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ThesisItem Open Access Trend analysis of groundwater levels in Northern Haryana, India(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Gupta, Abha; Sanjay KumarGroundwater use in the past few decades, has increased tremendously to meet the growing demands of irrigation which has caused its over-exploitation to unsustainable levels. It provides agricultural social security due to assured irrigation and requirement of small investments, and is the main source of irrigation water. This study was conducted to find out the fluctuations in groundwater levels and its trends in northern Haryana for the period 1974-2020. Arc GIS was used to find the spatial distribution and fluctuation of groundwater depth and to delineate the area under different categories of depth. Parametric tests Mann-Kendall test and Sen‘s slope estimator and non-parametric test linear regression were used to detect the trends in the data series whereas, non-parametric tests Pettitt test, Buishand test and Standard Normal Homogenity test were used to identify the abrupt change points in groundwater level. The results revealed that the groundwater depth is increasing for majority of the study area except in western parts of Ambala. The average groundwater table in north Haryana declined from 8.95 m in the year 1974 to 21.83 m in the year 2020, and hence showing an average decline rate of 27.4 cm per year. The worst affected district in north Haryana has been identified as Kurukshetra with an average groundwater table decline rate of 57.02 cm per year, followed by Panchkula (14.27 cm per year), Yamuna Nagar (12.55 cm per year) and Ambala (12.14 cm per year). The maximum area (43.82%) for the period 1974-2020 lied in the groundwater depth fluctuation range -10 m to 0 m while minimum area lied in the range of 5 m to 8 m fluctuation (0.04%). The groundwater depth was found to have maximum positive correlation with area under rice followed by area under wheat cultivation, net irrigated area, gross irrigated area and number of tubewells. Whereas it was found to be negatively correlated with area under maize cultivation and forest cover. However it shows no significant correlation with rainfall. Crop diversification, participatory groundwater management, artificial groundwater recharge and precision irrigation methods would help in better management of the resource in a sustainable manner.ThesisItem Open Access Study of nitrogen fertigation through drip irrigation on capsicum crop(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Krishan Kanahiya; Mukesh KumarCapsicum is a nutrition vegetable crop grown throughout India. Considering the water shortage and high demands of ground water, drip system of irrigation is best suited for capsicum crop. Nitrogen is an essential element for the plant growth and the major source of nitrogen is urea, which is readily available to the farmers. Nitrogen fertigation with drip irrigation saves the nitrogen losses and reduces its leaching. A study was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen fertigation levels and fertigaion frequency on yield and yield parameters of drip irrigated capsicum crop. Experiment was carried out in 27 micro plots (nine treatments with three replications) constructed in the Research Farm of Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar, (Haryana), India. The treatments comprises of three fertigation levels (75, 100 and 125% of RDN) and three fertigation frequencies (all time nutrition, weekly and fortnightly). Maximum fruit yield (178.40 q/ha) was obtained under all time nutrition fertigation with 125% RDN (FL3FF1), followed by 100% RDN (FL2FF1) having 174.27 q/ha fruit yield. In all time nutrition fertigation, 33.7% and 34.5% more yield was obtained in FL2FF1and FL3FF1 treatment in comparison to FL1FF1 treatments. Maximum plant height was recorded for all time nutrition fertigation with 125% of RDN and the number of branches, average fruit width and length were recorded maximum at 125% of RDN with all time nutrition ferigation. Fruit weight and number of fruits per plant maximum at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under all time nutrition fertigation. Outcomes of study showed that the treatment FL3FF1 recorded maximum water use efficiency (3.72 kg m-3) followed by 100% RDN (3.63 kg m-3), while, minimum value (3.19 kg m-3) was recorded in FL1FF3 treatment. Maximum NUE (134.80kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded under all time nutrition fertigation with 75% RDN in FL1FF1 treatment and minimum NUE (76.05 kg of capsicum per kg of Nitrogen) was recorded at 125% RDN with fortnightly fertigation. The highest net returns (Rs. 3,78,401) with benefit cost ratio (2.41) for capsicum crop were obtained at 125% of fertigation level with all time nutrition frequency followed by 100% of fertigatiion level.ThesisItem Open Access Geospatial approach for assessing potential water harvesting sites in Mahendragarh district of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Vijay; Sanjay KumarRainfall is an essential source of water in dry and semi-arid areas, which helps to alleviate water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting is considered as a critical technology for preserving rainwater. Water harvesting structures built at appropriate locations can assist to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. The best tool for locating a suitable site for a water harvesting structure in a catchment area is a Geographical Information System (GIS). By using remote sensing and GIS, a study was conducted for Mahendragarh district of Haryana to assess potential sites for water harvesting structures and suitable structure was identified at each site depending upon the surrounding conditions. Various thematic maps such as land use/land cover, geomorphology, slope, stream order, soil type, lineament and groundwater quality etc. were prepare using remote sensing and GIS techniques to derive suitable water harvesting sites. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign the weightage values for different layers. One hundred thirty potential water harvesting sites were chosen in the study area according to best combination of different thematic maps and their weight allotted by AHP with criteria to select one site within a radius of 500 m so that each site may have sufficient catchment area as well as runoff water. Each site was further evaluated on the basis of their physical characteristics to select the suitable type of structure at that location. Among 130 water harvesting sites, farm ponds with lining, percolation tank, check dam and gully plug were found to be the most suitable structures at 61, 61, 6 and 2, respectively. Selected sites within the study area were further advocated by ground-truth verification at randomly selected sites. As a result, GIS and remote sensing can be fully endorsed as a scientific way to explore water harvesting structures, which makes the decision easier and more accurate.ThesisItem Open Access Nitrogen fertigation studies on onion crop under saline water(CCSHAU, 2019) Yadav, Nikita; Sanjay KumarA two year study was conducted to study the effect of irrigation water quality and N fertigation level on yield and growth parameter of onion during Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Three irrigation water quality treatment namely good quality, EC 2.5 dS m-1 and 5 dS m-1 and three N fertigation level i.e. 75, 100 an 125% RDN were applied in Split Plot Design with three replication in the micro plots of size 2x2 m at the experimental field of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. During the experiment, parameters like polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb, bolting percentage, and yield of bulb was observed. IWUE and NUE was also evaluated on the basis of yield, amount of water and fertilizer applied. Moisture content in the soil profile increased with the increase in the salt concentration of irrigation water (EC) and a decrease in moisture content was with an increase in N fertigation level. In addition to it, accumulation of salt at dripper was less and the level of salt increased while moving away from the emitting source (dripper) which verified that drip system has the capability to draw the salts away from the dripper. Maximum polar and equatorial diameter of bulb, height of plant, no. of leaves, weight of bulb and bolting percentage was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 125% RDN followed by fertigation at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Maximum yield was observed at 125% RDN followed by 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water though the yield at 125% RDN was not significantly higher than at 100% RDN under irrigation with good quality water. Yield at irrigation with water of 2.5 and 5 dS m-1 was 9.7 and 33.62% less than at irrigation with good quality water. under irrigation with good water quality, irrigation water use efficiency was found to be highest (18.88 kg m- 3) and at 125% RDN which is at per at 100% RDN. On the other hand maximum NUE was observed under irrigation with good quality water at 75% RDN. On the basis of quality, IWUE, NUE and yield of onion, irrigation with good water quality treatment at 100% RDN can be suggested in sandy loam soils. Whereas for water scares area underlain by brekish water, treatment consist of irrigation water of 2.5dS m-1 at 125% RDN can be suggested which is 8.35% lesser than yield at irrigation with good quality water at 100% RDN.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of irrigation frequency for onion crop under subsurface drip system(CCSHAU, 2019) Ashish Kumar; Sanjay KumarAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of lateral spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) and drip irrigation frequencies (one, two, three and four days) on onion crop (Agrifound dark red variety) during kharif season 2018 in micro plots (2 m x 2 m) constructed in lab area of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, COEA&T, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. For 60 DAT, in daily irrigation at 45 cm lateral spacing, available moisture (9.78 cm) in the root zone (0-60 cm) at the middle of two laterals was observed higher (15.6%) than at 60 cm lateral spacing where available moisture was 8.46 cm. The highest yield in A (> 5.0 cm), B (4.0-5.0 cm) and C (3.0-4.0 cm) grade of onion was observed as 0.76, 0.54 and 0.31 kg m-2 in two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing. The highest marketable yield of onion (155.23 q ha-1) was observed in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. Among the different treatments, lowest unmarketable yield was observed in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. These parameters show that better quality of onion was obtained in this treatment. The highest yield of onion (175.67 q ha-1) was obtained in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm which was 16.8% higher than two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 60 cm. Irrigation water use efficiency was found to be highest (10.23 kg m-3) in two days irrigation frequency with lateral spacing of 45 cm. On the basis of moisture distribution pattern, better quality and highest yield of onion, two days irrigation frequency with 45 cm lateral spacing is the most preferable treatment in sandy loam soils.ThesisItem Open Access Hydraulic performance evaluation of drip irrigation system with different emission devices(2005) Sandeep Kumar; Partap SinghStudies were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating pressure head and spacing on different hydraulic performance evaluation measures of drip irrigation systems with different emission devices. The commonly used hydraulic performance evaluation measures considered were uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, coefficient of variation and coefficient of manufacturing variation. The different emission devices were dripper, micro-tube, drip-in and drip tape. The experiments were conducted in the field laboratory of Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The selected spacings were i) 6m x 6m, 1m x 6m and 0.5m x 0.5m for dripper and micro-tube, ii) 6m x 0.6m, 1m x 0.6m and 0.5m x 0.6m for drip-in and iii) 6m x 0.3m, 1m x 0.3m and 0.5m x 0.3m for drip tape. The operating pressure heads were 5m, 10m and 13m. The measurement of discharge for calculation of hydraulic performance evaluation measures was done by operating the system and putting the containers at 6m interval along the lateral lines. The measurement of pressure head was done with the help of mercury manometer and water manometer at up stream and down stream end of main line and lateral line. The values of different hydraulic performance evaluation measures and head loss in main line and lateral line were calculated. The values of uniformity coefficient and emission uniformity decreased for dripper and micro-tube and increased for drip-in and rip tape, as the spacing decreased. The values of uniformity coefficient and emission uniformity for all emission devices increased as the operating pressure head increased at a particular spacing. The values of coefficient of variation increased for dripper and micro-tube and decreased for drip-in and drip tape, as the spacing decreased. The values of coefficient of variation for all emission devices decreased as the operating pressure head increased at a particular spacing. The values of coefficient of manufacturing variation was maximum for drip tape and minimum for micro-tube. The values of head loss in main line and lateral line for different emission devices increased as the spacing decreased and increased as the operating pressure head increased. The head loss in the main line and lateral line also increased at a decreasing rate with discharge and the variation can be expressed with a power equation. The values of the coefficients in the power relationship between head loss and discharge were calculated for each emission device and also combined for all emission devices. The coefficient of correlation for the combined equation was 0.9871 for main line and 0.7201 for lateral line. A computer software in C++ language was developed for calculation of the hydraulic performance evaluation measures and head loss in main line and lateral line of system. The values obtained from the computer software were equal to the measured values.ThesisItem Open Access Water productivity analysis for cotton-wheat rotation(CCSHAU, 2006) Bej, Renukabala; Jhorar, R.K.Water productivity analysis aims at devising guidelines for producing more crop from available water resources. In order to identify suitable criteria of water productivity analysis, different existing criteria i.e. WPT, WPET and WPI were evaluated. An attempt was made to identify the suitable criteria of water productivity depending on the objective of the analysis. No single water management strategy is equally efficient in all conditions due to spatial variation is hydrogeological properties. Therefore the study area Sirsa district in Haryana state was schematized into a number of sub-areas (calculation units) with the help of GIS technique using soil map, groundwater depth map and groundwater quality map of Sirsa. From the simulation results it was observed that, both wheat and cotton yield in light and medium textured soils, increased with increase in number and depth of irrigation. However all the WPS of wheat and WPI of cotton decreased with increase in number of irrigation. Due to rainfall fluctuation, year to year variation in wheat yield was found to be more pronounced as compared to cotton yield as rainfall received was less in rabi season in comparison to kharif season. There was no difference in yield and water productivity values of wheat and cotton in light textured soils when either of the canal water, good quality groundwater or submarginal quality of groundwater was used. However reduction in yield was found for poor quality water use due to increase in soil salinity in the root zone. In case of heavy textured soil, even with the application of submarginal quality of groundwater, yield value decreased over the years. For less number of irrigation, wheat yield in heavy soil (silt loam) was higher due to larger water holding capacity as compared to light soil (sand). However yield value decreased in heavy soil with increase in frequency of irrigation due to poor drainage characteristics of heavy soil in comparison to light soil. As the study area is faced with typical problem like rising groundwater levels in poor and marginal quality groundwater zones, declining groundwater levels in the good quality groundwater zones due to over exploitation, irrigation management strategy were recommended suitable to that area. In light textured soil, where groundwater quality is good and water table is rising groundwater use was recommended. In areas underlain with poor quality groundwater and faced with rising groundwater levels conjunctive use of canal water and groundwater is recommended. For heavy textured soil, simulation showed that less frequent irrigation with heavy depth need to be followed to obtain maximum yield with the conjunctive strategy.ThesisItem Open Access Study of nitrate contamination in groundwater of Gurgaon district(CCSHAU, 2006) Guru Prem; Jhorar, Raj KumarGroundwater samples were collected from different tubewells located in tow villages and field experiments were conducted at a farmer field in village Jhanjrola-khera, district Gurgaon to investigate the occurrence of nitrate in the groundwater.. The surface soil of the study area was loamy, while subsurface soil (8.10 to 10.80 m) belongs to sandy loam. All the samples collected during different time periods showed nitrate concentration of about more than twice the maximum acceptable nitrate concentration for drinking water standards (45 mg L-1) as per the guidelines specified by WHO. Comparison of nitrate concentration in groundwater samples collected during pre and post monsoon periods indicated a slight decrease in nitrate concentration of groundwater during the post monsoon period. The EC of groundwater samples from village Mubarikpur varied from 1.25 to 2.35 dS m-1 while the EC of different groundwater samples of village Jhanjrola-khera was more than 5.91 dS m-1. The average nitrate concentration in the samples collected from village Mubarikpur (61.50 mg L-1) was lower than that of Jhanjrola-khera (83.89 mg L-1). Soil samples were collected from a exploratory bore hole and certain pumping tests were conducted. All the samples were within the low limit for available nitrogen (< 250 kg ha-1) and organic carbon (< 0.4 %), but high in terms of total nitrogen (> 0.06 %). Pumping tests were conducted for both the installed gravel-packed and an existing cavity type tubewells with respect to nitrate concentration in the pumped groundwater. The nitrate concentration did not change considerably with the discharge and time during the pumping tests. Nitrate concentrations in the pumped water varied from 1.54 to 1.59 me L-1 for both the tubewells. The shallow groundwater in the upper aquifer showed less amount of nitrate i.e. 1.44 me L-1 as well as lower groundwater EC of 3.47 dS m-1 against EC 7.41 dS m-1 for the pumped groundwater (bottom aquifer). Average transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was found to be 239.71 m2 d-1 and 57.07 m d-1, respectively. Average values of storage coefficient, hydraulic resistance and leakage factor was found to be 2.05 x 10-3, 20.47 days and 70.0 m, respectively. Lower nitrate concentration in relatively shallow groundwater as compared to relatively deep groundwater, higher total nitrogen throughout the subsurface profile to a depth of 15 m and wide variation in nitrate content among tubewell water of contiguous villages indicated geological characteristics rather than agricultural practices as the main cause of the occurrence of high nitrate in the groundwater of Gurgaon district.ThesisItem Open Access Factoral and sectoral water productivity in a canal command(CCSHAU, 2006) Dixit, Abhishek; Ranvir KumarField research entitled “Factoral and Sectoral Water Productivity in a Canal Command” was conducted during 2005-06 on 12 outlets of Kabir and Sarsana minors of Bhakra Canal System to study the existing and optimized water productivity (WP) of agriculture and animal production systems at field, outlet and minor levels. The existing irrigation WP (WPIRR) at the outlet level varied from 0.55 to 0.70 in cotton, 1.30 to 1.74 in cluster bean, 1.35 to 1.64 in pearl millet (grain), 6.06 to 8.83 in pearl millet (fodder), 11.59 to 13.73 in sorghum (fodder), 0.55 to 0.77 in sorghum (grain), 0.53 to 0.63 in green gram, 1.22 to 1.28 in wheat, 13.07 to 12.12 in fenugreek, 0.31 to 0.34 in berseem,, 0.45 to 0.55 in chickpea and 0.58 to 0.73 kg/m3 in mustard. The WP in terms of monetary returns (WPNR) for the respective crops varied from 5.96 to 8.50, 12.08 to 16.50, 0.65 to 1.55, 2.40 to 4.72, 0.75 to 3.07, 1.57 to 2.04, 1.38 to 3.76, 1.61 to 2.34, 1.02 to 1.55, 0.91 to 1.46, 1.77 to 4.39 and 2.76 to 4.33 Rs/m3. With optimized irrigation schedule, using CROPWAT model, the WPIRR and WPNR increased by 24.7 and 34.5, 34.9 and 38.5, 20.1 and 64.3, 28.2 and 44.6, 28.4 and 56.7, 29.4 and 60.9, 38.0 and 52.5, 16.1 and 41.4, 21.0 and 52.0, 17.7 and 33.2, 25.4 and 39.5, 28.4 and 42.6%, respectively.Average livestock WPNR of buffaloes was 14.41 Rs/m3 for buffaloes and 6.76 Rs/m3 for cows. The optimal crop plan resulted in the increase in maximum net returns at different outlets by 33.1 to 45.5 %, as compared to the net returns under the existing crop plan.
