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ThesisItem Open Access Educational and occupational mobility among rural families of Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Preeti; Vinod KumariSocial mobility is movemnet of people within a structure of social stratification or hierarchy. The face of society a thousand years ago was vastly different from what we are familiar with it today. Education is thought to be directly related to occupation, combining education and occupation allows us to determine whether education promotes occupational mobility or vice versa. The present study was conducted in the two districts of Haryana, Fatehabad from highly developed districts and Jhajjar from low-developed districts using the criteria of the agricultural composite index of development. (Ohlan, 2013) and the total sample size was 120 active heads of the family. Socio-personal and economic profiles of respondents revealed that more number of respondents were from the age group of 36-50 years (41.7%), general caste (41.7%), educated upto graduate and above (50.8%), engaged in services (49.2%) and married (83.4%). Analysis of intergenerational occupational and educational mobility revealed that respondents were found mobile from their parent‟s occupation or educational status and it was found significantly associated with age, caste, education, occupation and landholding. The inheritance among different pairs of generations showed the highest rate of inheritance of education (80 %), followed by rate of inheritance of occupation (60%) between respondents, fathers and their grandfather‟s education level. Area wise differentiation among various perceptions of educational and occupational mobility was observed in Fatehabad and Jhajjar. Regarding the level of perception of respondent‟s occupational and educational mobility most of the respondents had a moderate level of perception, it is concluded that the respondents from Jhajjar had higher educational and occupational statuses compared to respondents from Fatehabad. This observation could potentially be attributed to the proximity of Jhajjar to the national capital and the majority of respondents tried to raise their status through education and change in occupation through government services. Efforts are needed to diversify occupational prospects in agricultural through the establishment of cottage and small scale industries in order to provide greater job opportunites in agricultural and allied sectors.ThesisItem Open Access Socio economic determinants of adopting organic and conventional farming in haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Yadav, Nisha; Kathpalia, JateshIndian agriculture contributes to about 17.4 % in gross domestic product (GDP) and support over 58 percent of nation‘s population for livelihood. The present study` Socio economic determinants of organic and conventional farming in Haryana was planned with objective on the basis of above consideration the present study was conducted with the following objectives: i) To know the nature and extent of organic and conventional farming ii ) To assess the knowledge and adoption level of organic and conventional farming iii) To find out the socio economic factors associated with level of knowledge and adoption . With regard to nature of adoption of organic farming , majority of the respondents i.e. 56.66% were growing main crop and rest were growing fruits and vegetables .It was found that most of the organic respondents 46.66% were using low land (up to 1.5 acre) for organic farming and 16.67% were using high land(above 3 acres ) for organic farming. The result revealed that knowledge level majority of the respondents ( 50%) had medium knowledge about organic farming where as 38.33 % of conventional farmers had low knowledge about the organic farming . It was found that majority of the farmers were doing organic farming since more than three years. Regarding Socio Economic impact, expenditure on social ceremonies, income and profit, urban contact and expenditure on children education were increased after adoption of organic farming. Lack of government subsidy, low yield, problem regarding labour , lack of purchasing agencies ,poor communication channel were the major constraints . There should be proper market purchasing agencies available for farmers and respondents should be encouraged to adopt organic farming by giving subsides.ThesisItem Open Access Organic farming among farmers of rural Haryana: A Sociological Analysis(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2021-09) Manisha; Bas KaurOrganic farming is more than just avoiding the use of agrochemicals in agriculture; it is a technique for establishing a healthy agro-ecosystem on a farm. Organic agriculture arose from the purposeful efforts of inspired people, who wanted to build the finest possible relationship between man and the land. The present research was conducted in Haryana state with following specific objectives: (1) To assess knowledge of farmers about organic farming. (2) To ascertain the nature and extent of adoption level of organic farming practices and (3) To study the association between selected socio-economic variables and adoption of organic farming. The sample of 120 respondents was selected from a cluster of villages from two districts, namely, Karnal and Sirsa through systemic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview Scheduled and analyzed with suitable descriptive statistical techniques. Analysis clearly revealed that majority of the respondents (58.30%) had medium level of knowledge and about one-third (31.70%) had high level of knowledge regarding organic farming. Near about half of respondents (45%) had medium level of adoption followed by 40.80 percent who had low level of adoption. Analysis indicated that age, education, caste, family type, size of land holding, subsidiary occupation and socio-economic status were found significantly associated with level of knowledge regarding organic farming. Results revealed that education, caste, family type, size of land holding, subsidiary occupation and mass media exposure were found to be significantly associated with level of adoption regarding organic farming. It was found that 70 percent were doing organic farming for more than three years. Low yield of crops, lack of purchasing agencies, no minimum support price, low premium prices for organic products, poor communication channels were the major constraints. There should be more purchasing agencies, minimum support price, proper market facilities available for farmers and farmers should be encouraged to adopt organic farming by giving subsidies.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Happy Seeder on Socio-economic status of farmers in Haryana(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Pooja; Tyagi, RashmiWheat is major cropping system in North West India with cropping intensity of nearly 200 %. The huge quantity of paddy straw after the combine harvesting of paddy is to be managed in 15-20 days to plant next succeeding wheat crop. Keeping in mind this short window of time, farmers prefer to burn rice residue after combine harvesting of crop because residues interfere with tillage and seeding operations for the next crop. According to a report by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers welfare (2018), total paddy straw produced in Haryana and Punjab together is 28.10 million tonnes (2018 estimates) out of which 11.3 million tonnes was burnt in the fields.. Though a number of machines are available for straw management, Happy Seeder is one of the unique techniques which is used for sowing wheat in standing stubbles of crop residue. The study was conducted in two agro-climate zones of Haryana namely dry zone and wet zone. Two districts i.e. Kaithal and Fatehabad were randomly selected from both the zones. From each of two selected districts, one block was i.e. Pundri from Kaithal & Ratia from Fatehabad were randomly selected for the purpose of the study. After the selection of blocks, a cluster of villages were randomly selected for the purpose of the study. 30 adopters and 30 non-adopters respondents were selected from each block on the whole 120 respondents were selected for the purpose of the study. The findings of the study revealed that Knowledge level of adopters was more as compare to non -adopters. From the discussion and data it was also found out that the major reasons for adoption were that happy seeder is a environment friendly technology, reduce fuel and labor cost, improves soil health & increase yield than conventional method whereas shortage of information, more hiring charges, more complex technology, not beneficial and not affordable were the reasons for non-adoption. Regarding socio-economic impact expenditure on social ceremonies increased after adoption of Happy Seeder such as expenditure on marriage, expenditure on children education. To increase the rate of adoption of Happy Seeder technology the extension activities should be increase among farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Sociological study of women representatives of gram panchayats(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-05) Malik, Saleem; Kathpalia, JateshThe study was conducted in Haryana state. Hisar district and Palwal district were selected from the Bhagar and Mewat cultural zone respectively. Two blocks from each district were selected randomly. From each block villages were also selected randomly. From Hisar-1 block Gangwa, Kharar, Alipur and Shikarpur and from Hansi-1 block Garhi, Ramayan, and Kharkara villages were randomly selected. From Palwal district Hodal and Hathin two blocks were randomly selected. From Hodal block Sondh, Saveli and Khirbi baptoli and from Hathin block Malai, Tonka, Lakhnaka, Dhirnki and Mandkola villages were randomly selected. Totally 80 respondents were selected from the both districts. 40 respondents were selected from each district. Panchayati Raj is not a new phenomenon in the country. Its illustration in history goes back to more than a 1000 years. It has its roots in Ancient Indian Institutions when the villages were little republics governed by their Panchayats. Majority of respondents (55%) had participation in gram panchayat activities. Knowledge level of respondents was medium and high. Majority of the respondents (56.25%) had medium attitude followed by low (23.75%) and high attitude (20%). More than one fourth (27.50%) of the respondents were engaged in farming followed by one fifth (20.00%) of the respondents were engaged in business and farm labour respectively. More than two fifth (43.75%) of the respondents had knowledge how many times meeting of „Gram Panchayat‟ held in a year. More than half (56.25%) respondents had correct knowledge that 33 per cent seats are reserved for women representatives. It has been strongly felt that an effective Panchayati Raj System can bring rapid and integrated development through people's participation. However, the Panchayats face a number of problems in performing their roles.The female headed panchayats had better performance in terms of holding panchayat &gram sabha meetings; passing resolutions; beneficiary selection; planning & budget formulation; sources of income generation; establishment of local institutions; implementation of schemes; accountability &transparency.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-economic impact of combine harvester on farmers in Haryana(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Punia, Dharmveer; Subhash ChanderThe study was conducted in Kurukshetra and Hisar districts of Haryana state with following objectives 1.To assess the nature and extent of combine harvesting. 2. To know the factors associated with level of knowledge and adoption of combine harvester. 3. To study the socio-economic impact of combine harvester. It was found from the field of the study that maximum number of the respondents (47.50%), who belong to semi-medium category of land holding had adoption of combine harvester in wheat crop. less than one-fourth of the respondents (22.50%), who belonged to semi-medium category of land holding, had adoption of combine harvester in paddy crop.Benefit: cost ratio was higher with combine harvesting (18.91) and (38.25) as compared to manual harvesting (6.73) and (10.40) in wheat and paddy respectively. Reasons for the adoption of combine harvester that. All respondents reported that combine harvesting was faster than manual, less costly, time saving and combine harvester was capable of harvesting at large area of land in a short time period. Reason for non-adoption of combine harvester was Overwhelming majority of the respondents (90.00%) responded that non-availability of machine on time in time during harvesting period and lack of knowledge. Overwhelming majority of the respondents (93.75%) faced the problem more expensive custom hiring services in adoption of combine harvester and lack of adequate training program (91.25%).More than three-fourth of the respondents (76.25%)increased livestock and social mobility followed by more expenditure on social ceremonies, education of their childrens and increased land area on lease (73.75%). It was concluded that combine harvester was beneficial for the farmers. Adoption of combine harvester help to improved their socio-economic status of the farmers. It was also suggested that Training programme should be organizing to increase the knowledge about benefits of combine harvester.ThesisItem Open Access Socio-economic problems of women labourers of rural and urban communities(CCSHAU, 2019) Radhika; Kathpalia, JateshAgriculture, the single largest production endeavour in India, contributing about 18 per cent of GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. Women labourers play a crucial role in agriculture activities like main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post-harvest operations etc. In spite of these, they face a number of problems such as exploitation, long working hours, unhealthy working conditions, insecurity of job, low wages, absence of decision making, male dominating society etc. Similarly the women labourers working in unorganized sector especially in urban areas are engaged in activities like domestic work, construction work, small trade brick making, coir and basket weaving, household industries etc. and they also face same types of problems. Keeping in view the above socio-economic and psychological problems and factors affecting socio-economics problems, this present study was conducted among 120 women labourers in rural and urban communities of Hisar district of Haryana The results revealed that majority of the respondents were in the age group of 20-35 years, belonged to scheduled caste, had nuclear families and were agricultural labours in rural areas and construction labourers in urban areas. Maximum number of the respondents from rural and urban areas had high level of social, economic and psychological problems. Regarding socio-economic problems and factors associated, it was found that caste, education, occupation of the family, income and socio-economic status were significantly associated with problems of respondents. Study revealed that majority of the respondents were not awared about minimum wages act, anti-dowry act, divorce act, maternity benefit act, child marriage act, untouchability act, Janni Suraksha Yojna act in both rural and urban areas. Therefore, gender discrimination should be removed in regards to payment of wages to the women labourers. Women should be awared regarding acts and laws through different trainings and campaigns. Moreover, there is a need to change the attitude of men towards roles and duties of women. In this way, this study will help the policy makers, planner, researcher and agriculturist in making policies which will benefit the women labourers in long run.ThesisItem Open Access Activities and Performances of Gram Panchayat: A Sociological Study(CCSHAU, 2019) Ramfal; Subhash ChanderLocal government has been a vital and dynamic identity of the Indian villages since the written history, but the concept of Panchayati Raj is a new phenomenon. In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of local administration. There are total 2,62,547 PRIs in the country in which 2,55,576 Gram Panchayats, 6354 Block Panchayats and 617 District Panchayats. Haryana state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 22 districts, 140 blocks, 6,754 villages and 6,083 village Panchayats. There are total 6,083 Sarpanches in which 3,264 male and 1,587 are female elected representatives from General Caste and 7,97 male and 4,35 female elected representatives from Sceduled Caste in these Gram Panchayats. From total 6.083 Sarpanches 1,232 are from Scheduled Class and 1,232 women. Highest number of Sarpanches is from Bhiwani district (461) and lowest from Faridabad (111) Therefore, comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana state with following pecific objectives: (1) To assess the working and performance of Gram Panchayat, (2) To delineate between socio-economic variables affecting the working of Gram Panchayat and (3)To suggest the measures for better performance of Gram Panchayat. The sample of 120 elected representyatives of Gram Panchayat was selected from 9 villages from two districts, namely, Hisar and Kurukshetra through systemic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview Scheduled and analyzed with suitable descriptive statistical techniques. Analysis clearly revealed that nearly three forth of the respondents (71.67%) attended the training regarding Gram Panchayat. More than three-fourth of the respondents (79.17%) were satisfied from funds collection activities. Contrary to that, nearly three fourth of the respondents (74.17%) were not satisfied with budget submitted to Gram Sabha. Overwhelming majority of the respondents (89.17%) were not satisfied from library development activities followed by medical facilities (88.33%) and control of water pollution. Overwhelming majority of the respondents (82.50%) were not satisfied with development of fisheries. Analysis revealed that Caste, occupation, education, income and socio-economic status of the respondent were found significantly associated with performance of administrative activities. On the other hand, age, gender, size of family, types of family, landholding, social participation and mass-media exposure of the respondents were not found significantly associated with performances of administrative activities. Approximately same trend was found in another activities namely educational and entertainment, construction and maintenance, drinking water supply, agricultural and allied and sanitation works. Thus, we can conclude that sampled Gram Panchayat made efforts regarding Panchayat activities yet more is required to be done regarding Panchayat activities. It was also suggested that there should be focus on all issues of weaker section especially women representatives, such as land right, child labour, payment of minimum wages. Government should examine the functioning and participation level from time to time. Corruption is all pervasive in all official dealings. To minimize the corruption, efforts should be made.ThesisItem Open Access Non-Institutional loans among farmers of Haryana – A sociological analysis(CCSHAU, 2019) Anita Rani; Subhash ChanderRural indebtedness has deep roots in India. The mounting burden of rural non-institutional debt has crippled the rural economy. It has constituted a serious threat to economic, social and political problems for the Indian economy. The study of outstanding debt, particular debt owned to different non-institutional sources, assumes special significance in the context of the measures being taken to relieve the rural farmers from the burden of debt owed to the non-institutional sources. It is well-known that a farmer is required to borrow for a variety of reasons to satisfy his immediate needs. The study was conducted in Hisar and Sirsa districts of Haryana on 120 respondents. Four villages were selected randomly from Barwala and Sirsa-1 blocks of Hisar and Sirsa districts with following objective : 1. to assess the nature, extent and sources of non-institutional loans among farmers 2. toanalyze the utilization and repayment pattern of non-institutional loans and 3. to examine the socio-economic and psychological problems faced by farmers. The results of the study revealed that nearly three-fifth of respondents (58.33%) took the loan for increasing the crop production i.e. taking land on lease, land development, purchasing of pesticides and seeds, etc. Three-fourth of the respondents (75.00%) took the non-institutional amount of loan from traders and commission agents at 24.00 per cent rate of interest. On an average, amount of non-institutional loan taken by the respondents from non-institutional sources came out to be Rs. 83,138. Nearly half of the respondents (49.17%) repaid regularly. On the other hand, 10.0 per cent respondents did not repay the loan at all. Overwhelming majority of the respondents (81.67%) utilized the loan for the purpose for which they have taken the loan. Many respondents faced the problems before and after taking the non-institutional amount of loan i.e. decline of income, psychological stress, low agricultural production, problem of over dues, high incidence of anxiety, sleep disturbance and laziness etc. The indebted respondents did not repay due to medical treatment of family members/relatives, low income, crop failure, low yield and money invested on unproductive purposes, etc. It was also suggested that respondents should be motivated to reduce the expenditure on social ceremonies. They should be encouraged to diversify their agricultural economic activities.
