs in various bacterial agents isolated from rodents. The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to fourteen antibiotics and four essential oils at different concentrations. The bacterial isoletes no. RRA2, TIA1 and TIA2 were found multidrug resistance towards three antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactum, and Cefuroxime/Cephalothin) and have a great concern of matter to human and veterinary health. Thus rodents may be proving their role in spreading zoonotic diseases. The selected essential oils (i.e. Eucalyptus, lemon grass, clove and cinnamon) exhibited good antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial isolates. Use of essential oils instead of antibiotics can help in diseases control.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of insecticide on the growth, reproduction and gut bacterial population of eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, 2018) Rahul Kumar; Dharambir SinghEarthworm constitutes about 80% of total soil fauna and play important role in regulating the structure and function of soil ecosystem. They help in the formation and maintenance of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Worm ingests organic enriched soil and organic material and release vermicast and the cast harbors many beneficial bacteria than the surrounding soil. Due to excessive use of agrochemicals especially insecticides, earthworm populations are dwindling drastically which directly or indirectly affect the soil health and fertility. But along with benefits of good yield of various crops there are many harmful effects of use of pesticides/chemicals. Their use not only kills target species, but also has adverse effect to non-target organism like earthworm and due to this reason; present study was carried out to assess the impact of insecticides on the growth, reproduction and gut bacterial population of Eisenia fetida. Both the insecticides viz. chlorantraniliprole and fipronil, were used individually and in combination of different concentrations. Maximum avoidance behavior (37.78±2.22%) was observed from chlorantraniliprole @ 10.00 mg/kg exposure in comparison to other treatments. The observations proved toxicity of insecticides individually and in combination of different concentrations on survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive potential, cocoon production, vermicast and gut microbial population. Minimum number of adult earthworm and cocoon production was 33.67±0.88 & 39.00±1.00 respectively in the worms exposed to chlorantraniliprole along with fipronil @ 5.00 + 8.34 mg/kg on 90th day of experimentation. Similarly minimum body weight (0.52±0.04 gram), length gain (6.57±0.59 cm) and maximum reduction in bacterial population in vermicast and worm’s gut were observed in the same treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Quantitative and qualitative losses due to Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (Acari: Acaridae) in pearl millet and its management(CCSHAU, 2017) Manoj Kumar; Gulati, RachnaMonthly observations on the average population of T. putrescentiae in pearl millet grains revealed that mite number increased significantly at each observation period. The population was 73.33, 313.33, 680.67, 1065.67, 1316.00 and 1720.33 mites/5g grain after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days with the initial infestation density of 10 pairs of mites. On pearl millet flour, the population of T. putrescentiae was 439.00, 968.33, 1707.33, 2121.00 2366.00 and 3487.33 mites/ 5g flour after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days, respectively which differed significantly with each other from pre count of 10 mite pairs. Pearl millet flour was found significantly better in harbouring T. putrescentiae population as more number of mites (1587.00 mites/ 5g flour) was recorded than on pearl millet grains (741.33 mites/ 5g grain). Irrespective of the form of pearl millet, maximum number of mites (2603.83 mites/ 5 g pearl millet) was witnessed at 180 days which showed significant difference with mite numbers at other observation periods. Between the two forms of pearl millet, per cent weight loss was significantly more (10.50%) on pearl millet flour, as compared to pearl millet grain (6.00%). A significant negative correlation between the mite population and grain weight (r = - 0.99), flour weight (r = - 0.98) was obtained. Qualitative estimation of infested grains and flour revealed the decrease in total soluble sugars (19.72, 18.99mg/g), non reducing sugars (12.14, 10.01mg/g) starch (554, 454.13 mg/g) and protein (119.10, 114.77 mg/g) after 180 days of infestation, respectively as compared to 20.91, 13.90, 602.23 and 128.63mg/g at 0 day; depicting significant negative correlation. However, the reducing sugars exhibited a significant increase from 7.01 to 7.58, 7.65mg/g at 180 days of mite exposure in pearl millet grains and flour, respectively when subjected to initial count of 10 mite pairs, showing significant positive correlation. Percent loss in pearl millet germination due to T. putrescentiae population at different durations was recorded as 4.00, 20, 69.22, 98.67 and 99.33 per cent after 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. All concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) of aqueous extracts of lemon and orange peels in pearl millet grains caused 100 percent mortality in T. putrescentiae 20 and 28 days post treatment, respectively. In Aonla fruits extract treated grain, 13.20 mites were recorded from 8 percent concentration as compared to 20.11 mites in 0.8 percent.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fungicides on the growth parameters and gut bacterial population in Eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Rani; Dharambir SinghEarthworms plays a very important role in soil properties like bulk density, infiltrability, porosity, and aggregate stability by consuming organic matter, leaf litter and animal excreta etc. The worms have the ability to increase the availability of nutrients to plants due to the presence and activity of micro flora in their gut. The use of agrochemicals is increasing day by day in agricultural to enhance the production to meet the ever increasing demand of food due to population explosion. But along with benefits of good yield of various crops there are many adverse effects of use of pesticides. Their use not only kills target species, but proves harmful to non-target organism like earthworm and due to this reason; the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of fungicides on growth and population of gut microflora in earthworm. The LC50 for both the fungicides was calculated and it was observed that LC50 was 1.25% & 2.00% for Thiram and Carbendazim respectively. The results also pointed out acute toxicity of two fungicides individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production and gut microbial population. It was also observed that as the concentration of fungicides increased, the survival rate, growth, cocoon production and microbial population decreased. Maximum decrease in the population of earthworm and cocoon production was 75.29% & 99.5% respectively when worms were exposed to Thiram along with Carbendazim at 1.25+1.25mg/kg. Similarly decrease in body weight (69.5%) length (44.7%) and maximim reduction population of bacteria was observed when worms were exposed to Thiram along with Carbendazim at 1.25+1.25mg/kg. The LC50 value depicted that Thiram is more harmful in comparison to Carbendazim.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and identification of infectious agents in field rodents(CCSHAU, 2017) Neetu; RavikantA study on population dynamics of rodents was carried out in dry land area from October to December, 2016 and the prevalence of zoonotic agents from field rodents trapped during the investigation. This study was revealed that population dynamics of Tetara indica was more as compare to Mus musculus, Rattus rattus and Funambulus pennati in all three month. Comparable with each other maximum population of T. indica during November. The rodents number was maximum in 1st week of three month and least in the 4th week during the investigation time period. Trap index was found highest in the October and least in the December, 2016. The study was also conducted to determine the bacterial isolates from the rodents that causes the zoonotic diseases. Total eight bacterial agents were isolates from the field rodent i.e. T. indica, R. ratuus and F. pennati. On the basis of secondary biochemical tests, Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Yersinia were more prevalent in rodent species, captured in dry land field. To determine the antimicrobial resistance occurs in various bacterial agents isolated from rodents. The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to thirty six antibiotics. The bacterial isoletes no. TIN2 was found multidrug resistance (MDR) towards seven antibiotics (Cefixime, Cefpodoxime, Augmentin, Cefadroxil, Ceftriaxone, Cefpirome and Cefepime), FPN4 showed multidrug resistance (MDR) towards five antibiotics (Cefixime, Rifampicin, Augmentin, Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone). FPN2 and FPN3 were found resistance against two separate antibiotics. It was found that all these isolates were found resistance to one or more antibiotics. Out of these, TIN2 and FPN4 which are great concern of matter to human and veterinary health. Thus rodents may be proving their role in spreading zoonotic diseases.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of zoonotic agents from field murids(CCSHAU, 2017) Anju; RavikantStudies on the population dynamics of murids in vegetables field (bottlegourd and bittergourd) revealed that murids population was highest in bottlegourd during harvesting season (29.81%) followed by bittergourd harvesting (27.01%), bottlegourd sowing (22.77%) respectively in December, 2016. In bittergourd sowing least population (20.37%) was observed in September, 2016. Rattus rattus was the preponderant species in both crops followed by Mus musculus, Tatera indica respectively. Trap index was recorded highest in 3rd week (4.32) followed by 2nd week (3.96) and 4th week (3.55) during harvesting of bittergourd while in case of bottlegourd harvesting trap index in 3rd week (5.56) which was followed by 2nd week (4.01) and 4th week (3.55) in December, 2016. Total eight bacterial agents were isolates from the field rodent i.e. R. rattus, M. musculus and T. indica. On the basis of secondary biochemical tests, Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Yersinia were more prevalent in murid species, captured from vegetables field. For determination of antimicrobial resistance, disc diffusion test was performed. The bacterial isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to thirty six antibiotics. RRA3 was found multidrug resistance (MDR) towards Cefixime, Cefpodoxime, Augmentin, Cefadroxil, Ceftriaxone, Cefpirome and Cefepime. The bacterial isolate RRA4 was found MDR against Cefepime and Ceftriaxone. The bacterial isolate RRA5 was found MDR against Cefixime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftriaxone, Rifampicin, Cefuroxime and Cefepime. Four bacterial isolates from field murids were found multi drug resistant. Hence, the need of hour is to manage them in judicious manner.ThesisItem Open Access Relative toxicity of insecticides on growth, reproductive potential and biomolecules composition in earthworm (Eisenia foetida)(CCSHAU, 2017) Sandeep; Dharambir SinghThe present study of 60 and 90 days was carried out to evaluate the nutrient status of vermicompost and the effect of two insecticides i.e., Phorate and Cartap on growth, reproductive potential and biomolecules composition of earthworm Eisenia foetida. Organic carbon reduced from 13.130% on zero day to 10.780% on 90th day so organic carbon decreased up to 17.89%. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content increased up to 17.90%, 44.73% and 18.24%, respectively. C:N also decreased during up to 32.60% . During the present investigation it was observed that as the concentration and duration of exposure of earthworms to insecticides increased survival rate, cocoon production, juveniles production and reproductive potential of earthworm Eisenia foetida decreased. Maximum decrease was seen in earthworms reared in Cartap @ 2.0 mg/kg followed by worms reared in Phorate + Cartap @ 1.0 + 1.0 mg/kg. Maximum reduction in biomolecules i.e., 6.949% protein, 27.632% lipid and 2.000% carbohydrates was observed with Cartap (2.0 mg/kg) followed by 6.237% protein, 25.981% lipid and 1.410% carbohydrates in Phorate + Cartap (1.0 + 1.0 mg/kg). Among the two insecticides (Phorate and Cartap) under investigation, Cartap was found to have more toxic effect individually as well as in combination with Phorate.