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Theses

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2021 - 20223
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Subject: Soil and Water Engineering × Start date: 2021 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Trend analysis of groundwater levels in Northern Haryana, India
    (CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Gupta, Abha; Sanjay Kumar
    Groundwater use in the past few decades, has increased tremendously to meet the growing demands of irrigation which has caused its over-exploitation to unsustainable levels. It provides agricultural social security due to assured irrigation and requirement of small investments, and is the main source of irrigation water. This study was conducted to find out the fluctuations in groundwater levels and its trends in northern Haryana for the period 1974-2020. Arc GIS was used to find the spatial distribution and fluctuation of groundwater depth and to delineate the area under different categories of depth. Parametric tests Mann-Kendall test and Sen‘s slope estimator and non-parametric test linear regression were used to detect the trends in the data series whereas, non-parametric tests Pettitt test, Buishand test and Standard Normal Homogenity test were used to identify the abrupt change points in groundwater level. The results revealed that the groundwater depth is increasing for majority of the study area except in western parts of Ambala. The average groundwater table in north Haryana declined from 8.95 m in the year 1974 to 21.83 m in the year 2020, and hence showing an average decline rate of 27.4 cm per year. The worst affected district in north Haryana has been identified as Kurukshetra with an average groundwater table decline rate of 57.02 cm per year, followed by Panchkula (14.27 cm per year), Yamuna Nagar (12.55 cm per year) and Ambala (12.14 cm per year). The maximum area (43.82%) for the period 1974-2020 lied in the groundwater depth fluctuation range -10 m to 0 m while minimum area lied in the range of 5 m to 8 m fluctuation (0.04%). The groundwater depth was found to have maximum positive correlation with area under rice followed by area under wheat cultivation, net irrigated area, gross irrigated area and number of tubewells. Whereas it was found to be negatively correlated with area under maize cultivation and forest cover. However it shows no significant correlation with rainfall. Crop diversification, participatory groundwater management, artificial groundwater recharge and precision irrigation methods would help in better management of the resource in a sustainable manner.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of nitrogen fertigation through drip irrigation on capsicum crop
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Krishan Kanahiya; Mukesh Kumar
    Capsicum is a nutrition vegetable crop grown throughout India. Considering the water shortage and high demands of ground water, drip system of irrigation is best suited for capsicum crop. Nitrogen is an essential element for the plant growth and the major source of nitrogen is urea, which is readily available to the farmers. Nitrogen fertigation with drip irrigation saves the nitrogen losses and reduces its leaching. A study was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen fertigation levels and fertigaion frequency on yield and yield parameters of drip irrigated capsicum crop. Experiment was carried out in 27 micro plots (nine treatments with three replications) constructed in the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, (Haryana), India. The treatments comprises of three fertigation levels (75, 100 and 125% of RDN) and three fertigation frequencies (all time nutrition, weekly and fortnightly). Maximum fruit yield (178.40 q/ha) was obtained under all time nutrition fertigation with 125% RDN (FL3FF1), followed by 100% RDN (FL2FF1) having 174.27 q/ha fruit yield. In all time nutrition fertigation, 33.7% and 34.5% more yield was obtained in FL2FF1and FL3FF1 treatment in comparison to FL1FF1 treatments. Maximum plant height was recorded for all time nutrition fertigation with 125% of RDN and the number of branches, average fruit width and length were recorded maximum at 125% of RDN with all time nutrition ferigation. Fruit weight and number of fruits per plant maximum at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under all time nutrition fertigation. Outcomes of study showed that the treatment FL3FF1 recorded maximum water use efficiency (3.72 kg m-3) followed by 100% RDN (3.63 kg m-3), while, minimum value (3.19 kg m-3) was recorded in FL1FF3 treatment. Maximum NUE (134.80kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded under all time nutrition fertigation with 75% RDN in FL1FF1 treatment and minimum NUE (76.05 kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded at 125% RDN with fortnightly fertigation. The highest net returns (Rs. 3,78,401) with benefit cost ratio (2.41) for capsicum crop were obtained at 125% of fertigation level with all time nutrition frequency followed by 100% of fertigatiion level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Geospatial approach for assessing potential water harvesting sites in Mahendragarh district of Haryana
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Vijay; Sanjay Kumar
    Rainfall is an essential source of water in dry and semi-arid areas, which helps to alleviate water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting is considered as a critical technology for preserving rainwater. Water harvesting structures built at appropriate locations can assist to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. The best tool for locating a suitable site for a water harvesting structure in a catchment area is a Geographical Information System (GIS). By using remote sensing and GIS, a study was conducted for Mahendragarh district of Haryana to assess potential sites for water harvesting structures and suitable structure was identified at each site depending upon the surrounding conditions. Various thematic maps such as land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, stream order, soil type, lineament and groundwater quality etc. were prepare using remote sensing and GIS techniques to derive suitable water harvesting sites. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign the weightage values for different layers. One hundred thirty potential water harvesting sites were chosen in the study area according to best combination of different thematic maps and their weight allotted by AHP with criteria to select one site within a radius of 500 m so that each site may have sufficient catchment area as well as runoff water. Each site was further evaluated on the basis of their physical characteristics to select the suitable type of structure at that location. Among 130 water harvesting sites, farm ponds with lining, percolation tank, check dam and gully plug were found to be the most suitable structures at 61, 61, 6 and 2, respectively. Selected sites within the study area were further advocated by ground-truth verification at randomly selected sites. As a result, GIS and remote sensing can be fully endorsed as a scientific way to explore water harvesting structures, which makes the decision easier and more accurate.