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Open Access
Mitigation of salt stress using exogenous ortho-silicic acid and analysing its effect on physiological traits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07-19) Pankaj; Sarita Devi
The present study entitled “Mitigation of salt stress using exogenous ortho-silicic acid and analysing its effect on physiological traits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 16th July 2021. Ortho-silicic acid (1.5 and 2.5 ppm) was applied exogenously after 30 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (CSV33MF and SSG 59-3). Sampling was done at 40 DAS and at the time of harvest. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of ortho-silicic acid enhanced the growth of plants. Similarly, physiological parameters of leaf were enhanced after the application of ortho-silicic acid which were negatively affected by salt stress. Plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll index and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 8 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but more percent decrease was observed at 8 dS m- 1 of salt stress like in ψw (71.83%), ψs (55.29), photosynthetic rate (46.45%), transpiration rate (93.22%) and stomatal conductance (84.21%) in SSG 59-3, over their respective control. The values ranged from 8.89 to 6.61, 25.9 to 22.4 and 52.6 to 51.5 in protein, fiber and in- vitro dry matter digestibility, respectively, at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress in CSV33MF at 40 DAS. Application of OSA helped in the maintenance of plant water status, enhanced the exchange of gases and chlorophyll index irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes. Reversibly, electrolyte leakage and ash content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of OSA ameliorated the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent. Increment in Na+ but a decrease in K+ and Ca2+ content was noted under salt stress. While, the reverse trend was noticed after application of OSA. In nut shell, sorghum genotypes CSV33MF and SSG 59-3 performed better under salt stress and showed better response in alleviating salt stress with foliar application of 2.5 ppm ortho-silicic acid.
Open Access
Photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake in wheat grown under timely, late and very late sown conditions
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Rawal, Bharti; Anita Kumari
The present investigation was conducted with six wheat genotypes viz. WH147, WH711, WH 1105, WH 1184 WH1021 and HD2967 grown to study the photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake and other physiological traits under timely (TS), late (LS) and very late (VLS) conditions on six wheat genotypes, during rabi season of 2021-22 at screen house, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS HAU, Hisar. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), plant biomass (g), heat susceptibility index. The physiological parameters include canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, anothocynin content, NPK content were studied. Reduction in physiological parameters, growth and yield components was observed in all genotypes under LS and VLS in all genotypes. Photosynthetic rate, maximum in WH1021 followed by HD2967 at 7 and 14 DAA under TS, LS and VLS conditions. Wheat variety HD2967 showed maximum N, P, K content followed by WH1021 under TS, LS and VLS conditions. Plant biomass was maximum in HD2967 followed by WH711 and WH1021. However grain yield (g/plant) and 1000 grain weight was reported maximum in HD2967 followed by WH1021, WH1184, WH1105, WH711 and WH147. Similar results were observed for 1000 grain weight under LS and VLS conditions. Wheat genotype HD2967 followed WH1021 can be considered as heat tolerant on the basis of less reduction in growth, physiological traits, yield and its attributes under LS and VLS as compared to TS conditions.
Open Access
Characterization of wheat germplasm for photosynthetic pigments in response to fertilizer application grown under late sown condition
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) P. S. Kiran; Goyal, Vinod
Present investigation was conducted on 228 wheat germplasm lines with unknown nutrient use efficiency obtained from CIMMYT, Mexico through Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, COA, Hisar for evaluation and photosynthetic characterization under late sown conditions and to find correlation between physiological traits with grain yield with two set of treatments viz. without fertilizer (-F) and with recommended dose of fertilizer (+F) (NPK at 100:40:30 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted at the Research area of Wheat and Barley Section of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi 2020-21. Observations were taken at different stages of growth for physiological studies while yield characteristics were recorded at maturity. The plants were raised in field under fertilization and without fertilization condition under randomized block design. Under fertilized condition, all germplasm lines showed high vegetation index, Nitrogen balanced index (NBI), Chlorophyll index, Osmotic potential and Grain growth rate. Other than these parameters yield parameters like biomass, grain yield, no. of productive tillers, no. of grains/spike, grain weight/spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight also observed high under fertilized condition. Anthocyanins and flavonoids were found to be high in non-fertilized condition which indicated the presence of stress in the crop. It was found that the physiological parameters were positively correlated with fertilized application. The yield parameters and some physiological parameters showed positive correlation with fertilizer (+F) like NDVI, NBI, and GGR etc. while others were negatively correlated like anthocyanins, flavonoids, osmotic potential, canopy temperature (CT) etc. Germplasm lines 21, 44, 68, 159 and 206 performed better under -F condition while germplasm lines 11, 52, 140, 166 and 220 performed better under +F condition in terms of having higher NDVI, Nitrogen balanced index, chlorophyll index, grain growth rate, biomass, yield and its attributes. The study revealed that the impact of fertilization on crop growth is consistent irrespective of the germplasm. However, some germplasm behaved differentially owing to their inherent potential of nutrient use efficiency and the selected germplasm identified with higher physiological and nutrient use efficient traits may be utilized in conventional breeding programs to better exploit higher NUE efficiency traits.
Open Access
Physiological characterization of bread wheat genotypes for heat tolerance
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Bhupnesh; Anita Kumari
The present study entitled “Physiological characterization of bread wheat genotypes for heat stress tolerance” was conducted on 15 wheat genotypes. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications, under two sowing dates viz., 17th November and 24th December, at the research area of Wheat and Barley Section of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi 2020-21. Observations were recorded for seven physiological traits viz., Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy temperature, above ground biomass, chlorophyll content index (SPAD), photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance; and 9 morphological and yield attributing characters viz., number of days to heading, number of days to anthesis, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of spikelets per spike, spike length (cm), number productive of tillers per m2, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike (g), 1000 grain weight (g), biomass (g/m2), grain yield (g/m2) and HSI. In all the wheat genotypes, i.e. G1 to G15 observations were taken at different stages of growth for physiological studies, while yield characteristics were recorded at maturity. Genotypes G12, G13, G14 and G1 performed better under TS condition while genotypes G13 and G14 under LS condition in terms of having higher NDVI, Chlorophyll Content Index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, biomass, yield and its attributes. Highly significant correlation between grain yield and physiological traits was observed viz., photosynthetic rate, NDVI, Chlorophyll Content Index, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under TS and LS conditions, therefore, these traits can be considered as key component traits for enhancement of grain yield in wheat under heat stress conditions. Heat susceptibility index (HSI) was used to assess heat tolerance in the experimental material. The genotype G14, followed by G13 and G4 were found to be most tolerant to heat stress based on lower HIS respectively (0.74), (0.75) and (0.87) whereas G6 was recorded to be most susceptible based on highest HSI to heat stress under LS condition.
Open Access
Evaluation of physiological and biochemical traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties during summer season
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Gayatri Kumari; Sarita Devi
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of physiological and biochemical traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties during summer season” was evaluated in the screen house during the summer season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 8 and 10 dS m-1) were maintained in all pots at its saturation percentage. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under controlled conditions on 26th February 2021. All the varieties survived well upto 8 dS m-1 and only one variety (HJ 541) maintained its growth upto 10 dS m-1 of salt stress. Sampling for growth parameters was made at 30, 60 DAS and at 50% flowering stage and physiological and biochemical parameters were estimated at the time of 50% flowering. Germination and growth studies declined with the augmentation of salt stress at all the stages. Highest dry weight (0.7, 7.1 and 9.1 g/plant) and leaf area (211.9, 270.5 and 278.5 cm2/plant) was estimated in HJ 541 respectively, at 30, 60 DAS and at the time of 50% flowering. Salinity susceptibility index (SSI %) was calculated less than one in HJ 541 at 30, 60 DAS and at 50% flowering stage. Similarly, plant water status, total chlorophyll content, and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend with the imposition of salt stress from control to 8 dS m-1 in all the varieties. At 8 dS m-1 of salt stress, less negative values of osmotic potential and higher RWC (%) was maintained by HJ 541 at 50% flowering stage. Percent decline in total chlorophyll content (26.5%), Fv/Fm (15%), TSS (18.2%) and assimilation rate (35.8%) was noticed in HJ 541 at 8 dS m-1. The genotypic mean values ranged from 6.5 - 8.0 mmole H2O m-2s-1 and 0.04 – 0.06 m mole H2O m-2s-1 respectively in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Reversibily, RSI (%) increased with every increment of salt stress at 50% flowering stage. Osmolyte accumulation and specific activity of antioxidative enzymes enhanced gradually at 5 dS m-1 and after that a sharp increase was noticed in all varieties at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress. Per cent increase was on higher side at 8 dS m-1 of salt level in HJ 541 at 50% flowering stage viz. proline (61.5%), glycine betaine (60.2%), and SOD (31.1%) CAT (69.4%), POX (34.2%) over their respective control. At 50% flowering, the fresh weight of HJ 541 was 4.5% higher over HJ 513 being at par with each other at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress. Based on the dry weight, physiological and biochemical parameters it was concluded that HJ 541 performed better upto 8 dS m-1, being the only variety that survived at 10 dS m-1 during summer season, hence it is a promising cultivar for salt tolerance.
Open Access
Evaluation of physiological and biochemical traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties during summer season
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Gayatri Kumari; Sarita Devi
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of physiological and biochemical traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) varieties during summer season” was evaluated in the screen house during the summer season of 2021. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 8 and 10 dS m-1) were maintained in all pots at its saturation percentage. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under controlled conditions on 26th February 2021. All the varieties survived well upto 8 dS m-1 and only one variety (HJ 541) maintained its growth upto 10 dS m-1 of salt stress. Sampling for growth parameters was made at 30, 60 DAS and at 50% flowering stage and physiological and biochemical parameters were estimated at the time of 50% flowering. Germination and growth studies declined with the augmentation of salt stress at all the stages. Highest dry weight (0.7, 7.1 and 9.1 g/plant) and leaf area (211.9, 270.5 and 278.5 cm2/plant) was estimated in HJ 541 respectively, at 30, 60 DAS and at the time of 50% flowering. Salinity susceptibility index (SSI %) was calculated less than one in HJ 541 at 30, 60 DAS and at 50% flowering stage. Similarly, plant water status, total chlorophyll content, and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend with the imposition of salt stress from control to 8 dS m-1 in all the varieties. At 8 dS m-1 of salt stress, less negative values of osmotic potential and higher RWC (%) was maintained by HJ 541 at 50% flowering stage. Percent decline in total chlorophyll content (26.5%), Fv/Fm (15%), TSS (18.2%) and assimilation rate (35.8%) was noticed in HJ 541 at 8 dS m-1. The genotypic mean values ranged from 6.5 - 8.0 mmole H2O m-2s-1 and 0.04 – 0.06 m mole H2O m-2s-1 respectively in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Reversibily, RSI (%) increased with every increment of salt stress at 50% flowering stage. Osmolyte accumulation and specific activity of antioxidative enzymes enhanced gradually at 5 dS m-1 and after that a sharp increase was noticed in all varieties at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress. Per cent increase was on higher side at 8 dS m-1 of salt level in HJ 541 at 50% flowering stage viz. proline (61.5%), glycine betaine (60.2%), and SOD (31.1%) CAT (69.4%), POX (34.2%) over their respective control. At 50% flowering, the fresh weight of HJ 541 was 4.5% higher over HJ 513 being at par with each other at 8 dS m-1 of salt stress. Based on the dry weight, physiological and biochemical parameters it was concluded that HJ 541 performed better upto 8 dS m-1, being the only variety that survived at 10 dS m-1 during summer season, hence it is a promising cultivar for salt tolerance.
Open Access
Physiological responses of various biostimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-09) Preety Rani; Sarita Devi
The present investigation entitled ―Physiological responses of various bio-stimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition‖ was studied during the summer season of 2019. Seeds of cowpea genotype (CS-88) were procured from Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. Experiment was conducted at Dry land Research Farm, Forage Section under rainfed conditions. Bio-stimulants were applied exogenously at flower initiation stage. Sampling was done after 10 day of foliar spray at flower initiation stage. The physiological parameters in cowpea plant like water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield showed declining trend in rainfed condition. But with the imposition of different bio-stimulants at flower initiation stage, values of physiological parameters found to be increased. Values ranged from control to biostimulant application in osmotic potential (-MPa) (-1.24 to -1.09), RWC (%) (72.7 - 88.7), assimilation rate (23.31 - 29.73 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (1.70 - 2.07 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.02 - 0.03 mmol H2O m-2 s-1). Similarly, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed the increasing trend after foliar application of different biostimulants and the values varied from (41.0 - 51.4) and (0.678 - 0.718), respectively. Reversibly, relative stress injury was found to be decreased from control (35.51) to biostimulants application (20.58) in cowpea under moisture stress. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced under moisture stress and further increased rapidly after imposition of different biostimulants at flower initiation stage. The value of antioxidative enzymes and biochemical parameters ranges from SOD (130.4 - 165.9 units mg-1 protein min-1), CAT (0.38 - 1.18 units mg-1 protein min-1), POX (0.71 - 1.40 units mg-1 protein min-1), proline (131.4 - 381.9 μg g-1 DW) and glycine betaine (144.0 - 424.2 μmol g-1 DW) over their respective control. Yield and yield attributes reduced significantly under drought stress i.e. seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index, but after the foliar application of different biostimulants the yield parameters were found to be increased. The value of seed yield per plant was varied from (0.92 - 1.64 g). Conclusively, based on the above studies it could be concluded that after foliar spray of different biostimulants under rainfed condition, cowpea performed better by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of RSI (%). Biostimulants treatments not only ameliorate the effect of moisture stress on plants, but also showed a stimulating effect. Application of 2 % complex N, P, K was found more effective which was at par with SA 100 ppm spray at flower initiation than others biostimulants in cowpea.
Open Access
Response of Orthosilicic Acid and Seaweed Extract for Mitigation in Brassica juncea
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Sujata; Goyal, Vinod
The present study entitled “Response of Orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract for drought mitigation in Brassica juncea” was conducted at Field Crop Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Foliar application of biostimulants viz. Orthosilicic acid (2ml/L & 4ml/L), Seaweed extract (3ml/L & 4ml/L) and water spray were done two times at 25-30 DAS and 40-45DAS in two environments i.e., irrigated and rain fed in Brassica variety RH 725. Sampling was done after 5 days of second application of biostimulants. Foliar application of OSA & Seaweed had a positive impact on the physiological processes of the crop under normal and stress conditions, however they help to minimize the degree of stress impact over normal conditions. At sowing time 13.6% soil moisture content was observed which was reduced to (4.8%) at the time of harvesting in upper layer of the soil (0-30 cm). The data was recorded for Growth, physiological, biochemical and yield parameters, which had a positive impact on application of orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract under rainfed conditions. Physiological parameters like photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll stability index decrease significantly but this reduction was reduced by foliar application of OSA and seaweed extract in both environments. The percent decrease was minimum with treatment of 2ml/L OSA tracked by 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants. The percent reduction recorded for photosynthesis rate (18.0% & 18.70%), transpiration rate (31.31% & 29.62%), RWC (12.30% & 14.03%) and water potential (17.39% & 18.31%) in 2ml/L OSA and 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants respectively. These results were supported with the biochemical results viz. H2O2, MDA, RSI, proline, glycine betaine content that decreased in treated plants as compared to their respective controls. Total soluble sugars, total soluble protein and antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT, APX increased after applying orthosilic acid and seaweed extract which may be the contributing factors for yield increment. Seed yield along with plant height, number of siliqua, seeds per siliqua, 1000seed weight and biological yield decreases due to unavailability of water in the soil under normal conditions. As compared to control ones, plants treated with orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract significantly increased the yield and its attributes like plant height, 1000seed weight, number of siliqua per plant, seeds per siliqua. Minimum reduction in yield was reported in 2ml/L OSA and then in 3ml/L seaweed extract. Seed yield was reduced by 17.34% in control plants and by application of OSA (2ml/L) and seaweed extract (3ml/L) this effect was lowered to 10.22% and 13.30%. Drought susceptibility index was calculated to see the overall effect of treatments and it was found minimum in 2ml/L OSA treated plants, showing its superiority over other treatments. From our results, it is concluded that twice foliar application of 2ml/L of OSA at vegetative stage results into higher yields, with better physiological efficiencies as this concentration maintains best plant water relations and source to sink strength which is self explanatory in our results.

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