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ThesisItem Open Access Institutional loan among farmers of Haryana - A sociological analysis(CCSHAU, 2017) Ruchi; Subhash ChanderIn finance, the word institutional loans refers to the lending of money from the institutions like banks, co-operative societies or any other organization. Loan is a debt provided an entity to another entity at an interest rate, and evidenced by a promissory note which specifies, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging and date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower. Institutional loan is increased in rural Haryana. The study was concluded among 160 respondents. From Hisar district in one block Hansi and Channot and Bhatla villages and from district Kaithal one block Kalayat and the villages Kurar and Kheri Lamba. The study was conducted with the objective, to know the nature, extent, and sources of institutional loans among farmers, to examine the causes of debtedness, utilization and repayment pattern of institutional loan and to analyses the constraints faced by farmers during pre and post -debted situation. The study concluded that most of the respondent were from middle age group (35-50) and the majority had farming occupation with joint family. They had medium size of family. Majority of the respondent had medium mass media exposure. The study also concluded that majority of the respondents took the crop loan and took the loan from the commercial banks as compare to co-operative or another banks. Purpose of the loan taken the respondents (67.50%) was for crop expenses. 62.76% of the respondents took the crop loan up to 1.5 lakh and 20.69% of the respondents took the term loan above Rs. 3lakhs. And 61.25% took the loan at 4 to 7% rate of interest. Respondents took the short type of institutional loan from the banks and the respondents (54.26%) repaid the crop loan regularly. On the other hand, 29.73% respondents repaid the term loan irregularly. Reasons of the non-repayment of the institutional loan were inadequate income, high cost inputs, high interest rate, indebtedness and social ceremony, etc. Many of the respondents had problems after taking the institutional loan like low production, psychological stress and poverty. Majority of the respondents (45%) mis-utilized the institutional loan as they specified. They mis-utilized the institutional loan in increased land on lease, repayment pattern of old loan, performed social ceremony, household expenses, etc.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of self help groups(SHGs) on women empowerment in rural communities of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Sihag, Rijul; Vermani, SavitaThe empowerment of women is crucial for the economic development of a nation and building a base for social change. The year 2001 had been declared by the Government of India as “Women’s Empowerment Year” to focus on a vision where women are equal partners like men. The Government of India has provided SHGs to them so that proper attention should be given to their economic independence through self employment, entrepreneurial development and well being that ultimately leads to their empowerment. SHGs have emerged as a powerful instrument in order to alleviate poverty and for the empowerment of women in the rural economy. Therefore, the comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana with following specific objectives: (I) To examine the type of self help groups working in rural areas. (II) To study the factors affecting the functioning of self-help groups. (III) To assess the impact of self help groups on women empowerment and socio-economic status of family. (IV) To analyze the constraints involved in functioning of self help groups. The sample of 300 respondents was selected from four villages of two districts i.e. Fatehabad and Bhiwani through systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through interview schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. Respondents income generating activities (IGAs) in SHGs were dari making (38.7%), mat making (34.0%), tie-dye (33.3%) and wooden beads making (24.3%). On an average respondents were earning Rs. 1,688.0 per month by working in SHGs. Factors like respondent’s education and occupation, respondent’s husband education and occupation, extension contacts were found significantly associated with the income of the respondents from SHGs. Majority of respondents were using money earned from IGAs on household expenses (88.3%), for higher education of children (84.0%). Two-third of the respondents (63.7%) felt fully benefitted from joining SHG. Factors like age, size of family, respondent’s education and occupation, socio-economic status were found significantly associated with level of benefits of joining SHGs by respondents. Regarding the functioning of SHGs, overwhelming majority of respondents (92.0%) expressed proper inter-loaning in groups, regular meetings (89.7%), maintenance of records (67.7%), group consensus (55.3%) etc. Respondents felt high level of empowerment in terms of personal, social, economic than legal and political empowerment. Age of the respondents was found significantly associated with personal empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Factors like age, size of family, mass media exposure were found significantly associated with social empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Likewise, respondent’s education was found significantly associated with economic empowerment of respondents through SHGs. Majority of respondents (83.3%) felt increase in income, purchase of assets (69.3%), more savings (69.0%) after becoming members of SHGs. Respondents were also found facing personal, educational, organizational, marketing, economic and social constraints while working in SHGs.ThesisItem Open Access Problem of debt among farmers of rural Haryana – A Sociological Analysis(CCSHAU, 2012) Subhash Chander; Vermani, SavitaRural indebtedness has deep roots in the country. The incidence of indebtedness is the highest in Andhra Pradesh (82.00%) followed by Tamil Nadu (74.50%), Punjab (65.40%), Kerala (64.40%), Karnataka (61.60%) and Maharashtra (54.80%). The state of Haryana has reported indebtedness among the farmers to the extent of 50 to 53 per cent. The highest per farmer debt is reported from Punjab (Rs. 41576) followed by Kerala (Rs. 33907), Haryana (Rs. 26007). In the last two decades,the suicide rate in the country has notably increased from 7.9 to 11.5 per 0.10 million attributed to suicidescommitted particularly by the farmer community in the country. Therefore, comprehensive study was conducted in Haryana with following specific objectives: (I). To assess the nature, extent and sources of debt among rural farmers. (II). To know the causes of debtedness, utilization and payment pattern of debt of farmers alongwith factors affecting. (III). To examine the socioeconomic and cultural problems faced by farmers during pre and post debted situation and their repercussions on farming family. (IV).To analyse the implication of loan waiving scheme on socio-economic status of farming family. The sample of 400 debted respondents were selected from eight villages of two districts i.e. Karnal and Bhiwani through systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through Interview Schedule and analysed with suitable statistical techniques. Respondents have taken loans for productive and unproductive purposes. On an average loan of Rs, 65542.00 was taken by respondents as an institutional loan. Kisan credit card was also used by 54.50% of the respondents in both regions. Borrowing of non institutional loan was found most common among the respondents, as 72.75% respondents have taken loan from non-institutional sources. Maximum number of respondents (39.20%) have taken loan fromtraders and agents and 30.20% from landlords. Rest 17.20% and 9.60% have taken loan from moneylenders and relatives. On an average loan of Rs. 105772.00 was taken by respondents from non-institutional sources. Maximum average amount of loan taken by respondents was higher from non institutional sources than institutional sources. Respondents were found repaying high amount of interest rate on the loan taken from non-institutional sources. Factors like age, occupation, size of land holdings, size of family, educational level and mass-media exposure were found significantly associated with the rate of interest charged for non-institutional loan. Repayment pattern of noninstitutional loan was found irregular. Multiple factors were found associated with the pattern of institutional and non-institutional amount of loan taken by respondents. Two-third of the respondents (66.75%) could not repay the loan due to repayment of previous loan followed by 56.25% due to crop failure, 53.50% due to high expenses on social ceremonies and 51.25% due to low income. Likewise, nearly half of the respondents (49.75%) were not repaying the loan due to large size of family, due to adverse climatic conditions, lack of irrigation facility (48.50%) and high cost of inputs of crop (47.50%) etc. Although respondents were found burdened because of outstanding loan in spite of that they perceived the loanas fruitful. More than half of the respondents (50.75%) utilized the loan for the purpose for which they have taken the loan and rest 49.25% diverted the loan for unproductive purposes. Respondents were also found facing manysocio-economic and psychological problems due to outstanding loan.ThesisItem Open Access Study on socio- economic factors affecting women participation in gram panchayat activities in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2013) Sunita Singh; Vinod KumariGender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is best bet for good governance. The present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives:- 1.To examine the socio-economic and political background of the elected women representatives in Gram Panchyat; 2. To assess their knowledge regarding the structural and functional aspects of Gram Panchayats; 3. To explore their role in decision and implementation at the gram Panchayat levels; 4. To suggest measures to promote women participation in Gram Panchayat Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all spheres of life. Democratic decentralization is best bet for good governance. The present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives:- 1.To examine the socio-economic and political background of the elected women representatives in Gram Panchyat; 2. To assess their knowledge regarding the structural and functional aspects of Gram Panchayats; 3. To explore their role in decision and implementation at the gram Panchayat levels; 4. To suggest measures to promote women participation in Gram Panchayat activities. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state having highest and lowest female literacy status i.e. Panchkula and Mewat, respectively. Majority of respondents were of middle age, illiterate and primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. Majority of them had entered in PRI for the first time and overwhelming majority had attended training at village and block level. About 80% of them were interested to know more about PRI, their roles and responsibilities and preferred village as venue of training. Majority of respondents were having no knowledge about most of structural aspects of panchayat but were having full knowledge and involvement in social activities, educational, political, public work and civic amenities and health and sanitation. Literacy advanced area had clear and positive effect on knowledge level of elected women representatives about structural and functional activities. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed. Younger age respondents were having high knowledge level about most of panchayat activities, structural aspects and decision making. Significant association of income and occupation with knowledge level of women members was observed. Mass media exposure of women representatives had significant impact on their knowledge level about various panchayat activities. Positive change in women participation in meetings and training programmes was observed followed by change in social customs as they were coming out of home boundaries to participate in panchayat activities. Some of the constraints faced by elected women representatives were delay in approval of plan and budget, lack of staff, too much control of bureaucrats, favoritism, lack of knowledge and non-cooperation by male members. It is suggested that efforts are required for real empowerment of rural women by bringing about an attitudinal change in both men and women activities. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state having highest and lowest female literacy status i.e. Panchkula and Mewat, respectively. Majority of respondents were of middle age, illiterate and primary school educated, married, belonging to backward class, joint family, farming, medium income group and low to medium mass media exposure. Majority of them had entered in PRI for the first time and overwhelming majority had attended training at village and block level. About 80% of them were interested to know more about PRI, their roles and responsibilities and preferred village as venue of training. Majority of respondents were having no knowledge about most of structural aspects of panchayat but were having full knowledge and involvement in social activities, educational, political, public work and civic amenities and health and sanitation. Literacy advanced area had clear and positive effect on knowledge level of elected women representatives about structural and functional activities. A significant association of caste with knowledge level of women leaders was observed. Younger age respondents were having high knowledge level about most of panchayat activities, structural aspects and decision making. Significant association of income and occupation with knowledge level of women members was observed. Mass media exposure of women representatives had significant impact on their knowledge level about various panchayat activities. Positive change in women participation in meetings and training programmes was observed followed by change in social customs as they were coming out of home boundaries to participate in panchayat activities. Some of the constraints faced by elected women representatives were delay in approval of plan and budget, lack of staff, too much control of bureaucrats, favoritism, lack of knowledge and non-cooperation by male members. It is suggested that efforts are required for real empowerment of rural women by bringing about an attitudinal change in both men and women.ThesisItem Open Access Consumer Behaviour Of Working And Non-Working Women In Haryana-A Comparative Study(College Of Basic Sciences And Humanities CCS Haryana Agricultural University : Hisar, 2011) Verma,Kavita.; Punia,Deep.