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Open Access
Physiological responses of various biostimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-09) Preety Rani; Sarita Devi
The present investigation entitled ―Physiological responses of various bio-stimulants in Vigna unguiculata L. under rainfed condition‖ was studied during the summer season of 2019. Seeds of cowpea genotype (CS-88) were procured from Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. Experiment was conducted at Dry land Research Farm, Forage Section under rainfed conditions. Bio-stimulants were applied exogenously at flower initiation stage. Sampling was done after 10 day of foliar spray at flower initiation stage. The physiological parameters in cowpea plant like water relation, gaseous exchange studies, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield showed declining trend in rainfed condition. But with the imposition of different bio-stimulants at flower initiation stage, values of physiological parameters found to be increased. Values ranged from control to biostimulant application in osmotic potential (-MPa) (-1.24 to -1.09), RWC (%) (72.7 - 88.7), assimilation rate (23.31 - 29.73 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (1.70 - 2.07 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.02 - 0.03 mmol H2O m-2 s-1). Similarly, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed the increasing trend after foliar application of different biostimulants and the values varied from (41.0 - 51.4) and (0.678 - 0.718), respectively. Reversibly, relative stress injury was found to be decreased from control (35.51) to biostimulants application (20.58) in cowpea under moisture stress. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced under moisture stress and further increased rapidly after imposition of different biostimulants at flower initiation stage. The value of antioxidative enzymes and biochemical parameters ranges from SOD (130.4 - 165.9 units mg-1 protein min-1), CAT (0.38 - 1.18 units mg-1 protein min-1), POX (0.71 - 1.40 units mg-1 protein min-1), proline (131.4 - 381.9 μg g-1 DW) and glycine betaine (144.0 - 424.2 μmol g-1 DW) over their respective control. Yield and yield attributes reduced significantly under drought stress i.e. seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index, but after the foliar application of different biostimulants the yield parameters were found to be increased. The value of seed yield per plant was varied from (0.92 - 1.64 g). Conclusively, based on the above studies it could be concluded that after foliar spray of different biostimulants under rainfed condition, cowpea performed better by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of RSI (%). Biostimulants treatments not only ameliorate the effect of moisture stress on plants, but also showed a stimulating effect. Application of 2 % complex N, P, K was found more effective which was at par with SA 100 ppm spray at flower initiation than others biostimulants in cowpea.
Open Access
Response of Orthosilicic Acid and Seaweed Extract for Mitigation in Brassica juncea
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Sujata; Goyal, Vinod
The present study entitled “Response of Orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract for drought mitigation in Brassica juncea” was conducted at Field Crop Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Foliar application of biostimulants viz. Orthosilicic acid (2ml/L & 4ml/L), Seaweed extract (3ml/L & 4ml/L) and water spray were done two times at 25-30 DAS and 40-45DAS in two environments i.e., irrigated and rain fed in Brassica variety RH 725. Sampling was done after 5 days of second application of biostimulants. Foliar application of OSA & Seaweed had a positive impact on the physiological processes of the crop under normal and stress conditions, however they help to minimize the degree of stress impact over normal conditions. At sowing time 13.6% soil moisture content was observed which was reduced to (4.8%) at the time of harvesting in upper layer of the soil (0-30 cm). The data was recorded for Growth, physiological, biochemical and yield parameters, which had a positive impact on application of orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract under rainfed conditions. Physiological parameters like photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll stability index decrease significantly but this reduction was reduced by foliar application of OSA and seaweed extract in both environments. The percent decrease was minimum with treatment of 2ml/L OSA tracked by 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants. The percent reduction recorded for photosynthesis rate (18.0% & 18.70%), transpiration rate (31.31% & 29.62%), RWC (12.30% & 14.03%) and water potential (17.39% & 18.31%) in 2ml/L OSA and 3ml/L seaweed extract treated plants respectively. These results were supported with the biochemical results viz. H2O2, MDA, RSI, proline, glycine betaine content that decreased in treated plants as compared to their respective controls. Total soluble sugars, total soluble protein and antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, CAT, APX increased after applying orthosilic acid and seaweed extract which may be the contributing factors for yield increment. Seed yield along with plant height, number of siliqua, seeds per siliqua, 1000seed weight and biological yield decreases due to unavailability of water in the soil under normal conditions. As compared to control ones, plants treated with orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract significantly increased the yield and its attributes like plant height, 1000seed weight, number of siliqua per plant, seeds per siliqua. Minimum reduction in yield was reported in 2ml/L OSA and then in 3ml/L seaweed extract. Seed yield was reduced by 17.34% in control plants and by application of OSA (2ml/L) and seaweed extract (3ml/L) this effect was lowered to 10.22% and 13.30%. Drought susceptibility index was calculated to see the overall effect of treatments and it was found minimum in 2ml/L OSA treated plants, showing its superiority over other treatments. From our results, it is concluded that twice foliar application of 2ml/L of OSA at vegetative stage results into higher yields, with better physiological efficiencies as this concentration maintains best plant water relations and source to sink strength which is self explanatory in our results.
Open Access
Impact assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza on chilli wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sarita; Rakesh Kumar
The present study was conducted to evaluave the impact assessment of arbuscular mycorrhiza on chilli wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. Surveys in different district of Haryana was conducted during 2017 - 2018 for mycorrhizal colonization (%), sporocarp number in soil and wilt intensity in the chilli and found that mycorrhizal colonization (per cent) ranged from 1 - 17.3 per cent and sporocarp number in soil ranged from 9 - 130. wilt intensity ranged from 0.5 - 7.9. The mycorrhizal per cent colonization and sporocarp number in soil were highest in Mahendragarh district (Ateli 17.3 % and 130 respectively), followed by Fatehabad district (Dani Binja Lamba 13.1 % and 91 respectively) and lowest in Hisar district (11.5% and 69 respectively). The maximum wilt intensity was recorded from the Fatehabad district (Bhuna, 7.9), followed by Mahendragarh (Silarpur, 7.3) and minimum from Hisar (Kharar-Alipur, 5.2). Three Glomus species were tested on chilli. Maximum plant growth parameters (Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot), SPAD chlorophyll content, per cent mycorrhizal colonization and sporocarp number was maximum in Glomus intraradices, when 400 spores were inoculated followed by Glomus mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum. The maximum per cent disease control (57%) was recorded when F. oxysporum + G. intraradices + T. harzianum were inoculated. For the management of chilli wilt G. intraradices and T. harzianum were used with different combination. For the management of chilli wilt G. intraradices and T. harzianum were used with different combination. Maximum plant growth parameters (Plant height, Root length, Dry weight of root and shoot), SPAD chlorophyll content and NPK content was in triple inoculation (F. oxysporum + G. intraradices + T. harzianum) and minimum in F. oxysporum at 90 DAT. Different mycorrhizal species may differ in their ability to control the disease. For the desirable effect on plant growth and inducing resistance to pathogens, suitable host symbiont combination has to be found. The use of mycorrhizal fungi an effective method for disease control, mainly root and soil borne disease.
Open Access
Drought induced physiological changes in stem carbohydrate accumulation and mobilization in bread wheat genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2019) Sonia Rani; Munjal, Renu
Worldwide, drought has become one of the major abiotic stress which affects wheat productivity. The present study conducted to assess drought effect on physiological changes in carbohydrate accumulation and mobilization in wheat genotypes in comparison to irrigated conditions. The ten wheat genotypes (NIAW 3170, C 306, RIL-S1-38, BRW 3806, MACS 6696, K1317, MP 3288,HD 3237, WH 1235, HI 1620) in RBD with 3 rows of 3m length with a 20 cm spacing within rows respectively, were grown during rabi season of 2018-19 at Field Research Area, Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Although wheat performance hinders by drought at all developmental stages but it was more critical during flowering and grain-filling stages. Drought effect on yield was studied on physiological, biochemical, morphological and phonological parameters under both irrigated and drought conditions. The results shows reduction in response to drought in physiological parameters (NDVI, canopy temperature, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a/b ratio on flag leaf and biochemical parameters like carbohydrate observation, cell membrane stability, solidness observed on different parts of stem. Under drought conditions, metabolite and enzyme activities were highly reduced and as a result reduction in yield was observed. Understanding these traits helps breeder to develop tolerant cultivars. Carbohydrates (mainly fructan) accumulation and remobilization play important part in yield and drought tolerence. Physiological and biochemical parameters were found helpful in assessment of yield under drought condition. Yield was found highly reduced in drought condition as compared to irrigated condition. Under irrigated and drought conditions genotype RIL-S1- 38, WH 1235 show better performance as compared to other genotypes. Non structural carbohydrates, water soluble carbohydrate, spectrial indics and stem solidness observation are best parameters for selection of drought tolerant genotype.
Open Access
Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
(CCSHAU, 2019) Preeti; Neeraj Kumar
The present investigation entitled “Role of salicylic acid to ameliorate the effect of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)” was investigated in the screen house during the Rabi season of 2018. Before sowing, the desired levels of salinity (control, 4 and 6 dS m-1) were developed by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) was applied exogenously after 35 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non- stressed plants. Plants at 6 dS m-1 did not survive and hence, data of only 4 dS m-1 was given. Sampling was done at 45 and 80 DAS. Growth parameters i.e. plant height and dry weight of shoot and roots decreased with increasing levels of salinity, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, the water potential (ψw) of leaves (from -0.40 to -0.46 MPa), osmotic potential (ψs) of leaves (from -0.890 to -1.027 MPa) and roots (from -0.763 to -0.850 MPa) decreased with increasing level of salinity from control to 4 dS m-1 at 45 DAS. With increase in salinity levels, RWC (%) of leaves and roots also declined at 45 DAS. A similar trend of change in the ψw of leaves, ψs of leaves and roots and RWC (%) was observed at 80 DAS. However, exogenous application of different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) of salicylic acid helps in the amelioration of plant water status by increasing water and osmotic potential to the less negative value and by increasing the RWC at both the sampling stages. The level of osmolytes i.e. proline, glycinebetaine and total soluble carbohydrates increase with increasing salinity levels (control to 4 dS m-1) and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was notices in leaves and roots at 45 DAS. A similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. But application of SA ameliorates the adverse effect of salinity to some extent at both stages. Salinity levels increased the Cl- concentration in leaves by 41.96% and SO42- content in leaves by 8.1% at 4 dS m-1 as compared to their respective control. This concentration of Cl- and SO42- content was decreased by foliar application of SA. Similarly, CSI and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 4.0 dS m-1 of salinity at 45 DAS. Application of SA helps in the amelioration of salinity stress at 45 and 80 DAS. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) and glutathione content enhanced abruptly under salinity and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 45 and 80 DAS. Despite, the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA decreased at 4 dS m-1 salinity respective to their control. Similar trend was observed at 80 DAS. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was further lowered upon application of SA. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by salinity and its effect was mitigated by SA. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands with increasing levels of salinity and salicylic acid in leaves and roots at both sampling stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight pod-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing salinity levels. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that foliar spray of SA (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) mitigates salinity stress by maintaining higher plant water status, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitory effect of salinity on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 100 ppm of SA was found to be more effective at both sampling stages i.e. 45 and 80 DAS.
Open Access
Physiological studies for thermo-tolerance in bread wheat genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2019) Goyal, Alisha; Anita Kumari
The present investigation was aimed to evaluate physiological traits for carbohydrates accumulation and mobilization and to find correlation between physiological traits and high temperature tolerance. Ten wheat genotypes viz DBW14 (Check), PBW781, PBW821, RAJ3765 (Check), RWP-2018-26, RWP-2018-30, RWP-2018-31, RWP-2018-32, WH1239 and WH730 (Check) were sown under TS and LS conditions during rabi season of 2018 - 19 at wheat research farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of 6 rows of 3m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows & between plants, respectively. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of productive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), grain weight, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), heat susceptibility index. Other studied parameters include normalized difference vegetation index, canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, free radical scavenging activity, osmotic potential, water soluble carbohydrates from different parts of stem, stem solidness, stem dry weight and grain growth rate. Out of ten genotypes, PBW821 was identified as thermo-tolerant on the basis of maximum NDVI & minimum CT at 90DAS, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, cell membrane stability, osmotic potential, water soluble carbohydrate, stem solidness and stem dry weight. PBW821 also showed maximum no. of spikelet/spike, no. of grains/spike, grain weight, biomass and grain yield under LS condition. Water soluble carbohydrate were found highly correlated with stem dry weight at maturity, stem solidness at 90DAS, stem dry weight at 90 DAS and biomass and stem solidness was also found highly correlated with biomass, stem dry weight at 90 DAS, grain growth rate and stem dry weight at maturity.
Open Access
Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Jangra, Manish; Sarita Devi
The present study entitled “Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2017. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 7.5 and 10 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25 and 50 mg l-1) was applied exogenously after 30 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (HJ 513 and HJ 541). Sampling was done at 40 and 80 DAS. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 19th July 2017. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 10 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but per cent decrease was observed at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress like in ψw (43.0%), ψs (75.0%), photosynthetic rate (58.7%), transpiration rate (49.2%) and stomatal conductance (75.0%) in HJ 513 at 40 DAS, over their respective control. The values ranged from 3.18 to 2.10, 44.59 to 25.93 and 0.752 to 0.681 in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) respectively, decreased at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress in HJ 513 at 40 DAS. Application of SA help in the amelioration of plant water status, exchange of gases and chlorophyll pigment irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes at 40 and 80 DAS. Reversibily, electrolyte leakage, MDA content and H2O2 content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of SA ameliorate the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent at both stages. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced abruptly under salt stress in both genotypes and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 40 and 80 DAS. Per cent increase was on higher side at 10 dS m-1 of salt level in HJ 513 at 40 DAS viz. SOD (12.8%), CAT (11.3%), POX (9.9%), proline (15.1%), TSC (27.7%) and glycine betaine (22.3%) over their respective control. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was maintained lower upon application of SA. Seed yield reduced significantly by decreasing yield attributing characters i.e. panicle length, panicle weight, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index under salt stress. Reduction in seed yield was ranged from 13.2 to 9.7 in HJ 513 and 11.9 to 8.7 in HJ 541 at 10 dS m-1. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that after foliar spray of SA, HJ 513 performed better under salt stress by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitore effect of salt stress on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 50 mg l-1 of SA was found more effective than 25 mg l-1 at both sampling stages i.e. 40 and 80 DAS.
Open Access
Studies on the Effect of Salinizaiton and Desalinization of the Media on Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) and Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.)
(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1984) Ram, Narst; Kumar, S
Open Access
Effect of Presoaking seed Treatment with Different Growth Retardants to induce drought hardiness in Raya
(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1984) Rani, Sushma; Kuhad, M. S

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