Thumbnail Image

Theses

Browse

2005 - 20064
Reset filters
Subject: Soil and Water Engineering × End date: 2017 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Hydraulic performance evaluation of drip irrigation system with different emission devices
    (2005) Sandeep Kumar; Partap Singh
    Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of operating pressure head and spacing on different hydraulic performance evaluation measures of drip irrigation systems with different emission devices. The commonly used hydraulic performance evaluation measures considered were uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, coefficient of variation and coefficient of manufacturing variation. The different emission devices were dripper, micro-tube, drip-in and drip tape. The experiments were conducted in the field laboratory of Soil and Water Engineering Department, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The selected spacings were i) 6m x 6m, 1m x 6m and 0.5m x 0.5m for dripper and micro-tube, ii) 6m x 0.6m, 1m x 0.6m and 0.5m x 0.6m for drip-in and iii) 6m x 0.3m, 1m x 0.3m and 0.5m x 0.3m for drip tape. The operating pressure heads were 5m, 10m and 13m. The measurement of discharge for calculation of hydraulic performance evaluation measures was done by operating the system and putting the containers at 6m interval along the lateral lines. The measurement of pressure head was done with the help of mercury manometer and water manometer at up stream and down stream end of main line and lateral line. The values of different hydraulic performance evaluation measures and head loss in main line and lateral line were calculated. The values of uniformity coefficient and emission uniformity decreased for dripper and micro-tube and increased for drip-in and rip tape, as the spacing decreased. The values of uniformity coefficient and emission uniformity for all emission devices increased as the operating pressure head increased at a particular spacing. The values of coefficient of variation increased for dripper and micro-tube and decreased for drip-in and drip tape, as the spacing decreased. The values of coefficient of variation for all emission devices decreased as the operating pressure head increased at a particular spacing. The values of coefficient of manufacturing variation was maximum for drip tape and minimum for micro-tube. The values of head loss in main line and lateral line for different emission devices increased as the spacing decreased and increased as the operating pressure head increased. The head loss in the main line and lateral line also increased at a decreasing rate with discharge and the variation can be expressed with a power equation. The values of the coefficients in the power relationship between head loss and discharge were calculated for each emission device and also combined for all emission devices. The coefficient of correlation for the combined equation was 0.9871 for main line and 0.7201 for lateral line. A computer software in C++ language was developed for calculation of the hydraulic performance evaluation measures and head loss in main line and lateral line of system. The values obtained from the computer software were equal to the measured values.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Water productivity analysis for cotton-wheat rotation
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Bej, Renukabala; Jhorar, R.K.
    Water productivity analysis aims at devising guidelines for producing more crop from available water resources. In order to identify suitable criteria of water productivity analysis, different existing criteria i.e. WPT, WPET and WPI were evaluated. An attempt was made to identify the suitable criteria of water productivity depending on the objective of the analysis. No single water management strategy is equally efficient in all conditions due to spatial variation is hydrogeological properties. Therefore the study area Sirsa district in Haryana state was schematized into a number of sub-areas (calculation units) with the help of GIS technique using soil map, groundwater depth map and groundwater quality map of Sirsa. From the simulation results it was observed that, both wheat and cotton yield in light and medium textured soils, increased with increase in number and depth of irrigation. However all the WPS of wheat and WPI of cotton decreased with increase in number of irrigation. Due to rainfall fluctuation, year to year variation in wheat yield was found to be more pronounced as compared to cotton yield as rainfall received was less in rabi season in comparison to kharif season. There was no difference in yield and water productivity values of wheat and cotton in light textured soils when either of the canal water, good quality groundwater or submarginal quality of groundwater was used. However reduction in yield was found for poor quality water use due to increase in soil salinity in the root zone. In case of heavy textured soil, even with the application of submarginal quality of groundwater, yield value decreased over the years. For less number of irrigation, wheat yield in heavy soil (silt loam) was higher due to larger water holding capacity as compared to light soil (sand). However yield value decreased in heavy soil with increase in frequency of irrigation due to poor drainage characteristics of heavy soil in comparison to light soil. As the study area is faced with typical problem like rising groundwater levels in poor and marginal quality groundwater zones, declining groundwater levels in the good quality groundwater zones due to over exploitation, irrigation management strategy were recommended suitable to that area. In light textured soil, where groundwater quality is good and water table is rising groundwater use was recommended. In areas underlain with poor quality groundwater and faced with rising groundwater levels conjunctive use of canal water and groundwater is recommended. For heavy textured soil, simulation showed that less frequent irrigation with heavy depth need to be followed to obtain maximum yield with the conjunctive strategy.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of nitrate contamination in groundwater of Gurgaon district
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Guru Prem; Jhorar, Raj Kumar
    Groundwater samples were collected from different tubewells located in tow villages and field experiments were conducted at a farmer field in village Jhanjrola-khera, district Gurgaon to investigate the occurrence of nitrate in the groundwater.. The surface soil of the study area was loamy, while subsurface soil (8.10 to 10.80 m) belongs to sandy loam. All the samples collected during different time periods showed nitrate concentration of about more than twice the maximum acceptable nitrate concentration for drinking water standards (45 mg L-1) as per the guidelines specified by WHO. Comparison of nitrate concentration in groundwater samples collected during pre and post monsoon periods indicated a slight decrease in nitrate concentration of groundwater during the post monsoon period. The EC of groundwater samples from village Mubarikpur varied from 1.25 to 2.35 dS m-1 while the EC of different groundwater samples of village Jhanjrola-khera was more than 5.91 dS m-1. The average nitrate concentration in the samples collected from village Mubarikpur (61.50 mg L-1) was lower than that of Jhanjrola-khera (83.89 mg L-1). Soil samples were collected from a exploratory bore hole and certain pumping tests were conducted. All the samples were within the low limit for available nitrogen (< 250 kg ha-1) and organic carbon (< 0.4 %), but high in terms of total nitrogen (> 0.06 %). Pumping tests were conducted for both the installed gravel-packed and an existing cavity type tubewells with respect to nitrate concentration in the pumped groundwater. The nitrate concentration did not change considerably with the discharge and time during the pumping tests. Nitrate concentrations in the pumped water varied from 1.54 to 1.59 me L-1 for both the tubewells. The shallow groundwater in the upper aquifer showed less amount of nitrate i.e. 1.44 me L-1 as well as lower groundwater EC of 3.47 dS m-1 against EC 7.41 dS m-1 for the pumped groundwater (bottom aquifer). Average transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was found to be 239.71 m2 d-1 and 57.07 m d-1, respectively. Average values of storage coefficient, hydraulic resistance and leakage factor was found to be 2.05 x 10-3, 20.47 days and 70.0 m, respectively. Lower nitrate concentration in relatively shallow groundwater as compared to relatively deep groundwater, higher total nitrogen throughout the subsurface profile to a depth of 15 m and wide variation in nitrate content among tubewell water of contiguous villages indicated geological characteristics rather than agricultural practices as the main cause of the occurrence of high nitrate in the groundwater of Gurgaon district.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Factoral and sectoral water productivity in a canal command
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Dixit, Abhishek; Ranvir Kumar
    Field research entitled “Factoral and Sectoral Water Productivity in a Canal Command” was conducted during 2005-06 on 12 outlets of Kabir and Sarsana minors of Bhakra Canal System to study the existing and optimized water productivity (WP) of agriculture and animal production systems at field, outlet and minor levels. The existing irrigation WP (WPIRR) at the outlet level varied from 0.55 to 0.70 in cotton, 1.30 to 1.74 in cluster bean, 1.35 to 1.64 in pearl millet (grain), 6.06 to 8.83 in pearl millet (fodder), 11.59 to 13.73 in sorghum (fodder), 0.55 to 0.77 in sorghum (grain), 0.53 to 0.63 in green gram, 1.22 to 1.28 in wheat, 13.07 to 12.12 in fenugreek, 0.31 to 0.34 in berseem,, 0.45 to 0.55 in chickpea and 0.58 to 0.73 kg/m3 in mustard. The WP in terms of monetary returns (WPNR) for the respective crops varied from 5.96 to 8.50, 12.08 to 16.50, 0.65 to 1.55, 2.40 to 4.72, 0.75 to 3.07, 1.57 to 2.04, 1.38 to 3.76, 1.61 to 2.34, 1.02 to 1.55, 0.91 to 1.46, 1.77 to 4.39 and 2.76 to 4.33 Rs/m3. With optimized irrigation schedule, using CROPWAT model, the WPIRR and WPNR increased by 24.7 and 34.5, 34.9 and 38.5, 20.1 and 64.3, 28.2 and 44.6, 28.4 and 56.7, 29.4 and 60.9, 38.0 and 52.5, 16.1 and 41.4, 21.0 and 52.0, 17.7 and 33.2, 25.4 and 39.5, 28.4 and 42.6%, respectively.Average livestock WPNR of buffaloes was 14.41 Rs/m3 for buffaloes and 6.76 Rs/m3 for cows. The optimal crop plan resulted in the increase in maximum net returns at different outlets by 33.1 to 45.5 %, as compared to the net returns under the existing crop plan.